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Based on surface science, adsorption of mineral oil, water, gas products (typified by CO2 and CH4), and acids (typified by formic acid) on meta-aramid insulation paper has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. When the adsorption process finishes, the free volume fraction in the crystalline region is very small owing to the stable molecular arrangement of fiber. In addition, the number of pores on the surface of the meta-aramid fiber and the pore size are small, and the stable configuration of hydrogen bonds plays an important role, so it is difficult for the mineral oil and aging products to enter the meta-aramid crystalline region. The irregular arrangement of molecules in the amorphous region means that it is easier for the mineral oil and aging products to enter the amorphous region than the crystalline region, and the influence of these substances on the amorphous region is greater than that on the crystalline region. The order of the adsorption strengths of the four types of aging products on meta-aramid fiber is formic acid > water > CO2 > CH4. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the acid and water contents in transformers with meta-aramid insulation paper as the solid insulation material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the eco-efficiency assessment of the pulp and paper industry in Myanmar by using the key indicators such as raw material consumption, energy consumption, total waste output, water consumption, and CO emissions. The study was carried out by using quantitative methods for data analysis of the production, consumptions and emissions from fiscal year 2001–2005. The results revealed that the level of economic and environmental performance using the eco-efficiency ratio for each fiscal year has decreased since year 2002, and factory tried to increase the level of eco-efficiency again in year 2005. There was the positive aspect that factory could optimize the waste utilization by transferring lime mud to the cement factory in the last two fiscal years. This analysis showed the root causes that led to the losses of material, energy and water consumption and discussed how to conserve those utilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical review of laser pyrolysis. Although this technology is almost 60 years old, in literature many researchers, both from academia and industry, are still developing and improving it. On the contrary industrial applications are struggling to take off, if not in very restricted areas, although the technology has undoubted advantages that justify future development. The aim of this work consists in analysing a representative pool of scientific papers (230) and patents (121), from the last 20 years, to have an overview about the evolution of the method and try to understand the efforts spent to improve this technology effectively in academia and in industry. This study is important to provide a complete review about the argument, still missing in the literature. The objective is to provide an overview sufficiently broad and representative in the sources and to capture all the main ways in which laser pyrolysis has been used and with what distribution. The main focuses of the study are the analyses of the functions carried out by laser technologies, the application fields, and the types of used laser (i.e. models, power and fluence). Among the main results, the study showed that the main use of laser pyrolysis is to produce nanoparticles and coatings, the main materials worked by laser pyrolysis are silicon and carbon dioxide and the main searched properties in the products of laser pyrolysis are catalysts activity and electrical conductivity. CO2 lasers are the most used and the have high versatility compared to others. In conclusion, the study showed that laser pyrolysis is a consolidated technology within its main application fields (nanoparticles and coatings) for several years. Within this context, the technology has been developed on very different sizes and processes, obtaining a very wide range of results. Finally, these results may also have stimulated new areas of experimentation that emerged mainly in recent years and which concern biomedical applications, additive manufacturing, and waste disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trying to understand how the interdependence relationship among the sectors of a given economy and its impacts on the environment is fundamental to the identification of sectors that are more polluting and those that are considered key in the sense of being less polluting. In order to describe this relationship, this work has as general objective to measure the level of CO2 emission from the level of production in function of the consumption of electric energy in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. In order to meet the general objective, from the state energy balance and the input–output matrix of 2010, a hybrid input–output matrix was derived. Thus, it was possible to identify that the service sector, although is the engine of the state GDP, represents only 16% of the emissions, agriculture and cattle raising 6% and industry 78%. The main sectors in CO2 emission are rubber and plastic articles and the pulp and paper production sector. Considering the estimates of growth of the state, the concern with the environment is emphasized as the driving sectors of the expansion being precisely those that emit more CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Projected changes in the atmospheric concentrations of CO and tropospheric O over the next 50 years are of significant concern due to the linkages in the cycling of carbon and water in forested ecosystems. Responses of tree roots to elevated CO (eCO) and O (eO) have been characterized primarily by studies of relatively shallow roots, yet deeper roots often play a disproportionately large role in water acquisition relative to their biomass. We undertook the present study to determine if there were significant root responses to eCO and eO below the maximum soil depths typically studied. Methods: In the current study, we characterized small root biomass and morphometric responses to eCO and eO at the Aspen-FACE Experiment in Rhinelander, Wisconsin down to a depth of one meter. Results: Elevated CO caused relatively undifferentiated growth stimulation. Elevated O stimulated root growth in the AA community at depth, while in the AB community there was a reduction in root growth in the shallow soil layer that was reversed in the deeper layers. Conclusions: Root responses below depths typically studied were qualitatively similar than those within shallower soils for eCO, but were sometimes compensatory for eO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen cycling in northern temperate forest ecosystems could change under increasing atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 as a result of quantitative and qualitative changes in plant litter production. At the Aspen Free Air CO2–O3 Enrichment (FACE) experiment, we previously found that greater substrate inputs to soil under elevated CO2 did not alter gross N transformation rates in the first 3 years of the experiment. We hypothesized that greater litter production under elevated CO2 would eventually cause greater gross N transformation rates and that CO2 effects would be nullified by elevated O3. Following our original study, we continued measurement of gross N transformation rates for an additional four years. From 1999 to 2003, gross N mineralization doubled, N immobilization increased 4-fold, but changes in microbial biomass N and soil total N were not detected. We observed year-to-year variation in N transformation rates, which peaked during a period of foliar insect damage. Elevated CO2 caused equivalent increases in gross rates of N mineralization (+34%) and NH immobilization (+36%). These results indicate greater rates of N turnover under elevated CO2, but do not indicate a negative feedback between elevated CO2 and soil N availability. Elevated O3 decreased gross N mineralization (−16%) and had no effect on NH immobilization, indicating reduced N availability under elevated O3. The effects of CO2 and O3 on N mineralization rates were mainly related to changes in litter production, whereas effects on N immobilization were likely influenced by changes in litter chemistry and production. Our findings also indicate that concomitant increases in atmospheric CO2 and O3 could lead to a negative feedback on N availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global ecosystem, wetlands are vital carbon sinks, playing a crucial role in absorbing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and mitigating global warming. Accurate estimation of wetland carbon content is essential for research on wetland carbon sinks. However, the carbon cycle of wetlands is complex, and the carbon sinking of wetlands is affected by climate, topography, water level conditions, vegetation types, soil types, and other factors. This has caused significant challenges in the estimation of wetland carbon sinks. In current studies, most research has focused on the impact of individual factors on wetland carbon sinks, often ignoring the interaction between various factors, which further leads to uncertainty in wetland carbon measurements. This paper aims to elucidate the process of the wetland carbon cycle, summarize the factors affecting wetland carbon sinks, and explore the interplay between various factors and their influence on wetland carbon sinks, aiming to provide theoretical support for the study of wetland carbon sinks. Additionally, this paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of current wetland carbon measurement methods, proposes research directions for combining machine learning methods, identifies existing difficulties in current wetland carbon measurement, and offers suggestions to serve as a reference for future wetland carbon sink estimation and wetland management.Highlights: The potential and significance of wetland carbon sinks are explained. The advantages and disadvantages of current wetland carbon measurement techniques are summarized. The prospective method for integrating machine learning into integrated wetland carbon measurement is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near miscibility widely exists in carbon dioxide (CO2) injection development projects. However, there is no existing approach to quantify the effect of near miscibility on oil recovery. In this paper, slim tube experiments were conducted to study near miscible region. The oil displacement efficiency curve is divided into immiscibility, near miscibility and miscibility. And three linear function is obtained, respectively. Then, the space between production well and CO2 injection well is discrete to characterize the effect of near miscibility on oil recovery. Then, a new approach is proposed to calculate oil recovery of CO2 displacement in tight oil reservoirs. This approach can calculate oil recovery considering near miscibility. It is found that minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) without considering near miscibility is 4 MPa lower than considering near miscibility. The near miscible pressure range is from 0.77 times to 1 time MMP considering near miscibility. Oil displacement efficiency difference reaches to be the maximum when the pressure is the minimum miscibility pressure without considering near miscibility. The maximum of the oil displacement efficiency difference is 3.4%. The optimal formation pressure considering near miscibility is 5 MPa larger than that without considering near miscibility. The oil recovery considering near miscibility is from 0.9 to 1.3% lower than that not considering near miscibility. It reaches to be the maximum when the pressure is the optimal formation pressure level without considering near miscibility. The maximum of the oil recovery difference is 1.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing carbon dioxide in chemical processes is one of the suggested remedies for reducing its atmospheric concentration. In this paper, the simulation of the propylene carbonate production process using 1,2-propanediol and carbon dioxide has been performed. The impact of temperature was examined between 75 and 400°C. It has been found that as temperature rises, reaction conversion increases. Additionally, the impact of recycling ratio was examined in the range of 0.1–0.5, which demonstrates that a rise in the recycle ratio results in a fall in conversion. Furthermore; it was observed that the pressure initially increases the solubility of carbon dioxide in 1,2-propanediol and improves the conversion of the reaction, but when enough carbon dioxide is supplied in the reaction, increasing the pressure does not affect the corresponding reaction. The effect of all studied parameters depends on the residence time of the reactants in the reactor. Investigating the interaction of parameters and optimizing the process has shown several optimal point of the process such as temperature of 295 °C, a recycle ratio 0.1, feed ratio 0.8 and a residence time of 12.61 h, with the related conversion being 59.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of CO-mediated changes in the foliar chemistry of paper birch ( Betula papyrifera) and white pine ( Pinus strobus) on performance of the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar). Trees were grown under ambient or enriched CO conditions, and foliage was subjected to plant chemical assays and insect bioassays. Enriched CO atmospheres reduced foliar nitrogen levels and increased condensed tannin levels in birch but not in pine. Foliar carbohydrate concentrations were not markedly altered by CO environment. Gypsy moth performance was significantly affected by CO level, species, and the CO x species interaction. Under elevated CO conditions, growth was reduced for larvae fed birch, while development was prolonged for larvae fed pine. Although gypsy moths performed better overall on birch than pine, birch-fed larvae were influenced more by CO-mediated changes in host quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) matters for environmental deregulations in Southern European countries over the period of 1990–2018 while controlling economic growth, globalization, and energy consumption. The present study uses the second generation panel based techniques, namely cross-sectional dependency test, cross-sectional unit-root test, Westerlund cointegration test, augmented mean group and common correlated effects mean group estimators, and Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality test to measure the effect of CO2 intensity of GDP, economic growth, globalization, and energy consumption on environmental degradation. The empirical finding of the present study reveals that the CO2 intensity of GDP is an important factor in determining environmental degradation in South European countries, as the outcomes show that a 1% boost in CO2 intensity of GDP is causing a 1.7728% increase in CO2 emissions. Moreover, a 1% increase in economic growth caused a 0.2568% boost in CO2 emissions. The result is crucial for policy decision-making and can perhaps be applied to take decisive policy actions to mitigate environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic synthesis of urea is a bright substitutable to Haber–Bosch progression and industrial urea synthesis. Electrochemical C–N coupling of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides under environmental conditions is a newly developed method, which also provides a novel opinion for solving nitrate contamination. Conjugated organic frameworks (COFs) have been used as prospective electrocatalysts for nitrogen reduction reactions and carbon dioxide reduction reactions (CO2RR) as a result of their regulate structure and multihole properties, resulting in efficient electron transfer. This paper reports the efficient synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitrate over MoM1S-Pc-M2PPs COF (M as a transition metal) electrocatalyst. According to the calculation of DFT, it was found that it was difficult for carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide to coadsorb on MoM1S-Pc to synthesize urea, so we chose to synthesize CO on the metal porphyrin (M2PPs) structural unit, and then overflow on the bimetallic phthalocyanine and nitrogen oxide to synthesize urea. The possibility of nitrate adsorption on different catalysts was verified by calculation. We screened the stability, nitrate adsorption strength, and catalytic activity of MoM1S-Pc candidates, and the results showed that the most promising candidate catalyst was MoFeS-Pc. At the same time, the CO2RR M2PPs substrate was also screened, and the VPPs structure was selected as the best. In the study of coupling between different nitrogen-containing intermediates and *CO, the C–N coupling mechanism shows that *NOH and *CO are two possible C–N coupling nitrogen intermediates, which are shown to be thermodynamically spontaneous and have an inferior activation barrier. This study not only provisions novel perceptions into urea synthesis by coupling nitrogen oxides with carbon dioxide under environmental conditions, but also paves the way for boosting the sustainable production of carbon and nitrogen-coupled products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been a crucial challenge for countries worldwide to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. China is developing policies among various industries to peak CO2 emissions as soon as possible and expects the reduction of CO2 emissions through financial development. This paper explores the influencing mechanism of financial development on CO2 emissions based on panel data from provinces in China, considering constraints of technological innovation and fossil energy dependence among provinces and periods. Empirical results consistently indicate that the effect of China's financial development on CO2 emissions per capita is significantly negative, and it also presents an inverted U-shaped pattern. In those provinces or periods witnessing lower technological innovation and higher fossil energy dependence, the financial development has more significant effect on carbon emission reduction. This result suggests that regions with deficiencies in the development of technology industries, lower proportions of the tertiary industry, and a higher percentage of the secondary industry need to focus more on the value of financial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 and their interaction on leaf litter chemistry and decomposition in pure stands of aspen ( Populus tremuloides) and mixed stands of birch ( Betula papyrifera) and aspen at the Aspen Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment. A 935-day in situ incubation study was performed using litterbags filled with naturally senesced leaf litter. We found that elevated CO2 had no overall effects on litter decomposition rates, whereas elevated O3 reduced litter mass loss (−13%) in the first year. The effect of O3 on mass loss disappeared in the second year. For aspen litter but not mixed birch-aspen litter, decomposition rates were negatively correlated with initial concentrations of condensed tannins and phenolics. Most soluble components (94% of soluble sugars, 99% of condensed tannins, and 91% of soluble phenolics) and any treatment effects on their initial concentrations disappeared rapidly. However, the mean residence time (MRT) of birch-aspen litter (3.1 years) was significantly lower than that of aspen litter (4.8 years). Further, because of variation in total litterfall, total litter mass, C, lignin and N remaining in the ecosystem was highest under elevated CO2 and lowest under elevated O3 during the incubation period. Our results indicate that elevated CO2 and O3 can alter short-term litter decomposition dynamics, but longer-term effects will depend more on indirect effects mediated through changes in forest community composition. Treatment effects on soluble components are likely to influence cyclical microbial processes and carbon pulses in the ecosystem only when coupled with increased (CO2) or decreased (O3) litter inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnZrOx has been used in large quantities for the preparation of light olefins from CO2, but the relationship between structure and performance remains unclear at present. In this paper, ZnZrOx were prepared by co-precipitation method, and a series of oxides with different sizes were prepared by varying the calcination temperatures. Subsequently, these oxides were combined with SAPO-34 to create a composite bifunctional catalyst for the synthesis of light olefins by CO2 hydrogenation, in which the impact of nanocrystal size effect was examined. The catalytic performance significantly increased as the nanocrystal size reduced from 18 to 12 nm. However, when the nanocrystal size was further decreased to 8 nm, the catalytic performance decline. Characterizations revealed a gradual increase in the number of oxygen vacancies with decreasing nanocrystal size. However, the oxide with the smallest nanocrystal size, prepared by varied calcination temperatures, did not yield the optimal catalytic performance due to sintering occurring during the reaction process. The results show that the assumption that smaller nanocrystal sizes inherently equate to improved catalytic performance is not universally valid, and stability must be considered when the nanocrystal size is decreased. The bifunctional catalysts used in this paper for the prepared light olefins from CO2 in yield as high as 13.8%, which is higher than most previous reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has a main impact on increasing the economy of most developing countries, and energy policies in fighting climate change have a vital role in strengthening economic growth. This paper studies the impact of agriculture, trade openness and green energy on CO2 emissions in Rwanda during 1990–2022. Phillips- Peron and Augmented Dickey fuller unit root test affirmed the stationary of data, and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-bound testing confirmed a long-run relationship among variables. The study employed an ARDL approach. Findings from long-run elasticities showed that 1% increase in agriculture productivity increased carbon dioxide emissions by 1.94%; 1% increase in trade openness increased carbon dioxide emissions by 0.16%; whereas 1% increase in renewable energy consumption and GDP per capita decreased carbon dioxide emissions by 2.71% and 2%, respectively. The result confirmed the induced environment curve and the pollution haven hypothesis in Rwanda. Moreover, green energy consumption and GDP per capita decreases CO2 emissions eventually, which supports the validity of environment Kuznets curve in Rwanda. The findings recommend that an increase in renewable energy usage and trade reforms accompanied by strong environmental policies to reduce CO2 emissions will develop the agriculture sector and regional economy. Highlights: • Rapid emission reduction is essential for achieving sustainable growth in Rwanda. • An Auto regressive distributed lag approach was employed by using time series data. • The results added new insights on renewable energy, agriculture, trade openness, and CO2 emission in Rwanda. • This article offers policy suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of impregnation of dried common pine (Pinus sylvestris) specimens with propiconazole using a supercritical fluid CO2 impregnation process carried out at a temperature of 338 K in the pressure range of 10–30 MPa. Within the framework of the formation of a database on the properties of the impregnation material required for the stages of modeling, optimization, and scaling of the impregnation process, an investigation was conducted of some thermodynamic properties of a propiconazole–carbon dioxide mixture in the supercritical fluid region of the state. The isomeric composition of propiconazole has been investigated, and it has been established that it represents a mixture of two isomers. The methods of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry have been used to study the thermal characteristics of propiconazole. The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of propiconazole solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide on the isotherms T = 338, 358, and 378 K in the pressure range of 10–30 MPa. The experimental data on solubility have been described using the Peng–Robinson equation of state and providing the pressure of saturated propiconazole vapors with the status of the second adjustable parameter in the calculation algorithm. The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the isobaric heat capacity of propiconazole at atmospheric pressure in the temperature interval of 313–573 K and of propiconazole–carbon dioxide mixture in the timperature interval of 313–473 K and the pressure range of 0.098–25.0 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study of David Frank, a climatologist at the Swiss Federal Research institute to determine the effect of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. It mentions that Frank and his colleagues obtained carbon dioxide records from three Antarctic ice cores and combined data from nine large-scale temperature reconstructions. It notes that they were able to calculate more than 200,000 estimates of how carbon dioxide varied in response to temperatures between 1050 and 1800.

The article discusses the research by Leslie Vosshall and colleagues to disable the scent tracking ability of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes reach their prey by smelling carbon dioxide from the victims breath like many insects. Vosshall states that they identified homologous receptors in a mosquito that function as carbon dioxide sensors. Vosshall hopes that this breakthrough will help in developing compounds that dispel insects off human track which in turn will contain malaria and other diseases.

A preface is presented to an article about carbon dioxide published in the June 2006 issue of "Nature" periodical.

Despite the efforts to transition to a low carbon economy, greenhouse gas emissions are surging to critical levels. Carbon dioxide removals (CDR) methods, such as direct air capture (DAC), have been gaining substantial public attention in the last few years. DAC is essential in curbing CO2 concentrations and achieving climate targets. It is said that DAC can be deployed at anywhere, but a throughout life cycle assessment (LCA) is imperative to prove its viability. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the feasibility of constructing a 1 MT CO 2 plant in Ireland, using Kinsale and Corrib gas fields as storage points. The results showed that the country is an ideal candidate for scaling up this emerging industry. The efficiency is primarily influenced by the construction of the pipeline section, given a reliable sources of heat and electricity. The study highlights the significant impact of distances to the storage points on feasibility, favouring counties near of the gas fields. In conclusion, Ireland has the potential to establish its own DAC industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Integration methods help identify the appropriate allocation of captured carbon dioxide (CO2) streams into CO2-using sinks, and are especially useful when a number of CO2 sink options are present simultaneously. The method helps identify CO2 allocation scenarios when subjected to an emission target on the CO2 overall network. Many carbon dioxide sink options are costly, and more often than not, require a high purity carbon dioxide source to satisfy the sink demand. Hence, it is imperative to effectively incorporate treatment units in such networks, to obtain high-purity CO2 streams. In fact, it has been previously reported in many studies that the most expensive step in Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration (CCUS) is the treatment system. As a result, this paper focuses on reassessing the performance of carbon integration networks using a more rigorous cost model for the treatment design stage. The effect of utilizing different treatment operating conditions on the overall cost of the treatment stage of CO2 (before allocation) is first captured using a detailed cost model. Subsequently, this information is then fed into a network design problem that involves a CO2 source-sink allocation network problem, and different CO2 net capture targets within the network. For this, an enhanced treatment model that captures all necessary treatment design parameters has been utilized alongside the original model. The original carbon integration formulation has been adopted from previous work. Many of the cost items have been lumped into single parameters in the original formulation, and lack the necessary depth required to carry out the necessary investigations for this work. Hence, the treatment model introduced in this paper is more rigorous, as it accounts for important technical performance constraints on the system to be assessed. Utilizing a more detailed cost model was found to be very helpful in understanding several effects of varying parameters on the overall source-sink allocations, when subjected to different CO2 net emission reduction targets. The cost of the carbon network increases when the solvent temperatures are increased. However, there was a noticeable linear trend at lower temperatures compared to higher temperatures, where the increase became non-linear. Furthermore, it was discovered that for net capture targets of 20% and 25%, no revenue from carbon storage could be generated beyond a solvent temperature of 25 °C. Additionally, the optimal diameter of the treatment column was more responsive to changes in solvent temperature for cases with low net capture targets (below 10%), while its sensitivity decreased for higher capture targets (above 10%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy–environment–growth nexus has been examined for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, mainly using time series data. However, the important role of renewable energy and population has largely been ignored in previous studies. As such, this study is conducted to investigate a causal link between renewable energy usage, population, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth. In addition, a relatively new and advanced panel vector autoregressive model and the Granger non-causality test for heterogeneous panels are utilized with a sample of seven ASEAN countries for almost three decades since 1990. Key findings from this paper are as follows. First, renewable energy usage responds to population growth and leads to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Second, economic growth and renewable energy usage explain a substantial proportion of the change in energy consumption. Third, a bidirectional Granger causality does exist in each pair among energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions. We argue that moderating population growth and extending renewable energy usage are vital to achieving sustainable economic growth in the ASEAN region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore fluids control the diagenetic processes and storage spaces of deep clastic rock reservoirs and have become a major area of interest within the fields of sedimentology and petroleum geology. This paper aims to relate the diagenetic processes of the Oligocene Zhuhai sandstones in the Baiyun Sag to pore fluids varying with burial depth. The types and distribution patterns of authigenic minerals are investigated through analysis of petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical features to illustrate the origin and flow patterns of pore fluids and their influences on reservoir diagenesis. Strong cementation of eogenetic carbonate cement near the sandstone–mudstone interface was a consequence of material migration from adjacent mudstones on a large scale. The pore fluids were mainly affected by microbial methanogenesis and carbonate mineral dissolution in adjacent mudstones during eogenesis. The pore fluids were diffusively transported in a relatively open geochemical system within a local range. Support for this model is provided by the heavier stable isotopic values present in eogenetic calcite and dolomite. Feldspar dissolution during early mesogenesis was spatially accompanied by the precipitation of authigenic quartz and ferroan carbonate cement. Pore fluids in this period were rich in organic acids and CO2, and their migration mechanism was diffusive transport. The obviously lighter carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the ferroan calcite support this inference. During late mesogenesis, the input of deep hydrothermal fluid might have been partly responsible for the precipitation of ankerite, barite and authigenic albite. Oil charging may have inhibited carbonate cementation and compaction, accordingly preserving porosity, and together with authigenic kaolinite, might have promoted the transition of the reservoir from water wet to oil wet to the benefit of oil entrapment. The findings reported here shed new light on the evaluation and prediction of sandstone reservoirs that have experienced multiple periods of fluid flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation, prediction, and measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility in different polymers are crucial for engineers in various chemical applications, such as extraction and generation of novel materials. In this paper, correlations based on gene expression programming (GEP) were generated to predict the value of carbon dioxide solubility in three polymers. Results showed that the generated correlations could represent an outstanding efficiency and provide predictions for carbon dioxide solubility with satisfactory average absolute relative errors of 9.71%, 5.87%, and 1.63% for polystyrene (PS), polybutylene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA), and polybutylene succinate (PBS), respectively. Trend analysis based on Henry's law illustrated that increasing pressure and decreasing temperature lead to an increase in carbon dioxide solubility. Finally, outlier discovery was applied using the leverage approach to detect the suspected data points. The outlier detection demonstrated the statistical validity of the developed correlations. William's plot of three generated correlations showed that all of the data points are located in the valid zone except one point for PBS polymer and three points for PS polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because port operations have rapidly been extending, air pollution resulted from ports has been increased and become a persistent concern for environmentalist and policy makers. The objective of this paper is to measure the environmental efficiency of ports in Korea. The main characteristic of the environmental efficiency assessment problem is that undesirable output of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and exogenous fixed input of the terminal area of ports should concurrently be considered. By analysing the impacts of the exogenous fixed input and undesirable outputs on decision making units (DMUs) performance, a super efficiency slacks-based measure in data envelopment analysis (SE-SBM-DEA) approach is proposed. The proposed approach consists of two models: slacks-based measure (SBM) model and super efficiency SBM (SE-SBM) model. The models effectively discriminate between efficient and inefficient ports, and rank their efficiencies. To restrict any decreases or increases in the fixed input levels, the slacks of fixed inputs are removed from the target functions and their relevant constraints of the proposed approach. In addition, the undesirable outputs are formulated according to the weak disposability assumption, so that they can only be reduced with the reduction of certain desirable outputs. Hence, its slack should also be removed from the SBM and SE-SBM models. As a result, the scalar measures of the models only deal with the discretionary inputs and desirable outputs of a DMU being evaluated. We examine the applicability of the proposed approach, using real data, for 19 ports in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper continues the work of Kang and Larsson Theoretical and Applied Climatology 116:537–548 (2014) What is the link between temperature and carbon dioxide levels? A Granger causality analysis based on ice core data. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 116:537-548, by adding methane to the study of causality between temperature and carbon dioxide. The data used goes 800,000 years back in time which is possible due to it being extracted from ice cores located at Dome C in Antarctica. First we use linear interpolation to make the three data sets equidistant to be able to employ statistical methods. We adjust for a deterministic trend and find the best model fit to be an autoregressive model with lag two and a piecewise quadratic trend. By employing multivariate Granger causality tests we find strong evidence that temperature, carbon dioxide and methane all Granger cause each other in both directions i.e. carbon dioxide Granger causes temperature and temperature Granger causes carbon dioxide, etc. This is in accordance with the findings of Kang and Larsson, with the extension that we can add methane to establish a trivariate feedback system between temperature, carbon dioxide and methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to study the effect of temperature and hydrocarbon solvent addition on thixotropy of waxy crude oil. Oil is a complex multicomponent hydrocarbon system. There are many interactions between wax and asphaltene, wax and aromatics, asphaltene and resins in original oil. For example, the dispersion of asphaltenes is known to be influenced by resins. The resins are adsorbed onto the surface of the asphaltenes, whereby the asphaltenes are not aggregated. Wax is adsorbed by fine asphaltene particles and wax appearance temperature (WAT) observed at low temperature (formed wax crystals too small to be detected by measuring system). The authors of the paper have studied the separate effect of two solvents (kerosene and diesel fuel), wax concentration and impurities (kaolinite) on WAT to understand how all these factors affect WAT in wax-bearing solutions individually. Wax-bearing solutions in wax concentration range from 10 to 60% by weight were investigated by the visual and rheological methods under atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the diesel-based solutions have higher WAT than the kerosene-based solutions. Studies have shown that the increase in wax concentration in solution leads to an increase in WAT. The paper describes that the addition of impurities (kaolinite) to the solutions resulted in an increase in WAT. Besides, it is shown that WAT obtained by rheological method is higher on average of 1 °C than WAT obtained by visual method. The authors suggested that under constant other conditions (pressure, resin and asphaltenes content, etc.) an increase in wax content in oil and the content of impurities will lead to an increase in WAT. The scientific basis for this conclusion is that, in the future we can, adding or removing from solution hydrocarbon components, with certain assumptions, simulate the properties of oil. In particular, this will allow us to study separate interactions between the wax and asphaltene, wax and aromatics, and wax and naphtha compounds, and abstract away from other factors. The waxy crude oil production in the Samara region is complicated by impurities entrainment and non-Newtonian properties of oil. The investigations of waxy crude oil were provided with light scattering method (in near infrared region), microscopy under high pressure with the grain size analysis (visual) and a rheological method. We obtained the unique «viscosity superanomaly» discovered by Vinogradov and Malkin (Rheol Acta 5(3):188–193, 1966) at low temperatures and shear stress by rheological method under atmospheric pressure. The area of the hysteresis loop on the flow curve increases as the temperature decreases, which is caused by the formation of the lattice by wax. We have also shown that the use of solvent and the increase in temperature allow to reduce «viscosity superanomaly». Simultaneous use of light scattering and microscopy under high-pressure methods allows increasing in accuracy of measuring. For waxy crude oil, there will also be a difference between rheological and visual methods of WAT measuring, as these methods have different sensitivity limits. Besides, the study showed that addition of N2 and CO2 to oil leads to decrease in WAT. However, it is necessary to provide a number of additional studies before gas injection projects in the field. For example, it is shown that CO2 injection leads to asphaltenes precipitation in oil by many scientists. Novelty of the paper consists in investigation of rheological properties of waxy crude oil of the Samara and the effect of nonhydrocarbon gases on WAT. In this study, unique flow curves of oil of the Samara region were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper presents an analytical model to contrast the carbon emissions from a number of goods delivery methods. This includes individuals travelling to the store by car, and delivery trucks delivering to homes. While the impact of growing home delivery services has been studied with combinatorial approaches, those approaches do not allow for systematic conclusions regarding when the service provides net benefit. The use of the analytical approach presented here, allows for more systematic relationships to be established between problem parameters, and therefore broader conclusions regarding when delivery services may provide a CO benefit over personal travel. Methods: Analytical mathematical models are developed to approximate total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and carbon emissions for a personal vehicle travel scenario, a local depot vehicle travel scenario, and a regional warehouse travel scenario. A graphical heuristic is developed to compare the carbon emissions of a personal vehicle travel scenario and local depot delivery scenario. Results: The analytical approach developed and presented in the paper demonstrates that two key variables drive whether a delivery service or personal travel will provide a lower CO solution. These are the emissions ratio, and customer density. The emissions ratio represents the relative emissions impact of the delivery vehicle when compared to the personal vehicle. The results show that with a small number of customers, and low emissions ratio, personal travel is preferred. In contrast, with a high number of customers and low emissions ratio, delivery service is preferred. Conclusions: While other research into the impact of delivery services on CO emissions has generally used a combinatorial approach, this paper considers the problem using an analytical model. A detailed simulation can provide locational specificity, but provides less insight into the fundamental drivers of system behavior. The analytical approach exposes the problem's basic relationships that are independent of local geography and infrastructure. The result is a simple method for identifying context when personal travel, or delivery service, is more CO2 efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the geographical distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) is essential for understanding the influence and structural nature of area-specific sectoral emissions in the total carbon budget. In this practice, the implementations of specific accounting and spatial attribution methods are criticized for multiple sources of uncertainties. Therefore, estimated emissions may bring forth unreliable conclusions to analyze and understand the spatial variation and associated hypothesized anthropogenic sources in this gas' biophysical cyclical process. This paper examined the relations among the observed atmospheric phenomenon of column-averaged CO2 (XCO2) and the hypothesized major anthropogenic emissions and sources to understand their influences on the spatial variation of annual XCO2 concentration at the county-level contiguous USA (CONUS). Specifically, this paper explored the spatial distribution of XCO2 in the CONUS by processing the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite-based observed database of XCO2. The study found that observed XCO2 and interpolated data can represent the annual spatial variation of XCO2 at the county level of CONUS. The study established that industrial locations and emissions play a major role in the spatial variation of XCO2 in the CONUS regardless of the direct emissions from other anthropogenic sources (i.e., transport, residential) and the urban and rural nature of the counties. The study found that in 2017, 2634.92 Million Tons (MTons) industrial emissions increased the level of XCO2 by 0.0621 ppm in the CONUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluations were made to assess the efficacy of assembly pheromone, attractant sex pheromone and the kairomone carbon dioxide in attracting the questing larval nymphal and adult stages of the brown ear dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Ticks attracted to one location were killed using the acaricide deltamethrin. Initially, simulated field trials were conducted to observe the percentage of attraction of ticks from different distances. Tick lure comprising of carbon dioxide as kairomone and 2,6-dichlorophenol in combination with assembly pheromone and deltamethrin on a thermocol platform was prepared and field trials were conducted in the kennels of Blue Cross Society of India, Velachery, Chennai. The tick lure attracted larval, nymphal and adult stages of R. sanguineus ticks in and around the kennels. Observations were made after 24 h of placing the tick lure. In simulated field out of the 50 ticks used for each distance trials, positive response was exhibited by a total number of 20 (40 %), 17 (34 %) and 14 (28 %) ticks from 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m, respectively. Field trials conducted revealed considerable attraction of larvae and nymph to the tick lure. Few adult ticks (2-5) were also lured to the pheromone impregnated filter paper disc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (SoyFACE) facility is the longest running open-air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment facility in the world. For over two decades, soybean, maize, and other crops have been exposed to the elevated carbon dioxide and ozone concentrations anticipated for late this century. The facility, located in East Central Illinois, USA, exposes crops to different atmospheric concentrations in replicated octagonal ~280 m2 Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) treatment plots. Each FACE plot is paired with an untreated control (ambient) plot. The experiment provides important ground truth data for predicting future crop productivity. Fumigation data from SoyFACE were collected every four seconds throughout each growing season for over two decades. Here, we organize, quality control, and collate 20 years of data to facilitate trend analysis and crop modeling efforts. This paper provides the rationale for and a description of the SoyFACE experiments, along with a summary of the fumigation data and collation process, weather and ambient data collection procedures, and explanations of air pollution metrics and calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is the most sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The production of solar thermochemical fuels from water/carbon dioxide not only overcomes the intermittent nature of solar energy, but also allows for flexible transportation and distribution. In this paper, the challenges for solar thermochemical H2/CO production are reviewed. New perspectives and insights to overcome these challenges are presented. For two-step cycles, the main challenges are high temperatures, low conversions and the intensive oxygen removal work. Theoretically feasible temperature and pressure ranges are needed to develop reactant materials. The fundamental mechanism to reduce the temperature and the potential to improve the efficiency by minimizing the oxygen removal work need be revealed. Various material modification strategies and advanced reactors are proposed to improve the efficiency by reducing the temperature and enhancing heat transfer process. But the oxygen removal work required has not been minimized. For multi-step cycles, the main challenges are the separation of corrosive acid and insufficient reaction kinetics. For the separation of acids, many methods have been proposed. But these methods require extra energy and causes undesired side reactions or byproducts. The reaction kinetics have been enhanced by improving catalysts with noble materials or complex fabrication methods. Developing novel multi-step cycles using metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates may be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion and erosion are the common pipe-integrity issues that occur when carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and sand exist in the gas stream at the same time. Corrosion is developed by the reaction among carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and iron, while erosion by the physical damage through flowing sand. When it comes to the prediction model which could accommodate both events, complex phenomena related to physics, chemistry and metallurgy should be put into account. In this paper, we develop a new-integrated corrosion-erosion model which can calculate the corrosion-erosion rate by considering the interactions among type of passive layer (mackinawite and siderite), formation and removal rate of passive layer, and surface reaction rate. The integrated model consists of fluid flow in pipes equation, kinetics of reaction, fundamental diffusion law, empirical erosion equation and fundamental Faraday's law. Corrosion-erosion rate is obtained through iteration scenario after establishing pressure and temperature from fluid flow in pipes equation. Pipe dimension used in the simulation has tubing ID 2.992 in for vertical pipe and flowline ID 2.992 in for horizontal pipe. Simulations were conducted using hypothetic gas field data with variation of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide composition. In constant erosion rate, when the hydrogen sulfide percentage is significantly greater than carbon dioxide, corrosion is more dominant than passive layer formation. However, when the carbon dioxide percentage is greater than that of hydrogen sulfide, the passive layer tends to form, resulting in scaling. These results can be explained by the faster formation rate of siderite than mackinawite. Finally, the proposed model can explain clearly the phenomena of corrosion-erosion and scaling by simplifying the complex phenomena occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to provide an estimation of air emissions (CO2, NOx, SOx and PM) released by port assistant vessels at port level. The methodology is based on the "full bottom-up" approach and starts by assessing the fuel consumed by each tug ship during its individual port exercises (movements during docking and undocking of merchant vessels). The scenario selected for the analysis and measurements is one of the most significant Port of the Mediterranean Sea, where seven auxiliary vessels were monitored for 407 calls. The analysis also gathers real-time data from the Automatic ship Identification System (AIS), tug ship particulars from IHS sea-web database (www.maritime.ihs.com) and emission factors established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The research findings show that the key indicators are inventory emissions per dock, types of towed vessels and docking and undocking manoeuvres. This paper also presents an action protocol for the assessment of the inventory of emissions produced by the main engines of tug ships operating inside ports, which can be extrapolated to other ports operating with tug ships of the same technical characteristics. Evaluating, therefore, the amounts emitted of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assurance of a stable and appealing foam on beer requires an understanding and application of several physical and chemical principles and these are reviewed in this paper. In terms of physics, it is essential that the foam is produced efficiently, the presence of nucleation sites being important, with major determining factors being temperature and carbonation level. The principle driving force for foam instability is disproportionation, wherein bubble collapse is caused by the passage of carbon dioxide from smaller to larger bubbles. As nitrogen does not readily make this passage, this gas allows for much more stable foams. The stability of foam depends on the balance of foam-positive foaming components (polypeptides, hop bitter acids, metal ions, melanoidins) over foam-negative entities (ethanol, lipids, detergents). The principal foam-stabilizing proteins contributed by malted barley are Protein Z4 and Lipid Transfer Protein (LTP1), but the fragments of hordein produced by proteolysis in malting and perhaps mashing have a greater ability to enter into the foam but display less ability to stabilize the bubbles. They compete with Protein Z and LTP1 which display less foamability but greater foam stability. Carbohydrate complexed with protein may have a significant role to play, and this is potentially the reason for the benefits to foam afforded by wheat. Kinetic models analogous to those employed in the study of enzyme kinetics are useful in terms of interpreting foaming systems, as are model systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Masks are the primary tool used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the current pandemic. The use of masks may result in some discomfort, which may be caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the inner space of the mask. This paper presents tests of carbon dioxide concentration in the inner space of the mask during work at a computer, for various flat and convex masks. Five different masks were used in the tests. Convex masks showed a greater accumulation of carbon dioxide than flat masks. The concentration of carbon dioxide was also higher for masks made of more layers. The dependence of the average values of carbon dioxide concentrations under the masks for selected people depending on the BMI and the type of mask was determined, as well as the measurements of carbon dioxide concentrations without the mask. An increase in carbon dioxide concentration was observed with increasing BMI. The development of effective self-defense tools against the virus, including masks, is essential to contain the spread of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), which employs pressurized carbon dioxide as the major component of the mobile phase, has been known for several decades but has faced a significant resurgence of interest in the recent years, thanks to the development of modern instruments to comply with current expectations in terms of robustness and sensitivity. This review is focused on the recent literature, specifically since the introduction of modern systems but in relation to older literature, to identify the changing trends in application domains. Typically, natural products, bioanalysis, food science, and environmental analyses are all strongly increasing. Together with reduced extra-column volumes in the instruments, the advent of sub-2-μm particles and superficially porous particles in the stationary phases is favoring ultra-high-performance SFC (UHPSFC) allowing for improved resolution and faster analyses, but without the constraints of viscous liquids encountered in ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Hyphenation to mass spectrometry is also more frequent and opened the way to new application domains, and raises different issues from liquid chromatography mobile phases, especially due to decompression of carbon dioxide. It is also shown that the frontiers between SFC and HPLC are fading, as switching from one method to the other, even within the course of a single analysis, is facilitated my modern instruments. The present review is not intended to be exhaustive but rather giving a snapshot of recent trends in supercritical fluid chromatography, based on the observation of about 500 papers published in English-written peer-reviewed journals from 2014 to 2018.ᅟ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the intense using of energy in the world and the role of the fossil fuels with predominance of the oil in the global primary energy supply and their effects to climate change. It also presents a new reading on the thermodynamic conditions and characteristics of CO2 and CO2-EOR together with oil industry advancement in the world and Brazil. The interface with chemical EOR processes involving nanoparticles (NPs), their application inside the reservoirs for EOR and understanding of fines migration reducing, among other physical phenomena is also studied. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a worldwide strategy for mitigating climate change. CO2 geosequestration is also analyzed on the leakage of CO2 and brine from aquifers and their implication to the security of the storage and environment. Recent studies show that, globally, CO2-EOR can extract up to 375 billion of additional oil barrels and geological storage up to 360 Gt of CO2 in the next 50 years. Pre-salt is a complex of microbial carbonate reservoirs with stromatolite framework in ultra-deep waters (1500–3000) m depth, underneath by thick salt layer (2000–2500) m. Its reservoirs are in the depth up to (5500–6500) m TVDSS and approximately (200–300) km offshore. It presents light oils and high (GOR) ranging (200–400) Sm3/Sm3 and huge CO2 contamination (8–15)%. Due to the large CO2 content of oil, this work investigated CO2-EOR and CO2 geosequestration within the reservoirs. Pilot test demonstrated that miscible CO2-EOR with WAG is feasible and beneficial to this hydrocarbon Province. This study also calculated and validated the potential of CO2-EOR to the CCS. It concludes that Pre-salt can contribute to recovery factor (RF) increasing about 5.7 billion of additional oil barrels, and to CCS with about 266 Mt CO2 to be geological stored, for the next 20 years. In this context, this work also analyses the recent changes on the Brazilian oil and gas regulation to encourage new international Companies to enter in Brazil and Pre-salt for petroleum exploring. In Pre-salt, CO2-EOR also connects the petroleum energy system to CCS, transforming the oil reservoir in a carbon sink. These results represent a substantial role of Pre-salt to the energy efficiency of energy resources recovering from the biosphere and a high contribution to the climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide health services, hospitals consume electrical power and contribute to the CO2 emission. This paper aims to develop a modelling approach to optimize hospital services while reducing CO2 emissions. To capture treatment processes and the production of carbon dioxide, a hybrid method of data mining and simulation–optimization techniques is proposed. Different clustering algorithms are used to categorize patients. Using quality indicators, clustering methods are evaluated to find the best cluster sets, and then patients are categorized accordingly. Discrete-event simulation is applied to each patient category to estimate performance measures such as number of patients being served, waiting times, and length of stay, as well as the amount of CO2 emission. To optimize performance measures of patient flow, metaheuristic searches have been used. The dataset of Bushehr Heart Hospital is considered as a case study. Based on K-means, K-medoid, Hierarchical clustering, and Fuzzy C-means clustering methods, patients are categorized into two groups of high-risk and low-risk patients. The number of patients being served, total waiting time, length of stay, and CO2 emitted during care processes are improved for both groups. The proposed hybrid method is an effective method for hospitals to categorize patients based on care processes. The problems and the proposed solution approach reported in this study could be applicable to other hospitals, worldwide to help both optimize the patient flow and minimize the environmental consequences of care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhenium(I)-carbonyl-diimine complexes have emerged as promising photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction with covalent organic frameworks recognized as perfect sensitizers and scaffold support. Such Re complexes/covalent organic frameworks hybrid catalysts have demonstrated high carbon dioxide reduction activities but with strong excitation energy-dependence. In this paper, we rationalize this behavior by the excitation energy-dependent pathways of internal photo-induced charge transfer studied via transient optical spectroscopies and time-dependent density-functional theory calculation. Under band-edge excitation, the excited electrons are quickly injected from covalent organic frameworks moiety into catalytic RheniumI center within picosecond but followed by fast backward geminate recombination. While under excitation with high-energy photon, the injected electrons are located at high-energy levels in RheniumI centers with longer lifetime. Besides those injected electrons to RheniumI center, there still remain some long-lived electrons in covalent organic frameworks moiety which is transferred back from RheniumI. This facilitates the two-electron reaction of carbon dioxide conversion to carbon monoxide. Re complexes within covalent organic frameworks have emerged as promising photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Here, authors identify a high-energy electron transfer pathway during CO2 reduction that results in longer-lived excited states than a low-energy electron transfer pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetone are frequently used in supercritical antisolvent (SAS) processes, since they have very different physical properties and have complex phase behavior. This paper reports experimental phase equilibrium data for {CO2 + DMSO} and {CO2 + acetone + DMSO} systems. The static synthetic method was employed to obtain phase equilibrium behavior in pressures up to 12.1 MPa, temperature range between 313.15 and 343.15 K, the concentration of 5.5 mol·kg−1 (solute: DMSO; solvent: acetone) on a CO2-free basis, and CO2 mole fractions between 0.652 and 0.953. The experimental data measured here presented transitions of VLE (vapor–liquid equilibrium) and LLE (liquid–liquid equilibrium) phases. In this work, the effects of association between molecules are considered. Thus, the PC-SAFT EoS was used to model the experimental data and phase transitions, and the pressure deviation between experimental and calculated data for the binary and ternary system was 0.81% and 0.51%, respectively. The percentage average absolute relative deviation (%AARD) for {CO2 + DMSO}, {CO2 + acetone} and {DMSO + acetone} system was 0.57, 0.89 and 0.29, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the harmful influence of CO2 emissions on the environment and humans, issues related to CO2 emissions have received considerable attention in recent years. Based on the pollution haven hypothesis and pollution halo effect, the uncertain effect of bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions has recently been in focus. Moreover, because of the opposing capital flow of bilateral FDI, the interaction between inward FDI (IFDI) and outward FDI (OFDI) might have a trade-off effect on CO2 emissions. The accurate forecasting of CO2 emissions in China in light of effect of the bilateral FDI is important since the government can use it to regulate emissions' reduction. The grey multivariable Verhulst model (GMVM) was formulated in this paper with the goal of forecasting CO2 emissions in China by considering the nonlinear, independent, and interaction-related effects of bilateral FDI on them. To enhance the accuracy of prediction, this paper used the Fourier series and the grey prediction model for residual modifications. The empirical results showed that the IFDI and the item of the interaction of bilateral FDI promoted CO2 emissions, whereas OFDI reduced them in China. These results also verified the higher precision of the improved GMVM relative to other models. This paper also used improved GMVM to further forecast CO2 emissions and provided suggestions for the Chinese government to plan for foreign investment, including selectively implementing bilateral FDI, and focusing on the trade-off in its interaction-related effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With economic development and the acceleration of urbanization, China's energy demand has gradually increased and brought a lot of energy-related CO2 emissions. Energy-related CO2 emissions are affected by a variety of factors. Quantifying the correlation between energy-related CO2 and driving factors and constructing the driving factor system are conducive to predict the future energy-related CO2 emissions and analyze the impact of driving factors. In this paper, the improved grey relational analysis (IGRA) was proposed to screen the influencing factors of energy-related CO2 emissions considering the sample difference, and the factor analysis (FA) was used to reduce dimensionality of the influencing factors. Then, a carbon dioxide emission forecasting model based on the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFO) and the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) was proposed. Empirical analysis results of Hebei show that the LSSVM optimized BFO significantly improves the accuracy of energy-related CO2 emissions forecasting, and IGRA-FA-BFOLSSVM model is significantly better than BP, PSOBP, SVM, and LSSVM models. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the proposed model is 0.374%. The forecasting results of the supplementary case show that the model has better generalization ability. In addition, education and technological progress have proven to be important drivers of energy-related CO2 emissions. Simultaneously, the research results can also offer more breakthrough points for policy makers to control carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human societies derive economic benefit from marine systems, yet these benefits may be modified as humans drive environmental change. Here, we conducted the first systematic review of literature on the potential economic effects of ocean acidification. We identified that while there is a growing literature discussing this topic, assessments of the direction and magnitude of anticipated economic change remain limited. The few assessments which have been conducted indicate largely negative economic effects of ocean acidification. Insights are, however, limited as the scope of the studies remains restricted. We propose that understanding of this topic will benefit from using standard approaches (e.g. timescales and emissions scenarios) to consider an increasing range of species/habitats and ecosystem services over a range of spatial scales. The resulting understanding could inform decisions such that we maintain, or enhance, economic services obtained from future marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a technological study aimed at growing buried-channel heterostructures for single-mode semiconductor lasers operating in the spectral range 1600–1610 nm. We have produced laser diodes with an emission wavelength corresponding to an overtone in the absorption band of carbon dioxide and assessed the effect of temperature on their optical emission spectra. It has been shown that their emission spectra can be tuned over the range from 1559 to 1620 nm. We have demonstrated the feasibility of producing intelligent fiber-optic systems for remote carbon dioxide concentration monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes the effects of hydrogen addition and carbon dioxide dilution in the natural gas on the velocity profiles and on the turbulent quantities (integral scale and Kolmogorov scale) in a cylindrical burner. The hydrogen content in the fuel is varied from 0 to 20% in volume, and the volume of carbon dioxide is varied between 0 and 50%. The velocity fields and the root mean square value of velocity are determined by the particle image velocimetry technique in the reacting flow. The concentrations of CO and NO are found using the corresponding analyzers. The turbulent quantities are determined by a numerical method. The results show that the absence of hydrogen and the carbon dioxide content greater than 20% lead to flame blow-out. Therefore, the flame is hooked to the burner if hydrogen is added. In this study, with hydrogen addition, the difference in the maximum velocity () along the bio-hythane jet is less important far from the burner due to the low density and high molecular diffusivity of hydrogen. The studies of the root mean square values of two velocity components ( and ) indicate that turbulence is more important for the component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]