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Background: Maternal healthcare service utilization is a pivotal indicator of a nation's progress in safeguarding the health and well-being of its women and children. In this context, women's empowerment emerges as a critical determinant influencing the utilization of maternal healthcare services. The study aims to assess the relationship between women's level of empowerment and utilization of maternal healthcare services among currently married women in India. Data and Methods: The study uses data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2019–2021 and analyzed 26,552 (15–49 aged) currently married women who had a live birth in the last 5 years preceding the survey. Additionally, univariate and bivariate analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and the SWPER index were used for the analysis. Results: Over the years, utilization of antenatal care, skilled birth attainment, and postnatal care has increased extensively in India. However, the study found that utilization of services was higher among empowered women, and it varies across the state with the extent of empowerment. State-level analysis shows that the extent of women empowerment was higher in Goa, followed by Tamil Nadu and Kerala, and lower in Jharkhand, followed by Tripura, so as the utilization of maternal and health care services. The extent of empowerment and utilization of services also varies by level of educational attainment, employment, and socio-economic status. Conclusion: There is a need for comprehensive strategies to enhance women's empowerment through education, employment, political participation, self-awareness, and reduction in gender-based violence and child marriages, which may improve awareness demand for better public health structure, and may ensure higher utilization of maternal healthcare services. Ultimately, these strategies may converse the higher maternal death and child mortality. Significance: What is already known about this subject? Existing literature in India mostly highlights a clear connection between women's autonomy and maternal healthcare services utilization. Women with higher autonomy, decision-making power, and mobility are more likely to use these services. However, in exploring the link between women's empowerment and maternal healthcare, some studies focus on education, employment, and media access among Indian mothers, sidelining broader empowerment dimensions. What this study adds? This study is likely the first to investigate the relationship between women's empowerment and the level of maternal healthcare service utilization in India. It covers key dimensions of women's empowerment, including Attitude to Violence, Social Independence, and Decision-making Power. Moreover, it is possibly the first Indian research paper to employ a survey-based women's empowerment index in this context. Notably, the assessment highlights Social Independence as a significant dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction India aims to achieve universal health coverage, with a focus on equitable delivery of services. There is significant evidence on extent of inequities by income status, gender and caste. In this paper, we report geographic inequities in coverage of reproductive, maternal and child health (MCH) services in Haryana state of India. Methods Cross-sectional data on utilization of maternal, child health and family planning services were collected from 12,191 women who had delivered a child in the last one year, 10314 women with 12–23 months old child, and 45864 eligible couples across all districts in Haryana state. Service coverage was assessed based on eight indicators − 6 for maternal health, one for child health and one for family planning. Inter- and intra-district inequalities were compared based on four and three indicators respectively. Results Difference in coverage of full ante-natal care, full immunization and contraceptive prevalence rate between districts performing best and worst was found to be 54%, 65% and 63% respectively. More than one-thirds of the sub-centres (SCs) in Panchkula, Ambala, Gurgaon and Mewat districts had their ante-natal care coverage less than 50% of the respective district average. Similarly, a significant proportion of SCs in Mewat, Panipat and Hisar districts had full immunization rate below 50% of the district average. Conclusion Widespread inter- and intra-district inequities in utilization of MCH services exist. A comprehensive geographical targeting to identify poor performing districts, community development blocks and SCs could result in significant equity gains, besides contributing to quick achievement of sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is committed to Millennium Development Goals regarding prenatal health but still the utilization of quality source of prenatal-care is lacking. In this paper an attempt has been made to examine the socioeconomic determinants of utilization of quality source of prenatal-care by the women in the age group of 15-49 years. Micro data having 25,896 observations from Indian Demographic Health Survey 2006 has been used. Binary logistic regression analysis is utilized to determine the association between the utilization of quality source of prenatal-care and explanatory variables categorized into demographic, socioeconomic, health and regional characteristics. Quality source of prenatal-care is defined as the prenatal-care taken from medical expert. The results have shown that age of woman at first marriage, husband's age, woman's education, husband's education, final say on woman's health-care by woman and husband collectively and husband alone, wealth index, female head of household, ever terminated pregnancy, household covered by insurance and husband's presence during prenatal visits increase the probability of utilization of quality source of prenatal-care. However, the combined family structure, birth-order of the child and living of the household in the town as compared the capital and large city decrease the probability of utilization of quality source of prenatal-care by Indian women. The implementation of law of minimum age for marriage, expansion in maternal health insurance, participation of husband in prenatal-care are proposed for enhancing the utilization of quality source of prenatal-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: Maternal health services potentially play a significant role in improving reproductive health. Access to skilled assistance and well-equipped health institutions during delivery can reduce maternal mortality and morbidity and improve pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we examined the relationship between the use of maternal health care services and the frequency of reproductive health complications (during pregnancy, delivery and after delivery) in Assam. Subject and methods: We used data from the third round of the District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS, 2007-2008) which collects information about reproductive and child health services. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used to understand the relationship between the use of health care services and the frequency of complications in pregnancy. Results: Findings show that more than half of women reported having any complication during pregnancy and delivery. Post delivery complications in Assam are reported less by women as compared to any pregnancy and delivery complications. It is also found statistically significant that women who received full antenatal care during pregnancy reported less complications during the delivery and post-partum period. We found a positive correlation in the study area between having any complication during pregnancy with higher reporting of any delivery and post-delivery complication. Conclusion: The study concludes that use of intensive health-care services reduces health complications. Therefore, it is necessary to improve community awareness on maternal health to motivate women to use more antenatal care services to reduce health complications during the reproductive time span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify the economic burden of maternal health care services on Indian households and examine the levels of expenditure incurred in public and private health care institutions at the national, state and community levels. Cross-sectional population data from the 2004 National Sample Survey Organisation were used, which considered 9,643 households for the analysis where at least one woman received maternal health care services during the year preceding the survey. Multilevel linear regression techniques were used to estimate the effect of household, cluster and state characteristics on the proportion of maternal health care expenditures over total household expenditures. Over 80 % of households reported paying for maternal health care services, with those using private care facilities paying almost 4 times more than those using public facilities. Multilevel analyses show evidence of high burden of maternal health care expenditures, which varied significantly across states according to the level of health care utilisation, and with considerable heterogeneity at the household and community levels. Maternal health care services in India are offered free at the point of delivery, yet many families face significant out-of-pocket expenditures. The recent governmental policy interventions to encourage institutional births by providing nominal financial assistance is a welcome step but this might not help to compensate mothers for other indirect expenditures, especially those living in rural areas and poorer communities who are increasingly seeking care in private facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]