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Immunotherapy, a burgeoning field differs from traditional cancer treatments, is revolutionizing oncologic therapeutics. It aims to stimulate the innate and adaptive immune system of a patient to fight against tumor cells. However, low response rate and immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) remain problems during its management. A novel technology using nanomaterials may bring a solution. Various nanoparticles have been investigated as delivery systems to augment cancer therapeutic efficacy in the lab and clinic. In this review, we briefly summarize the connotation of immunotherapy, the application of nanotechnology in cancer, especially focusing on the synergistic effect of nanoplatform-based technology combined with cancer immunotherapy, hoping to make readers a deep insight into this interdisciplinary field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its great potential in cancer therapy, phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), often cause metastasis of tumors. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the cancer treatment owing to the capability of activating immune system to eliminate tumors. However, the integration of phototherapy and immunotherapy in a single nanoagent for cancer therapy is still a challenging task. Here, we fabricated (Cu9S5@mSiO2-PpIX@MnO2@CpG (CSPM@CpG)) as a synergistic therapeutic model for phototherapy enhanced immunotherapy. The intracellular uptake of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) promoted the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in tumor tissue, further stimulating the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and remarkably elevating the immune response level. Excellent anti-tumor effects have been achieved by synergistic PTT/PDT/immunotherapy. The metastasis of tumors was effectively inhibited by the immune response of CpG. Thus, our proposed work provides a strategy to combine phototherapy with immunotherapy to enhance the therapeutic efficiency and further inhibit metastasis of tumors. CpG oligonucleotides can stimulate an anticancer immune response. Zhou et al. now develop nanoparticles that can deliver CpG, which promotes cancer cell death after photothermal and photodynamic therapy in vitro and in vivo, concomitant with an immunological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established now that neuronal dysfunction rather than structural damage may be responsible for the development of rabies. In order to explore the underlying mechanisms in rabies virus (RABV) and synaptic dysfunctions, a quantitative proteome profiling was carried out on synaptosome samples from mice hippocampus. Synaptosome samples from mice hippocampus were isolated and confirmed by Western blot and transmission electron microscopy. Synaptosome protein content changes were quantitatively detected by Nano-LC-MS/MS. Protein functions were classified by the Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway. PSICQUIC was used to create a network. MCODE algorithm was applied to obtain subnetworks. Of these protein changes, 45 were upregulated and 14 were downregulated following RABV infection relative to non-infected (mock) synaptosomes. 28 proteins were unique to mock treatment and 12 were unique to RABV treatment. Proteins related to metabolism and synaptic vesicle showed the most changes in expression levels. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks revealed that several key biological processes related to synaptic functions potentially were modulated by RABV, including energy metabolism, cytoskeleton organization, and synaptic transmission. These data will be useful for better understanding of neuronal dysfunction of rabies and provide the foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early to Middle Ordovician strata, including Wenquan quartzite, occur widely in the Himalaya, Lhasa, and south Qiangtang blocks. The Wenquan quartzite occurs on the south side of the Lungmuco-Shuanghu Suture in the Qiangtang area, Tibet. A total of 145 analyses on detrital zircons from the quartzite show five age ranges of 520-700, ca. 800, 900-1100, 1800-1900, and 2400-2500 Ma, with particularly distinct age peaks of 625 and 950 Ma. The reliable youngest detrital zircon age is 525 Ma, and the oldest, 3180 Ma. Detrital zircons show large variations in Hf isotope composition, with depleted mantle model ages t(Hf) ranging from 750 to 3786 Ma. Based on data obtained in this study and by others, the main conclusions are as follows: 1) Low-grade metamorphic sedimentary rocks are distributed extensively in the south of the Lungmuco-Shuanghu Suture and are Phanerozoic in age; 2) Pan-African and Grenville-Jinning tectono-thermal events were well developed in the source region of the Wenquan quartzite; 3) the source region shows crustal addition and recycling of different periods; 4) Wenquan quartzite was derived from the Gondwana metamorphic basement, suggesting that the Qiangtang block is a Gondwanan fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports detrital zircon age distributions of meta-sedimentary rocks of the Gaofan, Hutuo and Dongjiao groups in the Wutai and Dongjiao areas of the North China Craton. Detrital zircons of a quartzite from the Gaofan Group are mainly ~2.5 Ga in age, with some ~2.7 Ga and older. A quartzite pebble from the basal conglomerate of the Hutuo Group is similar in detrital zircon age distribution to the quartzite of the Gaofan Group. For a meta-feldspar-quartz sandstone from the Dongjiao Group, the age of detrital zircons is mainly concentrated at ~2.5 Ga. No zircons older than 2.6 Ga have been identified, but with some being 1.84 Ga and 2.2-2.0 Ga in age. Combined with earlier studies, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The Gaofan Group is early Palaeoproterozoic in age and is much younger and unrelated to the late Neoarchaean Wutai granite-greenstone terrane, which it unconformably overlies. As such, the Gaofan Group is one of the oldest Palaeoproterozoic meta-sedimentary units in the North China Craton. (2) The Hutuo Group was deposited in the middle Palaeoproterozoic (2.14-2.09 Ga) on a continental basement, after the early Palaeoproterozoic Gaofan Group. (3) The Dongjiao Group was formed after 1.84 Ga, and probably belongs to the lower portion of the Changcheng System. (4) The detrital zircons from all the three groups show an obvious age peak of ~2.5 Ga, being sourced from the igneous rocks formed in the intense tectono-magma-thermal events at the end of Archaean in the North China Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zircom U-Pb age and Hf isotope analyses were made on gneissic granite and garnet-mica two-feldspar gneiss from the Helanshan Group in the Bayan Ul-Helan Mountains area, the western block of the North China Craton (NCC). Zircons from the gneissic granite commonly show core-mantle-rim structures, with magmatic core, metamorphic mantle and rim having ages of 2323±20 Ma, 1923±28 Ma and 1856±12 Ma, respectively. The core, mantle and rim show similar Hf isotope compositions, with single-stage depleted mantle model ages (TDM1) of 2455 to 2655 Ma (19 analyses). Most of the detrital zircons from the garnet-mica two-feldspar paragneiss have a concentrated U-Pb age distribution, with a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1978±17 Ma. A few detrital zircons are older (2871 to 2469 Ma). The age for metamorphic overgrown rim was not determined because of strong Pb loss due to their high U content. The zircons show large variation in Hf isotope composition, with TDM1 ages of 1999 to 3047 Ma. In combination with previous studies, the main conclusions are as follows: (1) protolith of the khondalite series in the Helanshan Group formed during Palaeoproterozoic rather than the Archaean as previously considered; (2) The results lend support to the contention that there is a huge Palaeoproterozoic Khondalite (metasedimentary) Belt between the Yinshan Mountains Block and the Ordos Block in the Western Block of NCC; (3) The widely-distributed bodies of early Palaeoproterozoic orthogneisses in the Khondalite Belt might be one of the important sources for detritus material in the khondalite series; (4) Collision between the Yinshan Block, the Ordos Block and the Eastern Block occurred in the same tectonothermal event of late Palaeoproterozoic, resulting in the final assembly of the NCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]