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Dietary trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) is a potential candidate in anti-obesity trials. A transgenic mouse was previously successfully established to determine the anti-obesity properties of t10c12-CLA in male mice that could produce endogenous t10c12-CLA. To test whether there is a different impact of t10c12-CLA on lipid metabolism in both sexes, this study investigated the adiposity and metabolic profiles of female Pai mice that exhibited a dose-dependent expression of foreign Pai gene and a shift of t10c12-CLA content in tested tissues. Compared to their gender-match wild-type littermates, Pai mice had no fat reduction but exhibited enhanced lipolysis and thermogenesis by phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase and up-regulating uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue. Simultaneously, Pai mice showed hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Further investigations revealed that t10c10-CLA induced excessive prostaglandin E2, adrenaline, corticosterone, glucagon and inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in less heat release and oxygen consumption in Pai mice. Moreover, fibroblast growth factor 21 overproduction only in monoallelic Pai/wt mice indicates that it was sensitive to low doses of t10c12-CLA. These results suggest that chronic t10c12-CLA has system-wide effects on female health via synergistic actions of various hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycolysis has a major role in cancer progression and can affect the tumor immune microenvironment, while its specific role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains poorly studied. We obtained publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases and used R software to analyze the specific role of glycolysis in LUAD. The Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) indicated a correlation between glycolysis and unfavorable clinical outcome, as well as a repression effect on the immunotherapy response of LUAD patients. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed a significant enrichment of MYC targets, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, G2M checkpoint, and mTORC1 signaling pathways in patients with higher activity of glycolysis. Immune infiltration analysis showed a higher infiltration of M0 and M1 macrophages in patients with elevated activity of glycolysis. Moreover, we developed a prognosis model based on six glycolysis-related genes, including DLGAP5, TOP2A, KIF20A, OIP5, HJURP, and ANLN. Both the training and validation cohorts demonstrated the high efficiency of prognostic prediction in this model, which identified that patients with high risk may have a poorer prognosis and lower sensitivity to immunotherapy. Additionally, we also found that Th2 cell infiltration may predict poorer survival and resistance to immunotherapy. The study indicated that glycolysis is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with LUAD and immunotherapy resistance, which might be partly dependent on the Th2 cell infiltration. Additionally, the signature comprised of six genes related to glycolysis showed promising predictive value for LUAD prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Networks are booming with the development of computer technology, network communication technology, and sensor technology. However, the question of how to use fewer nodes to achieve maximum coverage still exists. In this paper, a two-layer Surrogate-Assisted Phasmatodea Population Evolution (SAPPE) is proposed for 3D coverage of wireless sensors by combining the characteristics of meta-heuristic algorithms and surrogate models. In this algorithm, Radial Basis Function Networks are used to construct the surrogate model, and the two surrogate models are global surrogate-assisted and local surrogate-assisted, respectively. The global-surrogate model is used to smooth the fitness function, and the local surrogate-assisted model is used to find the optimal value accurately. They use the same archive DataBase (DB) to store particle positions and true fitness values. However, the number of particles involved in the creation of the surrogate-assisted model is different. Seven benchmark functions are used to test and analyze the algorithm, and the results show that the algorithm has good performance. Also, the algorithm verified the significance of the algorithm using Wilcoxon rank test. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is effective compared with PPE, PSO, PPSO, FMO, and BA. This paper compares the number of nodes and coverage radius using different algorithms to ensure maximum coverage. The result shows that the SAPPE algorithm has better performance in terms of 3D coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-uniformly distributed data in unbalanced datasets have the phenomenon of data stacking and data scattering. However, most traditional metric learning algorithms often overemphasize the intra-class compactness and inter-class dispersion of data. When dealing with the typical non-uniformly distributed data, these traditional methods may distort a few classes of data in the embedding space and finally reduce the classification accuracy. To solve these problems, we propose a novel metric learning method based on constructing a uniform data hypersphere via simulated forging approach (CUDH-SF). CUDH-SF aims to achieve a uniformly distributed embedding space through conducting local forging and global forging on the original data, so that the problem of data stacking and data scattering can be more effectively alleviated. Although the uniform data hypersphere changes the absolute position of the original data, it does not change its relative relationship, that is, the geometric structure of the data can be maintained. Such data transformation is helpful to strengthen the representation ability of the input data, so that the subsequent distance-based classifiers can better construct the decision boundary. Moreover, CUDH-SF does not have the parameters needed for tuning in the validation set, which makes it easier to use. Extensive experiments on eight datasets demonstrate the better performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on direct targets of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the key to study the mechanism and material basis of it, but there is still no effective methods at present. We took Compound Danshen dropping pills (CDDP) as a study case to establish a strategy to identify significant direct targets of TCM. As a result, thirty potential active kinase targets of CDDP were identified. Nine of them had potential dose-dependent effects. In addition, the direct inhibitory effect of CDDP on three kinases, AURKB, MET and PIM1 were observed both on biochemical level and cellular level, which could not only shed light on the mechanisms of action involved in CDDP, but also suggesting the potency of drug repositioning of CDDP. Our results indicated that the research strategy including both in silico models and experimental validation that we built, were relatively efficient and reliable for direct targets identification for TCM prescription, which will help elucidating the mechanisms of TCM and promoting the modernization of TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine bacteria are the most widely distributed organisms in the ocean environment and produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. However, traditional screening for bioactive natural compounds is greatly hindered by the lack of a systematic way of cataloguing the chemical profiles of bacterial strains found in nature. Here we present a chemical fingerprint database of marine bacteria based on their secondary metabolite profiles, acquired by high-resolution LC-MS. Till now, 1,430 bacterial strains spanning 168 known species collected from different marine environments were cultured and profiled. Using this database, we demonstrated that secondary metabolite profile similarity is approximately, but not always, correlated with taxonomical similarity. We also validated the ability of this database to find species-specific metabolites, as well as to discover known bioactive compounds from previously unknown sources. An online interface to this database, as well as the accompanying software, is provided freely for the community to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new type of memory device based on insulating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) hetero-interface. The microstructures of the LAO/STO interface are characterized by Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, which reveals the element intermixing at the interface. The inhomogeneous element distribution may result in carrier localization, which is responsible for the insulating state. The insulating state of such interface can be converted to metallic state by light illumination and the metallic state maintains after light off due to giant persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect. The on/off ratio between the PPC and the initial dark conductance is as large as 105. The metallic state also can be converted back to insulating state by applying gate voltage. Reversible and reproducible resistive switching makes LAO/STO interface promising as a nonvolatile memory. Our results deepen the understanding of PPC phenomenon in LAO/STO, and pave the way for the development of all-oxide electronics integrating information storage devices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using China Bird Report (2003-2007) as data source in combination with descriptions about bird habitats, we built up the China Bird Watching Database. We also developed spherical GIS software 'Global Analyst' to create the point-based database which contains accurate spatial-temporal information. The China Bird Watching Database can reflect the achievement of Chinese bird watchers and complement the basic knowledge of bird distribution. Now a total of 30936 records from 17 Orders, 70 Families and 1078 Species of 5 years are included in the database, representing over 80% of all bird species in China. Till 2007, the geographic coverage has encompassed all provincial level administrative districts in China, with the exception of Hong Kong and Taiwan. The China Bird Watching Database also recorded a group of species which are additions at national and provincial levels, including 14 species which are additions to the national checklist and 109 species which appeared outside their original distributions. Comparing the new records with their original distributions, we found the trend that species move to higher latitude and higher elevation regions and some species of waterfowls in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, including a suite of rare seabirds in the mainland China. The majority of bird watchers come from the Eastern Region of China, but their covering range is spreading northwest. At the same time, we appeal to adopting a suite of new technologies for observation, and building up sharing platform of bird watching data to capture the distribution dynamics of birds in China and provide a direct foundation for bird conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of diethynylsilane, diethynyldisilane and diethynyldisiloxane in the synthesis of some linked metal carbonyl clusters is demonstrated. New dimeric η-diyne complexes of cobalt [{Co(CO)}(η-diyne)], ruthenium [{(μ-H)Ru(CO)}(μ-η,η-diyne)] and osmium [{(μ-CO)Os(CO)}(μ-η-diyne)] {diyne=HC≡CSi(CH)C≡CH, HC≡CSi(CH)–Si(CH)C≡CH, HC≡CSi(CH)–O–Si(CH)C≡CH or HC≡CSi(Ph)C≡CH} have been prepared in good yields from the reaction of [Co(CO)], [Ru(CO)] and [Os(CO)(NCMe)] with half an equivalent of the appropriate diyne ligand, respectively. All the twelve compounds have been characterized by IR and H NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of eight of them have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Structurally, each of the tetracobalt species displays two CoC cores adopting the pseudo-tetrahedral geometry with the alkyne bond lying essentially perpendicular to the Co–Co vector. For the group 8 ruthenium and osmium analogues, the hexanuclear carbonyl clusters consist of two trinuclear metal cores with the μ-η,η bonding mode for the acetylene groups in the former case and μ-(η-||) bonding mode in the latter one. Density functional theory was employed to study the electronic structures of these molecules in terms of the nature of the silyl or disilyl unit and its substituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low voltage-activated, rapidly inactivating T-type Ca2+ channels are found in a variety of cells, where they regulate electrical activity and Ca2+ entry. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from mouse spermatogenic cells, trace element copper (Cu2+) inhibited T-type Ca2+ current (IT-Ca) with IC50 of 12.06 microM. Inhibition of IT-Ca by Cu2+ was concentration-dependent and mildly voltage-dependent. When voltage stepped to -20 mV, Cu2+ (10 microM) inhibited IT-Ca by 49.6 +/- 4.1%. Inhibition of IT-Ca by Cu2+ was accompanied by a shift of -2.23 mV in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation. Cu2+ upshifted the current-voltage (I-V) curve. To know the change of the gating kinetics of T-type Ca2+ channels, we analyzed the effect of Cu2+ on activation, inactivation, deactivation and reactivation of T-type Ca2+ channels. Since T-type Ca2+ channels are a key component in capacitation and the acrosome reaction, our data suggest that Cu2+ can affect male reproductive function through T-type Ca2+ channels as a preconception contraceptive material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LHC experiments have great potential in discovering many possible new particles up to the TeV scale. The significance calculation of an observation of a physics signal with known location and shape is no longer valid when either the location or the shape of the signal is unknown. We find the current LHC significance calculation of new physics is over-estimated and strongly depends on the specifics of the method and the situation it applies to. We describe general procedures for significance calculation and comparing different search schemes. A new method uses maximum likelihood fits with floating parameters and scans the parameter space for the best fit to the entire sample. We find that the new method is significantly more sensitive than current method and is insensitive to the exact location of the new physics signal we search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model for predicting intrinsic fatigue crack growth rates (ICGRs) in welded aluminum plates. The prediction model is based on the Walker equation and the influence of weld material strength on fatigue crack growth rates is further considered. ICGRs of friction stir welded 2024-T3 aluminum specimens under constant amplitude loading condition and constant stress intensity factor range loading condition are predicted using the model and compared with the experimental results. Good agreement between the predicted ICGRs and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most air pollution research has focused on assessing the urban landscape effects of pollutants in megacities, little is known about their associations in small- to mid-sized cities. Considering that the biggest urban growth is projected to occur in these smaller-scale cities, this empirical study identifies the key urban form determinants of decadal-long fine particulate matter (PM2.5) trends in all 626 Chinese cities at the county level and above. As the first study of its kind, this study comprehensively examines the urban form effects on air quality in cities of different population sizes, at different development levels, and in different spatial-autocorrelation positions. Results demonstrate that the urban form evolution has long-term effects on PM2.5 level, but the dominant factors shift over the urbanization stages: area metrics play a role in PM2.5 trends of small-sized cities at the early urban development stage, whereas aggregation metrics determine such trends mostly in mid-sized cities. For large cities exhibiting a higher degree of urbanization, the spatial connectedness of urban patches is positively associated with long-term PM2.5 level increases. We suggest that, depending on the city's developmental stage, different aspects of the urban form should be emphasized to achieve long-term clean air goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better leverage the accumulated bioactivity data in the ChEMBL database, we have developed Bioactivity-explorer, a web application for interactive visualization and exploration of the large-scale bioactivity data in ChEMBL. Mining and integration of the Therapeutic Target Database disease-target mapping into the ChEMBL database has enabled Bioactivity-explorer to include 493,430 scaffolds, 31,400,000 matched molecular pairs, 1330,220 target–target interactions in terms of shared active compounds, 4526,718 target–target interactions in terms of shared active scaffolds, 97,041,700 molecule–molecule interactions and 14,974 disease-target mappings. This web tool is available at http://cadd.pharmacy.nankai.edu.cn/b17r. The source codes of the front end and back end, released under MIT license, can be found at GitHub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperatures during flowering stage affects the seed setting in maize and thereby result in significant yield penalties in recent changing climate era. Based on the daily maximum temperature data of the maize growing season from 1971 to 2019 at the surface meteorological observatory in Henan Province of China and maize observation data at the agricultural meteorological observatory, an early warning grade of high temperatures during the summer maize flowering stage was constructed. The daily maximum temperature of the summer maize flowering stage was ≥ 32 °C as the critical threshold of high temperature disaster, and ≥ 35 °C as the threshold of high temperature disaster. The number of high temperature days (HD) ≥ 32 °C and ≥ 35 °C during 10 days of the summer maize flowering stage were counted. The sequence of high temperature days of summer maize flowering stage was constructed and its normal distribution characteristics were verified. The quartile value of the normal distribution sequence was selected as the threshold value of high temperature in different grades, and the high temperature heat damage in the summer maize flowering stage was divided into three early warning meteorological grades. The index verification of the early warning meteorological grade was carried out by using the observation data of kernel number per ear in the agricultural meteorological station for maize. The results showed that the three grade indexes corresponding to the number of high temperature days with daily maximum temperature ≥ 32 °C were: 3 ≤ HD < 5 (Grade I), 5 ≤ HD < 7 (Grade II), and HD ≥ 7 (Grade III) and the three grade indexes corresponding to high temperature days ≥ 35 °C were: 2 ≤ HD < 3 (Grade I), 3 ≤ HD < 5 (Grade II), HD ≥ 5 (Grade III). The constructed indexes were verified as follows, the number of high temperature days ≥ 32 °C at about 90% stations was significantly negatively correlated with the number of maize grains per ear, and 74% stations which the number of high temperature days ≥ 35 °C was significantly negatively correlated with the number of maize grains per ear. Applying this index to evaluate the high temperature risk in the flowering period, we can indicate that the high temperature risk had trend of increasing gradually from north to south. In conclusion, the constructed high temperature warning meteorological grade index during the flowering stage could accurately reflect the damage grade of maize during the flowering stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten carbide is widely used as the material of replication mold to produce small aspheric optics, and the polishing process determines the precision of these molds. However, for micro-aspheric tungsten carbide mold, the existing polishing methods are difficult to realize the form error modification during a polishing process due to the polishing tool is always larger than small mold. Therefore, a polishing tool using polyester fiber cloth to wrap small-size rigid ball is used in this paper. In order to predict the tool influence function (TIF) of this polishing tool, a series of theoretical analysis and experimental verification are carried out in this paper. Firstly, by analyzing the structural and viscoelastic characteristics of the fiber cloth, the pressure distribution in the polishing contact area is determined. And the polishing speed distribution is obtained by analyzing the kinematic movement of polishing tool; Then, combined with Preston equation, the TIF is derived; Afterward, through a series of single point polishing experiments, it is verified that the volume error between the theoretical removal model and the experimental removal is less than 6.9% when the polishing pressure is low; Finally, the TIF is applied to the form error corrective polishing of small size symmetric aspheric tungsten carbide mold. After a form error corrective polishing test, the PV value (peak to valley) of form error is decreased from 0.268 to 0.083 μm, which verifies the effectiveness of this polishing method for small size tungsten carbide mold in form error correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four thiophene derivatives were prepared by replacing the 3,4 positions of thiophene by -OCH, -CH -COOCH and -CN, respectively. The polycondensations via direct arylation took place between the four thiophene derivatives and 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene under six various catalytic conditions to investigate the substituent effects. The substituent can affect the electron cloud density of the active C-H bond, which can be monitored by the NMR chemical shift. The experimental results show that the reactivity decreases with increasing the chemical shift of active C-H bonds in the four thiophene derivatives, and thus can promote the direct arylation polycondensation. This phenomenon is explained by the electrophilic aromatic substitution (SAr) mechanism. UV-Visible absorption and photoluminescence were studied to investigate the substituent effect on optical properties of the four copolymers. The results show that these alternating fluorene-thiophene copolymers with different substituents are good fluorescent materials and promising in PLED applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of three gasotransmitters, the fundamental signalling roles of hydrogen sulphide are receiving increasing attention. New tools for the accurate detection of hydrogen sulphide in cells and tissues are in demand to probe its biological functions. We report the p-nitrobenzyl-based ratiometric fluorescent probe RHP-2, which features a low detection limit, high selectivity and good photostability. The emission intensity ratios had a good linear relationship with the sulphide concentrations in PBS buffer and bovine serum. Our probe was applied to the ratiometric determination and imaging of endogenous H2S in living cells. Furthermore, RHP-2 was used as an effective tool to measure endogenous H2S in the mouse hippocampus. We observed a significant reduction in sulphide concentrations and downregulated expression of cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS) mRNA and CBS protein in the mouse hippocampus in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression model. These data suggested that decreased concentrations of endogenous H2S may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic stress depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES:Enhanced stress responsiveness is an important pathophysiological factor in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), suggesting the presence of a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. A possible mechanism involves maladaption of the feedback mechanism of the HPA axis. We hypothesized that hippocampus, a key brain region providing inhibitory feedback to the HPA axis, would exhibit reduced excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission and reduced N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA; a marker of neuronal integrity) levels in IBS patients.METHODS:In this preliminary study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify absolute concentrations of metabolites in bilateral hippocampi of 15 IBS patients without significant psychiatric comorbidity and 15 age-matched controls.RESULTS:The main finding was a reduction in hippocampal glutamate-glutamine (Glx) in IBS patients. Furthermore, Glx concentrations were inversely related to emotional stress indicators in patients only. No difference was found between subject groups for other metabolite concentrations, including NAA. However, an elevated myo-inositol (mI)/NAA ratio was found in IBS patients.CONCLUSIONS:Our results provide preliminary evidence for the presence of abnormal hypofunction of hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission in IBS patients without psychiatric comorbidity, possibly as a result of the chronic pain. This supports the notion of an imbalance in regulatory brain regions in this subgroup of IBS patients. The inverse relationship between Glx and emotional stress indicators is in agreement with the inhibitory role of hippocampus on the stress system and suggests a sensitization of the mechanism to emotional arousal. The elevated mI/NAA ratio in IBS patients further suggests the presence of hippocampal glial proliferation and remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Oral delivery, rather than parenteral administration, would be beneficial for treating diabetic mellitus owing to the need for a long-term regimen. The objectives of this study were to evaluate oral delivery tolerance and the effects on the bone of accumulated vanadium following the long-term administration of vanadyl acetylacetonate (VAC). Normal and diabetic rats were intragastrically administered VAC at a dose of 3 mg vanadium/kg body weight once daily for 35 consecutive days. VAC did not cause any obvious signs of diarrhea, any changes in kidney or liver, or deaths in any group. The phosphate levels in the bone were slightly increased, and the calcium levels in the bone were not obviously changed as compared with those of the rat group not receiving VAC. After administration of VAC, the decreased ultimate strength, trabecular thickness, mineral apposition rate, and plasma osteocalcin in diabetic rats were either improved or normalized, but reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in diabetic rats was not improved. None of the parameters evaluated in normal rats were altered. The results indicate that the oral VAC is tolerated and benefits the diabetic osteopathy of rats, but seems not to influence the bone of normal rats. They also suggest that VAC improves diabetes-related bone disorders, primarily by improving the diabetic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orobanchaceae, as it is currently defined, includes all levels of parasitic ability ranging from nonparasitic (Lindenbergia) to facultative and obligate hemiparasites to obligate holoparasites. Several genera are of economic importance as crop weeds and have been studied by scientists interested in developing methods of control, but most genera have not been studied in a comparative framework. In this study we have used ITS sequence data to build a phylogenetic framework with which to examine previous systematic hypotheses of relationships among genera, and biogeographic hypotheses of either a Cretaceous, Gondwanan or mid-Tertiary, Laurasian origin of the family. A single-most parsimonious ITS tree was produced from a combined data set of nucleotides and gap characters. Our results support the current classification of Orobanchaceae and a hypothesis of a mid-Tertiary, Laurasian origin of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections are associated with high mortality, and experiences with its treatment are usually based on carbapenemase-producing strains. Non-carbapenemase-producing CRKP is of clinical significance, but relevant studies are lacking. This nationwide study aimed to evaluate the outcome of antimicrobial therapy in patients with non-carbapenemase-producing CRKP infections. Patients with non-carbapenemase-producing CRKP infections were enrolled from 16 hospitals during January 2013 to December 2014 in Taiwan. Carbapenem resistance was defined as reduced susceptibility with a minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥2 mg/L for imipenem or meropenem. The resistance mechanisms of CRKP isolates were analyzed, and the clinical data of these patients were collected retrospectively. Independent risk factors of 14-day morality were determined by Cox regression analysis. A total of 99 patients with non-carbapenemase-producing CRKP infections were enrolled, and 14-day mortality was 27.3%. Among 67 patients treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, most (n = 61) patients received monotherapy. The 14-day mortality was lower in patients treated with appropriate monotherapy (21.3%) than in those with inappropriate therapy (37.5%). The multivariate regression model identified monotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.71; P = 0.005) as protective factor, and APACHE II scores (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; P =0.022) as risk factor associated with 14-day mortality. Tigecycline, colistin, and carbapenem were the most commonly used drugs in monotherapy. This study provides evidence supporting the efficacy of monotherapy in the treatment of non-carbapenemase-producing CRKP infections, and provides a future target for antibiotics stewardship for CRKP infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the same data source of Landsat TM/ETM+ in 1990s, 2000s and 2010s, all urban built-up areas in China are mapped mainly by human interpretation. Mapping results were checked and refined by the same analyst with the same set of criteria. The results show during the last 20 years urban areas in China have increased exponentially more than 2 times. The greatest area of urbanization changed from Northeastern provinces in 1990s to the Southeast coast of China in Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong, and Zhejiang in 2010s. Urban areas are mostly converted from croplands in China. Approximately 17750 km croplands were converted into urban lands. Furthermore, the conversion from 2000 to 2010 doubled that from 1990 to 2000. During the 20 years, the most urbanized provinces are Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong and Zhejiang. We also analyzed built-up areas, gross domestic production (GDP) and population of 147 cities with a population of greater than 500000 in 2009. The result shows coastal cities and resource-based cities are with high economic efficiency per unit of built-up areas, resource-based cities have the highest population density, and the economic efficiency of most coastal provinces are lower than central provinces and Guangdong. The newly created urban expansion dataset is useful in many fields including trend analysis of urbanization in China; simulation of urban development dynamics; analysis of the relationship among urbanization, population growth and migration; studies of carbon emissions and climate change; adaptation of climate change; as well as land use and urban planning and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low cell engraftment after transplantation limits the successful application of stem cell therapy and the exact pathway leading to acute donor cell death following transplantation is still unknown. Here we investigated if processes involved in cell preparation could initiate downregulation of adhesion-related survival signals, and further affect cell engraftment after transplantation. Human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs) were suspended in PBS or Matrigel and kept at 4 °C. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to test the adhesion and apoptosis genes' expression of hESC-ECs. We demonstrated that cell detachment can cause downregulation of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, but no obvious cell anoikis, a form of apoptosis after cell detachment, was observed. The downregulation of adhesion and ECM molecules could be regained in the presence of Matrigel. Finally, we transplanted hESC-ECs into a mouse myocardial ischemia model. When transplanted with Matrigel, the long-term engraftment of hESC-ECs was increased through promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis, and this was confirmed by bioluminescence imaging. In conclusion, ECM could rescue the functional genes expression after cell detached from culture dish, and this finding highlights the importance of increasing stem cell engraftment by mimicking stem cell niches through ECM application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]