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This research paper presents a new approach to address power quality concerns in microgrids (MGs) by employing a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) and a fuzzy-based inverter. The integration of multiple power electronics converters in a microgrid typically increases total harmonic distortion (THD), which in turn results in power quality issues. Moreover, the intrinsic variability of solar and wind power sources gives rise to fluctuations in power generation, which consequently leads to power oscillations and voltage sag within microgrids that rely on renewable energy. This research paper introduces a technical approach to achieve power balance in renewable-based microgrids (MGs) by utilizing a fuzzy logic-controlled (FLC) pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. The Microgrid (MG) consists of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system and a wind energy conversion system (WECS) that utilizes a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The system employs an optimal torque-controlled maximum power point technique (MPPT) algorithm to optimize power output. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is employed to facilitate power provision during critical scenarios or to ensure a stable power output for fluctuating loads. The SFCL is utilized as a device for voltage compensation in cases of voltage sag incidents. The effectiveness of the suggested control strategy is assessed by performing a comparative analysis of total harmonic distortion (THD) in the load voltage, with and without the utilization of a SFCL. The results suggest that the incorporation of an FLC inverter-SFCL-BESS system effectively mitigates THD and voltage sag, according to the requirements set by the IEEE 519 standards. The research study is carried out by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global electricity demand is increasing with the rising population and rapid urbanization. Building Integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system is a new method of renewable energy generation where solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are integrated into the building surfaces such as façade, shades, windows, roofs, and tiles. BIPV systems reduce the urban energy demand. Utilization of vertical surfaces makes the BIPV system a preferable choice where land scarcity affects the implementation of large PV systems. The economic viability depends on the maximum power generated by the BIPV array. In urban environments, the BIPV arrays experience severe partial shading conditions (PSCs). The PSCs cause mismatch losses, reducing the global maximum power of the BIPV array and efficiency. Fixed array configurations such as series-parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), triple-tied (TT), and quarter-tied (QT) are designed to solve this issue. The cross ties across the rows of the BIPV array improve the performance at the expense of more wiring. Researchers proposed various optimal array configurations with different shading patterns. This research attempts to generalize the design of the BIPV array configurations by considering the trade-off between wiring requirements and shading losses. The performance of SP, TT, QT, and TCT configurations under four different shading conditions is simulated with the proposed BIPV array design algorithm. A 9 × 8 BIPV array of 3.6 kW is considered. QT configuration reduces the wiring requirement by 10.45% compared to TCT and improves up to 8.43% maximum power than SP. The fill factor is improved to 48.49%, and the mismatch loss is limited to 34.10%. Therefore, QT and TCT are considered favorable configurations for BIPV array design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the MPPT algorithm for the proposed hybrid energy system, i.e., PV and wind systems, and is tested for grid-connected and standalone utilities. This study's major objective is to maximize the power output and enhance the power quality of the hybrid renewable energy technologies that have been created. In the literature, many research scholars have worked in the field of MPPT calculations for PV and wind systems, which increases the number of publications in the field of control calculations for hybrid power systems. This study pays attention to designing a controller based on MPPT for extracting maximum energy from wind and PV energy systems. The suggested algorithm is tested in grid and standalone modes, considering variable weather conditions. The proposed system is designed for 500 W solar and wind plants with the usual step-up converter and tested in MATLAB software to judge the efficacy of the suggested controller designed for MPPT. In this work, the suggested radial basis function network is implemented in wind and PV facilities via MPPT technique-based ANN control to obtain the maximum power by using fuzzy controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FSPV (Floating Solar Photovoltaic) is an emerging type of solar energy that aims to help the environment. Since the technology is new, it is not easy to examine the long-term performance, effective control, and feasibility studies of FSPV facilities. The calculation of FSPV panel parameters is crucial in evaluating the actual performance, long-term operation, feasibility, and carbon-saving capacity of FSPV systems. The algorithm of war strategy optimization is used for the parameter estimation of the single-diode model of FSPV. Furthermore, FSPV decreases the environmental impacts of land-based PV (LBPV) plants, such as deforestation for land clearance to install panels. The WSO method outperforms war gradient-based optimization (GBO) and Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) regarding effectiveness and accuracy. The WSO method is more effective and accurate than gradient-based optimization (GBO) and Harris Hawks optimization (HHO), with a standard deviation of 3.74387E–17 and a mean of 7.72985E–04. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electrical vehicles is increasing day by day to favor sustainability and mitigate energy crisis and provide an eco-friendly environment for the society. Transport in rural areas mainly depends on battery operated three wheeled vehicles (BoTV). Such vehicles are most reliable source of conveyance in rural India, especially in rural Bengal, mainly due to their lower road space requirement, easy navigation through narrow roads. Convenience of movement on any type of road with door-to-door transport. However, the charging of the batteries used in a BoTV system is becoming an alarming issue these days. Lead acid batteries are used in BoTV system because of its lower cost, but the main drawback is its longer charging period. To address such issues, the authors have proposed a modified fast charging topology in this paper. A solar powered asymmetrical half bridge rectifier with DC–DC energy recovery cell has been designed to minimize the charging time. Besides that, frequent shut down of electricity is the major problem of rural Bengal which hampers the battery charging as well as reduces the daily income of the BoTV operator. By using PV based fast charging techniques this problem can be solved leading to better sustainability. Zero-voltage switching (ZVS) technique is implemented in asymmetrical half bridge (AHB) to increase the charger power density to enhance the quality of charging. ZVS technology of AHB with energy recovery cell makes the charging method faster. According to the analysis and the results, it has been found that the overall charging time of the battery has been reduced by around 2.5 h per day and the savings of a BoTV operator has increased by at least ₹2350 ($28.23) per month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this communication, a hybrid MIMO antenna (combination of graphene and ceramic) is designed and investigated in THz frequency range. Circular Polarization is achieved by feeding the cylindrical ceramic using moon shaped aperture with L-shaped Microstrip line. Mutual coupling between the antenna ports has been reduced to − 25 dB by using the concept of polarization diversity. Graphene material is used to introduce the re-configurability in the proposed radiator. For avoiding the difficulty of simulation of radiator at THz regime (very high simulation time), machine learning algorithms i.e. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest and XGBoost are utilized to predict the reflection coefficient and axial ratio of designed antenna. The designed radiator works from 2.4 to 3.1 THz with 3-dB axial ratio from 2.6 to 3.0 THz. Good value of diversity parameters and stable radiation features make the designed radiator appropriate for various wireless applications in THz frequency band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Floating Solar Photovoltaic System (FSPV) is emerging as a favorable technology to policymakers for economically harvesting renewable energy. The implementation of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems is often disrupted due to the unavailability of land. The FSPV systems, where the PV modules are floated in water bodies facilitate optimal utilization of water resources and land assets. The FSPV provides higher power output compared to land-based PV systems of the equal area because of improved energy conversion efficiency at a lower temperature. Another opportunity for the FSPV system is integration with hydropower stations, storage systems, and the electric grid. This paper explores the flood duration curve-based optimal sizing of the FSPV System with the objective of electrification of rural micro-grid. A comparison of energy output and module temperature rise has been made for the FSPV system and its equivalent land-based PV system of equal area. The system generates 18.08 GWh, which is 10.04% more than the land-based PV system. The DC Capacity factor is 17.2%. The Demand Supply Factor (DSF) for a particular day in winter, spring, summer, and monsoon is 37.55%, 41.7%, 45.9%, and 25% respectively. The results indicate that the FSPV system is a sustainable alternative to power renewable energy-based mini micro-grid and provide cost effective electricity to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for electricity is rapidly rising, and renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly important for maintaining the electric system and servicing isolated demands. Tidal energy, wind energy, and solar energy (SE) are all forms of renewable energy. The solar power system is free of pollution, and enormous volumes of solar radiation reach the earth's surface. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are taking a leading role as solar-based energy sources because of their unique advantages. But in this, the cost of power generation is an important issue since the existing research methods aren't effective. So that this research methodology uses the Cognitive Marine Predators Algorithm (CMPA) based cost-effective PV power generation system and utilization. In this research, first, the design variables, constraints, and the PV modelling is explained. After that, the objective function is determined here. The main objective function is the generation of the cost function and the power loss function. At last, the cost-effective power generation system is designed by the CMPA. In this CMPA, the determined objective functions are considered as the fitness function and the input are the design variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual output direct AC–AC series resonant converter is presented in this paper, to meet the requirements of modern domestic induction heating. To address the significant limitations of the classic induction heating system, a hybrid control approach comprising pulse frequency modulation and asymmetrical duty-cycle control is developed. A single source is connected to multiple loads with this control technique to achieve minimum switching losses; power controllability of two loads is achieved independently and simultaneously. The power controllability of two loads is achieved independently and simultaneously. This research presents an induction heating system that can heat both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic materials, such as steel and aluminum. A prototype is developed to use switching frequencies of 30 kHz and 150 kHz for steel load and aluminum load, respectively. The experimental setup resulted in an efficiency of 97.5% under wide load resonant condition. The suggested hybrid control approach allows the converter to regulate a wide range of output power while increasing efficiency, making it suitable for practical induction heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous escalation in energy consumption and greenhouse gases in the environment drives power generation to pursue a more sustainable path. Solar photovoltaic is one of the technologies identified as a possible source of clean, green, and affordable energy in the future. The vast land area occupied by solar photovoltaics to generate electricity suggests that large photovoltaic facilities be built on the water surface, serving the dual purpose of saving land, increasing efficiency and power output. Despite the remarkable geophysical conditions of India, the evaluation of floating solar photovoltaic power plants revealed little involvement in this technology. This research aims to offer a comprehensive technical and sustainable goal-based analysis to provide an efficient hybrid hydel-floating solar photovoltaic system. In this paper, an assessment of a 96 megawatt power plant is done to show the economic and ecological benefits of a floating solar photovoltaic system. A comparison of land-based photovoltaic, floating solar photovoltaic, and hybrid hydel-floating solar photovoltaic is done to check the cost-efficiency and sustainability. The result indicates that the floating solar photovoltaics system produces 81.39 gigawatt-hour excess generation with 2.4% more energy yield compared to the land-based photovoltaic system. The total water saved is 69.4 mcm. The equivalent carbon reduction is 123,454.53 tons of CO2. The levelized cost of energy generation is 3.23 $/W, which is 2.3% less than the current price of electricity. The floating solar photovoltaic help in achieving sustainable development goals along with the protection of the ecological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is extremely important to accurately measure the liquid level as a process variable of a storage tank used by any plant. The transmitted electrical signal from a liquid level transducer or any other transducer to a remote indicator or controller may sometimes suffer from the measurement error due to its contamination with noise signal. This may be easily avoided by using modern optical fiber communication technique wherein we see the production of optical signal from the transducer output and its noise free communication through fiber-optic cable. In thie present paper, an opto-electronic liquid level transmission technique has been proposed for liquid which is conducting in nature and generally, collected in a storage tank. The electronic part of the transmitter unit consists of a modified capacitive transducer with a signal conditioner unit which produces an electrical DC output voltage which is linearly related with the level of the conducting liquid in the storage tank. This DC voltage is transformed into an optical signal with the help of Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) based electro- optic converter. Generated Optical signal may be dispatched to any location which is remote in nature by using fiber optic cable. Thus, various types of measurement error observed in the conventional capacitive level transmitter are minimized by using the proposed system. In the preset paper, a prototype model of the proposed system has been designed and developed to test its functionality. A good linear characteristic of the normalized optical output in support of the derived equations is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For embracing Industry 4.0 or the fourth industrial revolution, various industries are implementing process automation and have started leveraging interconnectedness through Industrial Internet of Things. With the help of cloud based solutions, data captured through distributed IoT (Internet of Things) sensors are readily available for system monitoring enabling effective and smart monitoring with higher predictive results. The industries that leverage induction heating systems are also aiming at accomplishing digital transformation to adopt Industry 4.0 and guidelines in this regard are most sought after at this moment. Establishing a real-time monitoring framework for the induction heating systems is a critical enabler for Industry 4.0 adoption. The authors have presented a case study of the real-time monitoring framework for industrial induction heating systems that will enable digital transformation of such industries. This framework is based on AWS (Amazon Web Services) IoT Core and Amazon DeepAR. It takes the full advantage of Amazon cloud features and functionalities. The case study includes development of a web application using React, Node.js and Express to display various dashboards and predictions as well. It would send notifications whenever required based on the configurations set. The dashboards generated show the furnace temperature and power levels with an indication whether they are above the desired levels of temperature and power as well as corresponding performance metrics. The framework uses DeepAR algorithm from Amazon SageMaker to generate forecasts so that preventive measures can be initiated in advance. The same framework can be extended to other industrial processes as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scarcity of land coupled with rising land price is detrimental in developing large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants. A practical alternative is to develop floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) systems, where the PV modules are floated on water. Technical assessment and feasibility study of FSPV systems are not well addressed. This paper presents the adoption of FSPV system on waste water treatment systems as large water surfaces are available. An experiment was performed to determine the performance of FSPV system in outdoor conditions, and it revealed that the FSPV module performed with 9.84% higher efficiency than land-based PV (LBPV) module. A feasibility study and techno-economic analysis of 15 MW FSPV system are presented and compared with a similar LBPV system. Results show that the FSPV plant will supply 26,465.7 MWh of energy annually to the grid and operate with performance ratio (PR) of 86.7%. The FSPV system will also save 7,884,000 m3 of water by reducing evaporation and the reduction in CO2 emission will be 518,943.4 tCO2. Financial analysis of the FSPV system reveals that the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is 0.047 $/kWh which is 7.84% lower than LBPV system. Comparison of the FSPV system and a similar LBPV system reveals that the social and economic performance of the FSPV system is better than the LBPV system. The results will help the policymakers in making conversant decisions toward developing FSPV projects and also help wastewater plants to shift toward sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decade, multilevel inverters (MLI) are in favour of academia as well as industry for high power and medium voltage applications. MLI can synthesize switched waveforms with low harmonic distortions than two level converter. The MLI are commonly deployed in grid connected renewable energy sources (RES) to providing better reliability and reducing the harmonics. This paper uses 31 level MLI with reduced switch topology for minimizing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). This inverter performance is completely tuned by SLDB controller. The SLDB controller is the combination of Deep Belief Network (DBN) and Sea Lion Optimization algorithm (SLnO). The procedure of DBN is optimized by SLnO which is utilized to handle the switching angle of MLI easily and also it generate low harmonic voltage and get better THD. The SLnO algorithm is very competitive because SLnO was conducted on 23 mathematical optimization problems for analyse the exploitation, exploration phases and suggested methods convergence behaviours. This is the most suitable reason for selecting the SLnO algorithm to optimize the DBN. MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to design the work and some parameters like inverter voltage, inverter current, grid voltage, grid current and the analysis of THD, power loss and efficiency are taken and which is compared with other existing algorithms. The proposed THD is 0.1%, efficiency is 99.2% and the power loss is 0.005 (pu), the proposed method gives better performance than existing works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes grid synchronisation with PV through a sliding-mode controller. P&O MPPT technology increases the output capacity of solar panels by monitoring their maximum power point through disturbance and observation. To enhance energy conversion efficiency while dealing with the nonlinear dynamics of power converters, we must apply a nonlinear control approach. The purpose of this study is to develop novel first-order sliding mode control algorithms for solar energy conversion that are both dependable and efficient. A sliding mode control for nonlinear loads is being used to solve first-order buck-boost converter and THD difficulties. Furthermore, the power quality of the system was enhanced. The output of the DC–DC converter is connected to a VSI-based space-vector pulse-width-modulated inverter that generates three-phase alternating current by using space vector pulse-width modulation. The endurance and performance of the solar energy conversion system were tested using a MATLAB computer simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the simulation of solar panel-based multiple output inverter including leakage inductance. The solar panel is used as the energy source and it is connected to a flyback converter to boost the voltage. The voltage output of the photovoltaic panel is boosted to 181.6 V from 16.5 V DC using an interleaved fly-back converter. Half-bridge multiple output inverter is used to produce alternating current in multiple coils. Using this circuit topology multiple loads can be heated simultaneously. All three coils are connected in parallel. If one coil is damaged then other coils will be able to provide the desired output. A wide range of output is studied in terms of current gain. In this proposed circuit two IGBTs have been used as semiconductor switches. Two freewheeling diodes are connected parallel to the IGBTs to provide the discharging path of the energized coils. Current variation through the coil is possible by varying the duty cycle. A simple asymmetrical duty cycle control strategy is used to vary the duty cycle. The available range of current is 2.18–2.43 A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources are not necessarily declining carbon sources. A hybrid generation network may be used in the power market to maximize the usage of renewable energy sources. The aim is to model hybrid power station and to determine the most effective system design through cost estimation. The power consumption of an agricultural device illustrates fertilizer house electricity needs and agricultural land irrigated pumps providing an average of 165.44 kWh / h of electricity per hour, an overall energy use of 7.12 kW and a total load of operation of 19.57 kW. The standard radiation intensity is 5.35 kWh per m2 per day, the luminosity amount is an around 0.534, and the maximum wind velocity is 4.60 m/s. Electricity generation is $323,659.25 and the gross electricity expense (Co2) is $1325 and reflects an annual monthly power consumption of 21,264 kWh (47.1%) and 12,756 kWh/yr (36.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaics have emerged as an economic source of renewable electricity generation for regions with high solar irradiation. Still, the installation of utility-scale PV systems is often disrupted due to the unavailability of land. Sparsely populated areas with a hot, dry climate can mitigate the land-energy conflict as they experience higher solar irradiation. In arid areas, the PV systems incur more losses due to dust deposition on PV modules and reduced energy conversion efficiency at higher temperatures. The shortage of water makes the module cleaning procedures cost-prohibitive. Floating Solar photovoltaic (FSPV) systems resolve these problems due to their reduced land footprint, higher efficiency, and reduce evaporative water loss. This study estimates the energy generation of a 4.8 MW FSPV-based microgrid in a hot, semi-arid urban area. By utilizing 5% area of the waterbody, the FSPV system yields 8.876 GWh of electricity annually, to meet 41.7% electricity demand of the study area. The system generates 16.7% more power compared to the land-based PV system. The performance ratio of 82%, and a DC capacity utilization factor of 20.3% is achieved. The system saves 52,810.32 m3 of water per year, compensating for the water requirement of 786.99 m3. for cleaning and dust removal of PV modules. The weekly cleaning procedure limits the soiling loss to 2.79%, compared to 8.47% after a month without cleaning. The FSPV-based microgrid reduces annual CO2 emissions by 2.93 tonnes. This study shall enable engineers, urban planners, and policymakers to develop clean energy-based, sustainable microgrid solutions for urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic structures are affected by many kinds of loads such as static loads and wind loads. Static loads takes place when physical loads like weight or force put into it but wind loads occurs when severe wind force like hurricanes or typhoons drift around the PV panel. Proper controlling of aerodynamic behavior ensures correct functioning of the solar panel. Due to extreme pressure, delamination of interfaces happens inside the photovoltaic panel. As delamination is caused due to stress, therefore it has becomes an essential task to determine the magnitude of these stress inside the panel. In this study, single solar panel array has been subjected to a wind speed which is varying from 10 to 260 km/h, to look after the pressure effect inside the array. 3D Reynolds- averaged Navier Stokes algorithm with a wobbly solver, using a steady inlet condition has been used to examine the wind pressure through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach by applying the turbulence model called shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model. The simulation has been carried out by fixing the inclination angle of the panel at 25° through ANSYS Fluent software. The maximum stress which has been found here is 4196.4 Pa at 260 km/h wind speed when the maximum structural deformation has also been noticed. The proposed work will be very much helpful to the designers to get an overview of stress, strain and structural deformation characteristics in photovoltaic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grid connected photovoltaic system (GCPVS) faces several difficulties due to their intermittent natures such as solar irradiance variations, grid voltage distortions and unbalanced load distributions. These complications interrupt the functioning of power system to attain maximum probable power output. Therefore, to address these problems, this article proposes a robust super twisting sliding mode-incremental conductance-instantaneous power theory (STSM-IC-IPT) based control mechanism for 3-phase GCPVS. The super twisting sliding mode (STSM) controller is introduced to reduce the difference between actual inverter current and reference inverter current of GCPVS when it is subject to various uncertainties and nonlinearities. The modified incremental conductance (IC) maximizes the solar power output generated from the photovoltaic panels. In addition, the instantaneous power theory (IPT) is applied to enhance the active power and reactive power transmission between grid-connected PV systems. The proposed STSM-IC-IPT method is examined under two different experimental procedures namely simulation setup and experimental setup. The efficiency of the proposed STSM-IC-IPT control mechanism is evaluated by comparing its performance with existing ASMC-IC-IPT control scheme. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed STSM-IC-IPT control mechanism achieves superior performance efficiency under dynamic loading, steady and transient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a day's there's a drive to encourage L.P.G. gas in India in order to meet the rising demands for energy. Therefore use of induction heater is on increase in urban and other parts of the country. To run induction heater electricity is required. However electricity doesn't reach all the villages in India. In order to overcome this problem, solar based induction heater is currently being created. This paper deals with the creation of solar based induction heater and additionally it'll be discussed that whether or not it'll occupy the market share it deserves. The stability analysis of the solar based induction heater is going to be done in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent past, multiphase power generation, power transmission, and multiphase drive system are the main focus of research due to their several advantages over existing three phase system. Multiphase drives have better performance over three-phase drives. A multiphase transformer is required at the input of a fixed frequency multiphase drive, rectifier circuit for HVDC applications and multiphase generation and transmission systems. This paper investigates an static three-to seven-phase conversion technique and presents a design of transformer and control strategy to analyze the effect of unbalanced supply on a three-phase to seven-phase transformer. The transformer presented in this paper takes three phase input and a seven-phase output is obtained at the secondary terminals. The paper also discusses input–output unbalancing. A complete design, analysis and simulation of the proposed transformer is presented and experimental validation is also reported in this paper. Experimental and simulation results show that the presented transformer can produce a seven-phase power from three-phase ac power. Input unbalance is reflected at the output of the transformer but is less than the input unbalance. It is also shown that seven-phase output is not produced if one phase of input is open and the transformer has more than three limbs for flux to flow. But a balanced seven-phase output in steady state is produced even in one phase open condition for a three limb core type transformer. A new definition of sequence components of an unbalanced seven-phase system is required for unbalancing study so it is also defined in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For providing better reliability and getting minimal harmonics, multilevel inverters are commonly employed in grid connected photovoltaic systems. This paper presents 27 level inverter with reduced switch topology to get better reliability with low harmonics. This inverter performance completely relies on EANFIS controller which is the combination of ANFIS and Emperor Penguin Optimization (EPO) algorithm. Working procedure of ANFIS will be optimized by EPO to make us easy to deal MLI switching angle and produce harmonic-less control voltage. EPO provides efficient result by means of computational complexity, time and space complexity. In our work, this is the main reason to select EPO for optimizing ANFIS controller. The proposed work will be implemented in Simulink working environment. Resultant outcomes like inverter output, controller output and THD analysis will be compared with recently developed existing works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel 15 level symmetric switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) structure is proposed first. The structure is developed by using 3 non-isolated DC power sources. The capacitors utilized in the structure can be charged to the summation of all the power supplies by turning ON the minimum number of switching devices. After that a generalized structure of the proposed SCMLI is developed. The voltage and current stresses for different switches of the proposed general structure are discussed. The selection procedure of switched capacitors for the proposed 15 level inverter is presented for resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions. A detailed comparison study of the proposed structure with other recently developed structures shows that the proposed structure requires reduced number of components and the number of switches in the conducting path as compared to other SCMLI structures for generating an output voltage level. Further, the overall cost of the proposed and suggested topologies has been compared based on a cost function (CF). It has been observed that the proposed structure is more cost effective as compared to others. An extensive experimental study conducted on a 15 level SCMLI laboratory prototype proves the effectiveness and merits of the proposed structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to surpass conventional vehicles as a preferred means of transportation due to their improved energy efficiency and diminished ecological footprint. The performance of electric vehicles (EVs) can be negatively impacted if electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) are not properly positioned and connected to the distribution network. The current research introduces a reliability, availability, and operability (RAO-3) methodology that employs a fuzzy classification technique to identify the most efficient dimensions and locations for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), distributed generators, and super capacitors in 69 radial bus distribution systems with network reconfiguration. Load flow analysis is a numerical technique employed to construct mathematical representations for the charging loads of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. This is achieved by leveraging the characteristic curves of Li-ion battery charging. The proposed approach of fuzzified RAO-3 aims to enhance the power factor of the substation by incorporating all relevant factors into the distribution network. The fuzzy multiobjective function is utilised to simultaneously optimise the positioning of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), distributed generators (DGs), and storage capacities (SCs), with or without network reconfiguration. Based on the outcomes of the simulation, the concurrent placement technique enhances performance through the reduction of power loss, enhancement of the voltage profile, and optimisation of electric vehicle (EV) utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is now one of the top five countries in the world for PV and solar thermal power generation. At the same time, we must develop a plan for recycling these massive numbers of solar panels in the future. This article has contributed to proposing the resulting regulatory system. The PV waste management sector is extremely neglected, leaving it entirely to the scrap trading underground. There is not enough of a system in place to collect and reuse the solar panels' components for recycling. In addition, a solid institution to manage this procedure on a commercial scale has yet to be established. As a result, the purpose of this work was to use cost–benefit analysis to determine the economic viability of a solar module recycling project in India. The benefit–cost ratio (BCR) and net present value (NPV) were calculated to be 1.64 and 25.22 million USD, respectively. According to the sensitivity study, the most delicate issues impacting the project's economy were the selling benefits of recycled materials and tax. Finally, this analysis offered strategies for the government and linked businesses to enhance the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a methodology to investigate the stability of transient current limiter (TCL) in distribution systems. The problem is formulated to justify the performance of 12-pulse and six-pulse converter and make an unstable system to stable condition. The proposed approach explicitly deals with stability as well as minimization of total harmonic distortion. Firstly, the conventional methods of Nichols Chart, Nyquist Plot and Bode Plot used to investigate the stability of the network using TCL. In the next stage, a modified TCL circuit is inserted in the network system to make the system completely stable. A comparative analysis using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is shown to make the system harmonic free using MATLAB simulation. The proposed design is found to be more efficient in making the system stable and harmonic free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) is an emerging type of solar energy that aims to help the environment by supplying green and clean energy. Since the technology is new and in its initial stage of development, evaluating the long-term performance, effective control, and feasibility studies of FSPV facilities are necessary for optimization of output and accuracy. The effective analysis and calculation of FSPV panel performances are crucial in determining actual performance, long-term operation, feasibility, and carbon-saving capacity of FSPV systems. This paper presents an analysis and comparison of floating solar power plant installed in saline water under salty humid weather with respect to FSPV plant installed on general lake water and investigates the output for its lifecycle and efficiency. The findings of this research can be useful for policymakers, investors, and engineers involved in the planning and implementation of FSPV projects. A 10 MW capacity floating solar plant is simulated on the brackish water of Chilika Lake covering three districts of Odisha state of India. Factors like wind speed, albedo, temperature, and soiling is considered for better accuracy. The proposed model is simulated in the system advisor model. The payback period and energy outcomes for various soiling conditions along with varied degradations are analyzed, and it is found that the total loss in energy outcome is 4.075 percent annually with a 5.8% increment in the payback time of the installed solar power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new single phase multilevel inverter topology with a single DC source is presented. The proposed topology is developed based on the concepts of the L-Z source inverter and the switched capacitor multilevel inverter. The input voltage to the proposed inverter is boosted by two steps: the first step by an impedance network and the second step by switched capacitor units. Compared to other existing topologies, the presented topology can produce a higher boosted multilevel output voltage while using a smaller number of components. In addition, it provides more flexibility to control boosting factor, size, cost and complexity of the inverter. The proposed inverter possesses all the advantages of the L-Z source inverter and the switched capacitor multilevel inverter like controlling the start-up inrush current and capacitor voltage balancing using a simple switching strategy. The operating principle and general expression for the different parameters of the proposed topology are presented in detail. A phase disposition pulse width modulation strategy has been developed to switch the inverter. The effectiveness of the topology is verified by extensive simulation and experimental studies on a 7-level inverter structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Guest editors of this special issue on selected papers from ESDA 2021, it gives us great pleasure to present a collection of selected papers from the 4th international conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA2021), held in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in 30th & 31st December 2021. Prof. Pradip Kumar Sadhu, Guest Editor of Special Issue Dr. Pranab Kumar Mondal, Guest Editor of Special Issue Prof. Dulal Acharjee. Lead Guest Editor of Special Issue Microsystem Technologies Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

This article introduces an innovative three-load AC–AC converter topology and employs a hybrid control technique, incorporating pulse frequency modulation and asymmetrical duty cycle control. The innovation addresses inherent limitations in conventional induction heating systems. The proposed topology incorporates three legs, delivering power to multiple loads operating at distinct frequencies based on the unique physical characteristics of each load. The first converter leg maintains a fixed 50% duty cycle, optimising output through the implementation of PFM. Meanwhile, the remaining two converter legs operate by ADC to attain maximum power with independent power control for different vessels. The primary objective is to efficiently heat both non-ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic vessels. The PSIM platform simulation results are in close agreement with hardware results, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of strengthening grid resilience has grown with the increase in environmental destruction and modern power grid complexity, as a consequence of power outages inflicted by human intrusion and extreme weather events. Micro-grids (MGs) have proven to be a viable alternative in such circumstances. However, these occurrences are highly unpredictable, resulting in unintended islands of MGs with negative consequences. As a response, alerting its distributed generations about unintended island is indeed a crucial issue for enhancing grid resilience with MG. Therefore, it is essential to develop a technique for the efficient and accurate detection of unintended islands. There has been an increase in the use of micro-phasor measurement units (µ-PMUs) in MG. In the perspective of this, using an efficient µ-PMU, the research provides a method for finding unintended islands in a MG. The µ-PMU analyses the solar generator bus voltage and analyzes it with symmetrical components for island identification. This study introduces a µ-PMU based Fortescue-transform and random forest algorithm method for rapid detection of unintended islanding in distribution generation system. The approach monitors voltage phasor of zero and negative sequence, calculating angular sum over time to distinguish islanding event from other disturbance. Using Matlab/Simulink, the proposed method is evaluated on the IEEE-34 node distribution network. Multiple simulations provide validation for the method’s resilient performance. The methodology proposed has a detection time of 20 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unplanned islanding of micro-grids is a significant barrier to supplying continuous power to key customers. The identification of the islanding moments must be rapid to enable the distributed generators (DG) to perform control measures in the shortest possible period. Micro phasor measuring units (µ-PMU) are gaining popularity in distribution systems and micro grids as a result of their ability to produce high-quality data at a high speed. These µ-PMUs can be utilized to detect islands. However, the µ-PMU relies heavily on the communication system for transmission of data, which is vulnerable to cyberattacks. In consideration of the previous technique, this research provides a smart island detection application with µ-PMU having lowered cyberattack probabilities. This representation is equipped with a µ-PMU implemented on the relevant DG’s bus. The voltage data acquired from these µ-PMUs are processed using the sequence transformation in order to simulate the sequence component angle. The angular sum of the negative and positive sequence components is evaluated and the maximum value is deployed for detection of islanding. MATLAB/Simulink tests the proposed approach through an IEEE-34 node distribution network. Multiple simulations demonstrate the robustness of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, analysis of a high-efficiency grid-connected pump hydro energy storage (PHES) system that uses a bidirectional brushless DC (BLDC) machine is presented. The proposed layout is substantially less complicated since it uses an electronic power conditioning system to make all necessary modifications before connecting to the power grid, which removes the need for any mechanical components. This allows for the power plant's reliability to be improved while simultaneously reducing costs. An exhaustive model of the PHES system is created, and a two-tiered synchronous reference control technique for a grid side converter and a simple PI controller for the machine side converter is developed. Hardware data from a compact experimental setup are used to analyse the efficacy of the proposed PHES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Distributed power flow controller can be considered as advance power flow controller which is combination of series and shunt compensator without DC link. In this paper Space vector Pulse width Modulation employs in Distributed power flow Controller for Harmonics Reduction and power quality improvement. A new technique SVPWM adopted which reduces the harmonics and the same time improves power quality and increase transient stability. In this paper a new technique of Multi objective Grey wolf algorithm used to optimize the controller parameter of DPFC. For the design of PI controller GWO algorithm can be used for better optimistic performance of DPFC. As a result of that power quality and voltage profile improves drastically and the same time harmonics also reduced remarkable level of 4.62% of Voltage THD and 1.8% of current THD. The simulation result and hardware model Prove the feasibility of proposed Configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotor turn short circuit fault of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) in the distribution system has a significant issue caused by unbalance loading. This fault has a significant electromagnetic impact on the rotor winding in relation to the machine’s external equipment. As a result, while designing the power system distribution network, the PMSMs rotor winding short circuit current limitation receives majority of attention. For simulation a 3-phase short-circuit model of synchronous generator is developed here by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Therefore, a method is used to determine a PMSM’s internal winding quantity in the event of a short circuit, as well as its location within the distribution network. The PMSM is energized with a small sinusoidal voltage at standstill situation in this suggested approach to compute the synchronous inductance and winding resistance through the output current. It has been demonstrated that the number of shorted windings may be calculated using the variation of output current caused by an internal winding short circuit event under zero fault resistance condition. Except for intricate machine modelling or investigation of machine internal winding short circuit models comprising several tappings, this useful technique can be used to determine fault intensity for a specific synchronous machine. This paper primarily addressed on fault extremity protection strategies using before-fault and after-fault activities by employing harmonic filters. A three-phase synchronous machine model with a protective system is implemented in the distribution network using MATLAB/SIMULINK is taken into consideration in order to verify the findings. The results presented in this work are vital to a complete solution that includes fault reduction techniques. Harmonics elimination and instant fault mitigation techniques with load unbalancing are analyzed based on effective outcomes to judge the system stability and feasibility of the short circuit current intensity assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a nine level (9-L) asymmetrical switched-capacitor multilevel inverter (ASCMLI) based induction heated (IH) autoclave for sterilization in medical applications is proposed. Due to the several benefits of multilevel inverter such as controlling of voltage magnitude and hence uniformity of heat is maintained at the load side as compared to conventional heating of autoclave. It has two common ground-connected dc voltage sources, which makes it ideal for usage in medical applications. Moreover, the development of a compact autoclave is carried out in this work that has a much reduced running time without sacrificing the quality of its sterilization. Further, the sterilization schedule for conventional and IH autoclave is presented in different temperature and pressure condition. The distributions of magnetic flux density and induced eddy current density in the multilevel inverter based IH autoclave were also exhibited. Finally, the performance of the proposed system are validated by simulation and experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a comprehensive three-step framework for fault classification in underground cable systems. The first step involves the implementation of the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) technique to detect the fault instances, which will help in precisely tracking the affected portions. The second step focuses on parameter estimation techniques, followed by the third step, which incorporates classification techniques. The study employs a range of evolutionary optimization algorithms, including Ant Colony Optimization, Bacteria Foraging Optimization, Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization. These algorithms are effectively employed to track and estimate parameters like amplitude, phase, frequency, and damping factor associated with various types of permanent faults, such as L-G fault, L-L fault, L-L-G fault, and L-L-L-G fault generated in the underground cable. The optimized parameters extracted through these algorithms are utilized as features within a Support Vector Classifier for fault classification. The overall accuracy of the classifier using these features is reported to be 0.944, which is quite high and indicates a strong performance in classifying faults. The study includes a brief comparison of the performance of these bio-inspired algorithms. The effectiveness of the tracking algorithms is validated through the use of laboratory-tested current signals. In addition, the signals are subjected to varying signal-to-noise ratios to evaluate the robustness of the tracking algorithm. A comparative analysis is performed to estimate the accurate parameters and highlights the significant tracking ability of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which outperforms other algorithms.The Root Mean Squared Percentage Error (RMSPE) for the L-G fault in PSO is 0.3082, showing superior performance compared to other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]