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Knowledge about factors that influence serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations during early pregnancy is lacking. The aim of the study is to examine the correlates of early pregnancy serum BDNF concentrations. A total of 982 women attending prenatal care clinics in Lima, Peru, were recruited in early pregnancy. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the relation between BDNF concentrations and continuous covariates. Analysis of variance and generalized linear models were used to compare the unadjusted and adjusted BDNF concentrations according to categorical variables. Multivariable linear regression models were applied to determine the factors that influence early pregnancy serum BDNF concentrations. In bivariate analysis, early pregnancy serum BDNF concentrations were positively associated with maternal age ( r = 0.16, P < 0.001) and early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ( r = 0.17, P < 0.001), but inversely correlated with gestational age at sample collection ( r = −0.21, P < 0.001) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations ( r = −0.07, P < 0.05). In the multivariable linear regression model, maternal age ( β = 0.11, P = 0.001), early pregnancy BMI ( β = 1.58, P < 0.001), gestational age at blood collection ( β = −0.33, P < 0.001), and serum CRP concentrations ( β = −0.57, P = 0.002) were significantly associated with early pregnancy serum BDNF concentrations. Participants with moderate antepartum depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score ≥ 10) had lower serum BDNF concentrations compared with participants with no/mild antepartum depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score < 10). Maternal age, early pregnancy BMI, gestational age, and the presence of moderate antepartum depressive symptoms were statistically significantly associated with early pregnancy serum BDNF concentrations in low-income Peruvian women. Biological changes of CRP during pregnancy may affect serum BDNF concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]