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The article presents information on European Control Conferences that took place during 1991-2001. First European Control Conference was held in Grenoble, France in July 1991. Noteworthy is a high percentage of screened papers, which seems to be due to the fact that this was the first conference and a substantial part of papers were preplanned to some extent because they were presented at the 28 so-called invited sessions. The Seventh European Control Conference took place in Cambridge, Great Britain on September 14, 2003. The European Union recently pays much attention to increasing the standing of the European researchers in the international science and engineering. This was the main goal of organizing in 1990 the European Union Control Association.

This paper focuses upon ways in which National Lottery funding impacts upon aspects of identity for small- to medium-sized organizations in the United Kingdom, and highlights some of the less-anticipated difficulties that groups may experience after receipt of a grant. A large Lottery grant can facilitate rapid expansion and may necessitate a degree of organizational learning for which groups are often unprepared. The paper suggests that a Lottery grant may lead to changes in the ways in which an organization identifies itself, or is identified by stakeholders. However, these changes may not be accompanied by a corresponding change in the organization's capacity or underlying cultural ethos. On the basis of the primary research carried out in 2003, the paper examines the implications of these changes for individual organizations and for the sector more widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A variety of hip protectors are available, but it is not clear which is the most effective and there is no standard test to evaluate their performance. This is the first study that uses a standard mechanical test on hip protectors. Some protectors perform well but others are almost ineffective, providing little to no protection to the wearer during a fall. Introduction: Each year, over 70,000 patients are admitted to hospital in the UK with hip fractures. There are a variety of commercial hip protectors currently available. However, it is not explicitly clear which is the most effective with regard to maximum force attenuation, whilst still being both comfortable for the user and providing reasonable force reduction if misplaced from the intended position. The numerous test methods reported in the literature have given conflicting results, making objective comparison difficult for users, researchers, and manufacturers alike. The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) has therefore published an express document (EXP-08-17) with a draft standard test method. This paper presents initial results for a range of hip protectors. Methods: Eighteen commercially available hip protectors were tested according to EXP-08-17. Each hip protector was impacted five times in correct anatomical alignment over the greater trochanter and once at 50 mm displacements in the anterior, posterior, and lateral directions. Results: Considerable differences were identified between individual hip protectors in their ability to reduce impact forces on the femur (between 3% and 36% reduction in peak force). The performance was reduced when misplaced in many cases (maximum reduction only 20%). Conclusions: This is the first study that uses a standard mechanical test on hip protectors. Previous studies have used a variety of methods, making it difficult to interpret results. We hope that these results using a standard test method will facilitate the effective comparison of results, as well as providing useful data for clinicians, users, and purchasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Set in a context of increasing competition and changing dimensions of internationalisation, the paper offers an analysis of one institution's approach to changing its strategy and practice in the light of both the external context and the internal drivers to internationalise. The research methodology was based on OECD/IMHE's Internationalisation Quality Review tool (1999). The findings provide insights into strategy development and internationalisation and how both are experienced by students and staff. While the detail is drawn from one UK institution, comparisons at a more general level are made with institutional approaches to internationalisation in other UK institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the membership of the professional association of chemical engineering in Britain – the Institution of Chemical Engineers – during its first three decades. Using collective methods of biography, it explores how long it took for clear boundaries to develop between this membership and the wider chemical community. Delineation was linked to the development of an academic discipline. This paper argues that the indeterminate constituency of the IChemE delayed growth, but allowed it to play a key role in shaping the development of the new profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The Committee of Scientific Advisors of International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) recommends that papers describing the descriptive epidemiology of osteoporosis using bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck include T-scores derived from an international reference standard. Introduction: The prevalence of osteoporosis as defined by the T-score is inconsistently reported in the literature which makes comparisons between studies problematic. Methods: The Epidemiology and Quality of Life Working Group of IOF convened to make its recommendations and endorsement sought thereafter from the Committee of Scientific Advisors of IOF. Results: The Committee of Scientific Advisors of IOF recommends that papers describing the descriptive epidemiology of osteoporosis using BMD at the femoral neck include T-scores derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III reference database for femoral neck measurements in Caucasian women aged 20–29 years. Conclusions: It is expected that the use of the reference standard will help resolve difficulties in the comparison of results between studies and the comparative assessment of new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  As complex and rapidly changing organisational contexts present a significant challenge for the management and organisational development of professionals, this paper explores a particular journey of one facilitator/co-inquirer (participant) in a collaborative inquiry (CI) intervention driving culture change within the UK's Civil Service. Through such experience it is argued that CI represents an intensive and effective inquiry based change strategy involving collaborative interaction between the co-inquiring facilitator and client. The philosophical history and richness of CI is explored as a prelude to outlining the learning and development of the co-inquirers involved in this project and the observed impact of CI on the organisation. Of note is that over an extended period of time, the facilitator assumes the two roles of inquirer and subject of inquiry, and through such a dual responsibility, gains a deeper understanding of the challenges they face and the nature of the solutions that would require further attention. It is concluded that co-inquirers effectively contribute both to scientific knowledge and the solving of real life practical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with how those who prescribe antimicrobials should consider the wider repercussions of their actions. It is accepted that in an ecological system, pressure will cause evolution; this is also the case with antimicrobials, the result being the development of resistance and the therapeutic failure of drugs. To an extent, this can be ameliorated through advances by the pharmaceutical industry, but that should not stop us from critically appraising our use and modifying our behavior to slow this process down.Up to 50% of prescribing in human medicine and 80% in veterinary medicine and farming has been considered questionable. The Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials (APUA) was approached by the WHO to review the situation. Their recommendations include decreasing the prescribing of antibacterials for nonbacterial infections. In the UK, there has been an initiative called ‘the path of least resistance’. This encourages general practitioners to avoid prescribing or reduce the duration of prescriptions for conditions such as upper respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated urinary tract infections; this approach has been successful. Another recommendation is to reduce the prescribing of broad-spectrum antibacterials. In UK hospitals, the problems identified with the inappropriate use of antibacterials are insufficient training in infectious disease, difficulty in selecting empirical antibacterial therapy, poor use of available microbiological information, the fear of litigation and the fact that the majority of antibacterials are prescribed by the least experienced doctors. With close liaison between the laboratories and clinicians, and the development of local protocols, this can be addressed. Another recommendation is to tighten the use of antibacterial prophylaxis and to improve patient compliance. Through a combination of improved education for doctors and patients, and improved communication skills, these problems can be addressed. A further recommendation is to encourage teaching methods that modify prescribing habits. It has been shown that workshops have led to a significant reduction in the prescribing of broad-spectrum antibacterials in the community. Auditing the prescribing of antibacterials has also been recommended.Surveillance systems around the world monitor trends in resistance: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Progamme (EARSS) monitors antibacterial resistance; the WHO and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease collaborate to monitor tuberculosis; the WHO and the International AIDS Society monitor HIV.In the third world, a bigger problem than resistance is whether drugs are even effective, as they are often spoiled by climactic conditions, and poor quality generics and counterfeit drugs are common. Also, patients may not be able to complete a course for financial reasons.Facts about Antimicrobial resistance in Animals (and agriculture) and Impact on Resistance (FAAIR) was commissioned by APUA. They conclude that the nonhuman use of antibacterials can lead to the development of antibacterial resistance in human pathogens. The European commission banned the use of antibacterials as growth promoters in 1999.In the Western world, we should improve our diagnosis of sepsis, access local guidelines and consider withholding treatment pending investigations, decide if treatment can be stopped earlier and treat the patient not the result. Many developing countries need improved access to more antimicrobials, preferably in the controlled environment of appropriate medical advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the key institutional factors that influence loan loss rates in Community Development Finance Institutions in the UK. Traditional bank credit assessment puts the blame of poor loan performance largely on the borrower. This is the first study of its kind to examine institutional characteristics of 16 CDFIs in the UK and assess their influence on the loan loss rates. The results show that 8 out of the 13 institutional characteristics examined significantly influence loan repayment performance. Although a vast body of literature supports the view that borrower characteristics are highly influential, our results provide strong evidence to show that institutional characteristics are equally important and both factors need to be taken into account if loan repayment performance is to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG), established in 1977, provides a highly organised structure for both service provision and research, and represents the model to which the adult cancer community is currently aspiring. Since childhood cancer is so rare, it is both essential and feasible for the vast majority of children to be referred into the network of specialist centres, and also for the maximum number of children to be recruited into national and international clinical trials. Over the last 30-40 years there have been major advances in treatment, such that now approximately 70% of children diagnosed with cancer will be cured of their disease. The conduct of clinical trials in this patient population does, however, raise a number of specific issues and these are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United Kingdom, the “New Labour” administration that came to power in 1997 has promoted two models of partnership between the state and the voluntary sector. The civic engagement model is based on the renewed interest among governments in the potential of voluntary organizations to contribute to the civic engagement of citizens. In the service delivery model, voluntary organizations are recruited to the task of delivering core social services. Drawing on data from disability-related voluntary organizations in Northern Ireland, this paper illustrates the impact of the service delivery partnership model on the development of voluntary action in the welfare field, and the relative paucity of resources allocated to participatory voluntary action and civic engagement. The consequent impact on the development of partnerships between the state and the voluntary sector is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents calendar of events for medical associations in Great Britain. The EuroSpine 2006 8th Annual Meeting of the Spine Society of Europe will be held on October 25 to 28. The International Symposium on The Adult Scoliosis, Conservative and Interventional Treatment Modalities will be on Novermber 2 to 3. The International 25th Jubilee Course for Percutaneous Endoscopic Spinal Surgery and Complementary Minimal Invasive Techniques will be on January 25 to 26, 2007.

Reports on the proposal advanced by a Department of Health consultation paper in Great Britain allowing the General Dental Council (GDC) to require all dental professionals to have indemnity insurance before registration. Reason for demanding indemnity insurance among dentists; Need for any dentist whose insurance policy to notify the GDC; Procedures governing the consultation of the proposal.

Reports developments related to dentists and dental personnel in Great Britain. Selection of Calderdale and Huddersfield Community Dental Services as the winner of the category of excellence in the development of good practice at the Focus Awards 2003; Announcement of the Orthodontic Technicians Association (OTA) in conjunction with the British Orthodontic Society on the details of the annual award of OTA for the newly trained and student technicians; Anniversary celebration of the British Dental Practice Managers' Association.

Following the Editorial Board Meeting at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) Congress in Vancouver, it was agreed that from July I 1999 authors submitting manuscripts of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to the British Dental Journal will need to adhere to the CONSORT guidelines for the reporting of RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The UK Health Equity Network (HEN) was established in 1999 to encourage and facilitate multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder collaboration in health inequalities research. This paper briefly details the history, objectives and location of HEN.Public Health (2001) 115, 87–88. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a commentary on a paper by Robert A. Stebbins in a previous issue of The American Sociologist which provided an account of professional and amateur sociology in the U.S. The British organization, Mass Observation existed in a relatively nonintrusive society with (as compared to the U.S.) greater concern for one's own and other people's privacy. Canada and Great Britain may in this respect have more built-in defenses against the risks of some kinds of amateur sociology that the U.S. would have. However, according to the commenter, Stebbins already anticipates this objection by requiring amateurs to be supervised and to start with a certain amount of instruction and proper cautionary comments. By engaging primarily in the use of unobtrusive measures and observations, the amateur will avoid the risks of harm to which Stebbins is already sensitive. The commenter relates that one of the public areas in which he has encouraged such unobtrusive observations is in churches, where the observer in outward appearance is similar to the congregation and hence not seen as an intruder. According to him, he has had a fair amount of experience with undergraduate amateurs of the sort described.

The article presents the report of Royal Society on the rise of international research collaborations worldwide. According to the Royal Society, the number of papers published by renowned authors both in the U.S. and overseas collaborators rose from 50,000 in 1996 to 95,000 in 2008. According to Robert Zeigler, the institute's director general, these partnerships not only boost citation impact, but also broadens research horizons.

The article focuses on the election of Alison Lockyer as Chairman of the Council of the General Dental Council (GDC) in Great Britain. It notes that the election of Lockyer was part of the restructuring of the organization to improve its service in providing and receiving dental care. Current chairperson Hew Mathewson implies that the leadership experience as well as work experience of Lockyer with the interim chief executive justifies her qualification for the position.

The article reports that the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) will organize the first National Orthodontic Commissioning Education Day on September 15, 2009. It states that the event is part of the BOS annual conference's parallel session, and is designed for individuals who are involved in commissioning National Health Service (NHS) orthodontic services. Moreover, it notes that the event will provide free lunch and refreshments for the participants.

The article reports on the National Association of Specialist Dental Accountants' (NASDA) promotion of the Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs' (HMRC) dispensation to dental practices in Great Britain. It says that the dispensation allows dental practices to compensate the professional fees of dental care professional (DCP) staff without taxes. In addition, the dispensation distinguishes that the payment of the General Dental Council's (GDC) annual retention fee must be beneficial to employees.

The article reports on the effort of British Association of Dental Nurses (BADN) to reduce its carbon footprint in Great Britain. A membership information pack and application form in an electronic PDF format was produced and it is available from its Website www. badn.org.uk. According to president Michelle Brindley, the impact of carbon emissions on the environment is a matter of increasing concern.

In 2002, The (UK) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) together with the Environment Agency published document SGV10 “Contaminants in soil: collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans. Lead”. This publication sets out the derivation of Soil Guideline Values for lead contamination. Values for soil lead that are protective of the health of children and also for adults are derived using the model recommended by an international task force working under the auspices of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) (Wixson and Davies , ). Detailed examination of the DEFRA publication shows it uses unrealistic values for two variables in the SEGH model. The consequence is both actual and has potential adverse societal impacts. These impacts could be avoided if the appropriate scientific community were regarded as stakeholders in the legislative outcome and not simply the providers of the research data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo follow up calls made to NHS Direct and South Cheshire Dental Helpline concerning getting access to an NHS dentist in South Cheshire.DesignContact details of callers who had consented to a follow up call were passed by helpline staff to a researcher at regular intervals. In a structured interview, callers were asked why they had telephoned the helpline and whether they had subsequently obtained NHS dental care. Follow up calls continued until a total of 200 replies had been gathered, either by telephone or post (for those where telephone contact could not be made). Follow up calls were made between September 2001 and March 2002ResultsDuring the study period only three callers from South Cheshire contacted NHS Direct with a dental access query and consented to a follow up call, compared with 219 callers to South Cheshire Dental Helpline. Only 10% were not contacted either by telephone or post. A comparison with figures for calls made to South Cheshire Dental Helpline between April 2000 and March 2001 suggests that during the study period a year later the access problem has improved. However, there were still a few areas in South Cheshire where significant numbers of dental access queries were being received. Twenty five per cent of unregistered and 22% of registered callers still felt that they had problems getting access to NHS dental care after using information from the helplines.ConclusionA small but significant number of people in South Cheshire have problems accessing NHS dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a list of activities for the society of pharmacology in Great Britain. Institution of an examination for the award of a Diploma in Clinical Pharmacology of the Society of Apothecaries of London; Information on the 5th Congress of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Schedule and location of the 14th Annual Congress of the European Society of intensive Care Medicine.

This series provides an overview of current thinking in the more relevant areas of oral medicine for primary care practitioners, written by the authors while they were holding the Presidencies of the European Association for Oral Medicine and the British Society for Oral Medicine, respectively. A book containing additional material will be published. The series gives the detail necessary to assist the primary dental clinical team caring for patients with oral complaints that may be seen in general dental practice. Space precludes inclusion of illustrations of uncommon or rare disorders, or discussion of disorders affecting the hard tissues. Approaching the subject mainly by the symptomatic approach — as it largely relates to the presenting complaint — was considered to be a more helpful approach for GDPs rather than taking a diagnostic category approach. The clinical aspects of the relevant disorders are discussed, including a brief overview of the aetiology, detail on the clinical features and how the diagnosis is made. Guidance on management and when to refer is also provided, along with relevant websites which offer further detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced networked technologies have the potential to support deep strategic and operational transformation within voluntary organizations as they seek to respond to shifts in the social, economic, and political spheres in which they operate. Evidence form our study of U.K. voluntary organizations demonstrates relatively low uptake of the core networking technologies and applications essential to support such transformation. Friends of the Earth and The Samaritans are exceptions to this trend. Case studies of these organizations demonstrate that they are using advanced networked technologies to reconfigure key information flows and relationships, in support of enhanced campaigning and more effective user services. The extent to which these organizations are able to exploit the transformational potential that the technologies present is tempered by historically institutionalized relationships and values by which they are characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study on the charitable sector of Great Britain. Details of modelling the charity as a firm; Empirical methodology and results; Conclusions and recommendations.

Interest in business ethics is not new in Britain and has been increasing recently. Business companies have responded over the years with various organisational initiatives, including the British Institute of Management and the Christian Association of Business Executives; and interest in corporate mission statements and codes of conduct is growing. As a formal subject for study and teaching, however, business ethics is still in a rudimentary form, dependent on work in the United States. However, official reports, conferences, and new Centres are indicators of growing interest. As teaching begins to develop British business ethics has to identify its own agenda, and especially in the light of 1992 and the implementation of the Single European Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the basis for the worry of many climate researchers on the increase of scepticism about global warming and the move made by scientists in 2010. Studies in Great Britain and U.S. reveal that belief in global warming has declined in recent years, but a majority of people still believe climate scientists. Scientists and scientific societies have determined that they had to fight back against the growing misinformation. Scientific societies and scientists use novel approaches to get their message across, such as attempting to humanize climate scientists.

The article presents the author's opinion on the role of the organisation Butterfly Conservation in the conservation endeavour for butterflies in Great Britain. He maintains that the organisation is the most influential and one of the most enduring bodies involved in insect conservation. He congratulates the Butterfly Conservation on its 40th anniversary.

The article reflects on the issue concerning the plan of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) in Great Britain to implement the budget for 2008-2011. The author asserts that after the comprehensive review has been published by the British government, it became apparent that STFC would not receive the needed funds to absorb the running costs. It is also emphasized that Great Britain faces a funding shortfall of around £ over 2008-2011.

Focuses on the need for the organization General Dental Council for their publications on guidance for dental profession entrants in Great Britain. Problem faced by prospective entrants due to lack of guidance; Failure of the organization to solve the problem; Efforts of the dental organization British Dental Association to solve the problem.

The article offers information on the applications for donation to BDA Benevolent Fund in Great Britain in 2009-2010. It states that if taxpayers donate £10 to the fund, their gift would be worth £12.80. Meanwhile, it mentions that new applications to the fund in 2008 were 50% higher than in 2007 and numbers are expected to rise in 2009. In addition, applications to the fund for help will be explored with empathy, care, consideration and in the strictest of confidence

The article reports on the celebration of the National Smile Month 2009 on May 17-June 16, 2009 in Great Britain. Primary care trusts and businesses across the country are expected to participate in events and activities supporting the British Dental Health Foundation's (BDHF) campaign. It states that the campaign tagline highlights the systemic links between oral and overall health. The British Cheese Board (BCB) will also take part in helping the event to be a successful one.

The article announces that the British Orthodontic Society Foundation (BOSF) will finance two major researches in Great Britain. It states that it will provide £97,296 funding to "A longitudinal study of orthognathic patient's self-perception, motivation, and expectations in relation to outcomes" and £32,534 to "The possible role of chewing gum in orthodontic pain relief." Details on how to apply for support on projects that will benefit orthodontic speciality are also offered.

The article reports that nominations are invited from British Dental Association (BDA) members who are willing to serve on the Representative Body of BDA in the Triennium, which runs from January 2009 to 2012. According to the author, the Representative Body elects the majority of members of the Executive Board, which has closer scrutiny of the day to day activities of BDA. The author adds that members of the Representative Body have the chance to work in other areas of BDA's work.

A calendar of events for the Great Britain area in 2007 is presented. The "14th Annual Congress of the Turkish Dental Association" will be on June 11-17. "21st Congress of International Association of Paediatric Dentistry" will be on June 13-17. " 113th Meeting of the American Dental Society of Europe" will be on June 26-29.

The article reports on the call of British healthcare professional regulators to the European Commission to propose a legal duty on agencies with similar roles across Europe, to exchange disciplinary and registration information about healthcare professionals. The healthcare industry in Europe has focused on the potential for increased numbers of patient "tourists." Over 7,000 practitioners have registered with the health and social care coalition, the Alliance of UK Health Regulators on Europe.

The article presents a calendar of events related to dentistry for the year 2005 in Great Britain. A 2006 British Dental Conference and Exhibition will be held on May. The 10th European Congress Dentomaxillofacial Radiology will be held on June. Lastly, the 82nd Congress of the European Orthodontic Society will be held on July.

The article reports that the Faculty of General Dental Practice's electronic learning package, Key Skills in Primary Dental Care, has received a silver award at the 40th anniversary of the International Visual Communication Association (IVCA) in Great Britain. The IVCA awards are the leading business communication recognition and are internationally acknowledged as benchmarks for effective communication.

The article reports on the appointment of Dennis Carroll as the new president of the British Dental Health Foundation (BDHF) during its annual general meeting. Carroll is popular in the dental industry as the past President of the British Dental Trade Association and long term General Manager of 3M Espe. He has been actively involved with the BDHF since 1990.

The article reports on the meeting of the British government's implementation group that assess the impact of the National Health Service dentistry reforms. Participants included British Dental Health Foundation and British Orthodontic Society, and other dental associations. The group will monitor the evidence of how the new system was working in dental practice.

The article reports that the British Dental Association has deferred a decision on whether or not to join the Great Britain government's implementation group set up to monitor the impact of the changes to the National Health Service dentistry. Lester Ellman, chairman of the BDA General Dental Practice Committee has written to Health Minister Rosie Winterton saying he needs more information about the group's remit and what membership will involve.

The article presents a photograph of the winners of a Silver Award in the Interactive Multimedia Publishing category at the International Visual Communications Association Awards ceremony in Great Britain. The award was for the program Key Skills in Primary Dental Care, the self-study package developed for the Faculty of General Dental Practice.

The article reports on the launch of a Web site for National Smile Month by the British Dental Health Foundation, which is sponsored by Cheestrings and designed to provide event organizers with everything needed to get involved in National Smile Month. The Web site features downloadable event organizer guide and resources catalog, and a link to the official National Smile Month shop.

The article reports on the effort of the General Dental Council to strengthen its arrangements for dealing with problems of behavior, practice and poor health in dental professionals and introduce new procedures to tackle problems of professional competence in Great Britain. The organization expects to implement the new fitness-to-practice system in July 2006. It is currently consulting on the draft rules that will bring about the new fitness-to-practice system.

This article presents a calendar of meetings and conventions related to dentistry. 14th International Scientific Congress CNIC 2005 will be held in June 2005 in Havana, Cuba. Royal Air Force Dental Branch 59th Annual Dinner and Clinical Day will take place at the Royal Air Force Halton in Great Britain. FDI World Dental Congress 2005 will be held in Montreal, Canada.12th Biennial Congress of the European Society of Endodontology will take place in Dublin, Texas. 2nd European Congress on the Reconstruction of the Periodontally Diseased Patient will be held in November in Copenhagen, Denmark.