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The purpose of this study was to estimate a regression model that best predict symptoms of depression among Black Seventh-day Adventists in the United States. The sample (n = 3,570) was drawn from the Biopsychosocial Religion and Health Study, a sub-study of the larger Adventist Health Study-2 consisting of a random sample (n = 10,998) of Adventists. The results of the study showed that poor sleep quality, hostility, stress, and perceived discrimination were all predictors of symptoms of depression, while religious involvement decreased the likelihood of experiencing those symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether self-stigma content and process would prospectively influence parental warmth and hostility through increasing parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). On three occasions across two years, 441 Hong Kong parents of children with ASD provided questionnaire data. Path analyses showed that self-stigma content and process were associated with greater parenting stress, which was, in turn, associated with reduced parental warmth and increased parental hostility. Our findings reveal the longitudinal influences of self-stigma on parenting practices and demonstrate how these influences can be explained by parenting stress. Our findings also suggest the importance of supporting parents of children with ASD to mitigate self-stigma and associated parenting stress in improving their parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expressed emotion (EE) is a rating of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement from a carer towards a person experiencing mental distress. High EE denotes family stress and is associated with greater severity of substance use. Little is known about how EE is perceived by patients with a history of substance use disorder (SUD). The aim of the present study was to investigate perceived EE among substance users and its association with substance use, schizotypy, and depression. Ratings of arousal and relevance of auditory criticism and praise depicting EE, and self-report measures of schizotypy and depression were measured in patients with a recent history of SUD, patients with a recent history of SUD co-occurring with mental disorders (SUD + CMD), and non-clinical healthy control subjects. Group differences in ratings of criticism and praise were tested. The ratings were correlated against schizotypy and depression. Prediction of sensitivity to criticisms by a history of substance use was explored in the SUD groups. Compared to control subjects, individuals with a history of SUD rated criticism as less arousing and those with SUD + CMD rated criticism as more self-relevant. The rating of criticism was positively correlated with schizotypy and depression in the SUD group. Age of onset of substance use was a significant predictor of the arousal of criticism. History of SUD may affect perception of negative audio comments depicting family stress. This effect may be enhanced by high schizotypy traits and negative mental health status, and early age of onset of substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how maternal depression, anxiety, hostility, mentalization, negative intentionality (NI), and unsupportive emotion socialization (UES) predict child internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (CIEPB). Mothers (N = 537) of toddlers (Mage = 23.26 months, Range 10–44 months) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Infant Intentionality Questionnaire, the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. All maternal symptoms negatively predicted mentalization and positively predicted NI, UES, and CIEPB. NI and UES mediated the relationship between maternal symptoms and CIEPB. Negative intentionality mediated the link between maternal hostility and internalizing behaviors, indicating a possible intervention area. Mentalization had an effect on externalizing behaviors only for high-SES, anxious mothers, underscoring the role of SES. Thus, the relationship between maternal symptoms, cognitive and behavioral parenting characteristics and CIEPB supports the multifinality principle for early childhood psychopathology development and shows the importance of screening for maternal symptoms and CIEPB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envy is a ubiquitous social emotion often associated with depression, hostility and shame. Often confused with jealousy which involves the fear or anger that a primary relationship is threatened by a third party, envy is an emotion focused on threats to status such that another person's "gain" is viewed as a "loss" for the self. There is very little in the cognitive behavioral literature on the nature and treatment of envy. In this article I outline the research on the nature of envy, the evolutionary model of envy, the relevance of an integrative CBT model that draws on Beck's Generic Cognitive Model and Emotional Schema Therapy, and the implications for case conceptualization and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental behaviors may shape levels of psychopathic traits and antisocial outcomes among youth. To better evaluate the potential causality of these associations, we used eight follow-ups from the Pathways to Desistance study of 1354 offending adolescents (14.3% female; 40.1% black) and examined whether within-individual variation in parenting over time was associated with within-individual variation in psychopathic traits and offending. Multilevel regression models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, contact with parental figure, and self-reported offending. Adolescent self-reported parental warmth was associated with lower psychopathic traits, and parental hostility with higher psychopathic traits. The results indicated that the more supportive and nurturing the parent, the lower the levels of psychopathic traits, whereas the more hostile the parent, the higher the levels, respectively. In addition, self-reported offending was predicted by higher parental hostility and lower maternal warmth. In time-lagged analysis, psychopathic traits did not predict parental behaviors. In young offenders parental warmth may protect against development of psychopathic traits in adolescence, whereas parental hostility may strengthen these traits. We conclude, that parenting quality matters in adolescence. Warm parenting style at this developmental period associates with lower psychopathic features among young offenders possibly lowering the risk of further criminal activity. Highlights: Maternal warmth was associated negatively with psychopathic traits and offending among adolescent delinquents. Paternal warmth protected from psychopathic traits but not from delinquency. Maternal and paternal hostility was linked positively to psychopathic traits and offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language brokering is a prevalent phenomenon in ethnic minority immigrant populations. Although accruing evidence points to the beneficial impacts of healthy role identity development, research investigating the formation of a language broker role identity in language brokering adolescents is lacking in the literature. In a sample of 604 Latinx adolescents (54.3% female; Mage at Time 1 = 12.41, SD = .97), structured equation modeling was conducted with maternal warmth and hostility examined as antecedents and adolescents' life meaning as a mediator for language broker role identities. Results revealed that life meaning mediated the positive association from maternal warmth to language broker role identity. However, the negative association from maternal hostility to language broker role identity was no longer significant when accounting for maternal warmth. Corroborating extant findings, reciprocal relations were observed between maternal parenting practices, life meaning and language broker role identity. The results attest to the importance of investigating culturally specific role identity development in immigrant populations and demonstrates the role of maternal parenting practices in affecting adolescents' role identity formation, albeit with contrasting gender effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different interpersonal experiences are related to delinquency and depressive mood. In many studies, delinquency has been associated with exposing others to hostility, while depressive mood has been associated with being a victim of others' hostility. In this study, we proposed that adolescents with a co-occurrence of high delinquency and depressive mood may be both perpetrators and victims in their relations with parents at home, peers and teachers at school, and other people encountered in leisure time. We studied a normative sample of 1452 mid-adolescents (50.61% boys and 49.38% girls). Cluster analyses found a group with a co-occurrence of high delinquency and high depressive mood. Adolescents in this cluster group were highest on being exposed to hostility, exposing others to hostility, and being involved in mutually hostile interactions with others in different everyday contexts. The findings were especially strong when we examined being a victim and a perpetrator across contexts. The results were similar for boys and girls. We conclude that the co-occurrence of high delinquency and depressive mood among some adolescents is intimately linked to the mutually hostile interactions that these adolescents experience in their everyday interpersonal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined the differential effects of maternal and paternal parenting on prosocial and antisocial behavior during middle childhood, and the moderating role of child sex. Parents of 96 boys and 107 girls (mean age = 92.42 months, SD = 3.52) completed different questionnaires to assess parenting and child behavior. All participants were Caucasian from south of Spain. Multiple hierarchical regressions (enter method) were performed to determine significant predictors of prosocial and antisocial behavior. The results showed that maternal and paternal hostility predicted an increase of externalizing problems in boys and girls ( p < .001 in both sex groups). As well, Warmth/Induction of both parents predicted an increase in adaptive skills in boys and girls ( p < .001 in both sex groups). On the other hand, differential effects of fathers' and mothers' parenting were found: both for boys and girls, maternal inconsistency positively predicted externalizing problems and negatively adaptive skills ( p < .001 in both sex groups) and paternal overprotection positively predicted externalizing problems and negatively adaptive skills ( p < .05 in both sex groups). Finally, maternal coercion negatively predicted adaptive skills in boys and girls ( p < .05 in both sex groups); however, it increased externalizing problems only in girls ( p < .05), whereas maternal permissiveness only increased these problems in boys ( p < .01 in both cases). The discussion highlighted the importance of considering both parents' and children's sex to further knowledge of parenting styles affecting children's behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this meta-analysis is to explore relations between children's perceptions of parental hostility/aggression, and their psychological maladjustment, and negative personality dispositions as postulated in interpersonal acceptance and rejection theory. The meta-analysis was based on 35 studies from 16 countries in four continents involving 13,406 children (52% boys and 48% girls). All studies included in the meta-analysis, used child versions of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire for Mothers and for Fathers (Child PARQ: Mothers and Fathers), as well as the child version of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Child PAQ). Results showed that both maternal and paternal hostility/aggression correlated significantly with the psychological maladjustment and with all seven negative personality dispositions, including (1) hostility/aggression, (2) dependence or defensive independence, (3) negative self-esteem, (4) negative self-adequacy, (5) emotional instability, (6) emotional unresponsiveness, and (7) negative worldview of children across ethnicities, cultures, and geographical boundaries. Results further revealed that perceived maternal than paternal hostility/aggression has significantly stronger relations with children's psychological maladjustment globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although hostility and depression have been linked to higher cardiac risk and poor prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), there is a lack of research that studies how they may influence the short-term outcomes among patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation (CR). This study aimed to investigate the influence of hostility and depression on patients' exercise tolerance and improvement trajectory in a CR program over 6 weeks. Method: Participants were 142 patients with CHD, with a mean age of 62 years. Latent growth curve modeling was conducted to determine whether hostility and depression predicted patients' baseline exercise tolerance and rates of improvement on treadmill, while controlling for age and severity of illness. In addition, analysis was conducted to examine whether depression mediated the influence of hostility on exercise outcomes. Results: Patients with CHD with higher hostility scores had a lower baseline exercise tolerance and slower rates of improvement over 6 weeks. Depressive symptom severity mediated the influence of hostility on exercise baseline and improvement. Patients with higher hostility were more likely to have more severe depressive symptoms, which in turn were associated with lower baseline exercise tolerance and slower improvement. Conclusion: While both hostility and depression predicted the exercise outcomes in CR, depression explained the influence of hostility. The findings underscore the importance of addressing psychosocial issues in treatment of CHD patients and provide support for psychosocial interventions in CR to facilitate patients' recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anger typically manifests for only a short period of time, whereas hostility is present for a longer duration. However, both of these emotions are associated with an increased likelihood of psychological problems. The nodes within the neural networks that underlie hostility remain unclear. We presumed that specific nodes might include the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), which seems to be essential for the cognitive aspects of hostility. Thus, the present study first evaluated the associations between regional gray matter density (rGMD) and hostility in 777 healthy young students (433 men and 344 women; 20.7 ± 1.8 years of age) using magnetic resonance imaging and the hostile behaviors subscale (HBS) of the Coronary-prone Type Scale (CTS) for Japanese populations. The HBS scores were positively correlated with rGMD in the aMCC and in widespread frontal regions from the dorsomedial/dorsolateral prefrontal cortices to the lateral premotor cortex at the whole-brain level. No significant correlation was observed between rGMD and the conjunction of HBS and Trait Anger/Anger-Out scores. Furthermore, no significant interaction effects of sex and HBS scores on rGMD were revealed, although the HBS scores of males were significantly higher than those of females. The present findings indicate that the neural correlates of hostility appear to be more distinct in rGMD than those of anger due to differences and duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the mediating role of coping strategies in the relationship between family functioning and youth maladjustment. A community sample of 341 adolescents (M = 15.11 years old; SD = 1.71) completed self-report measures about such variables. Results showed that a perception of an inadequate family functioning was associated with the use of maladaptive coping strategies, as well as with youth psychological maladjustment. The results also revealed that rumination and support-seeking mediated the relationship between family functioning and internalizing behavior, and hostile expression of feelings played a mediating role between family functioning and externalizing behavior. No gender differences were found in the relationship between variables. This study emphasizes the importance of coping strategies used by adolescents to understand the relationship between family functioning and youth psychological maladjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of an organism to rapidly process parafoveal information to identify motivationally significant stimuli is important for survival. The evaluative priming paradigm is useful for examining whether evaluation of hostile/hospitable stimuli in the parafovea has occurred. Three evaluative priming experiments that varied the valence and arousal of prime stimuli were conducted. In the first experiment, primes were presented foveally and prime arousal did not moderate the standard evaluative priming effect (i.e., faster responses when prime and target valence matched). In the next two experiments, primes were presented parafoveally and prime arousal moderated evaluative priming such that priming was greater for high than low arousing primes. These findings are aligned with dual competition models positing that sensory and response systems compete for limited resources during emotional processing. Greater stimulus arousal enhances this dual competition during parafoveal processing, enabling the organisms to disengage and attend to the periphery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the interesting aspects of Dewey’s early educational thought is his apparent hostility toward children’s imaginative pursuits, yet the question of why this antipathy exists remains unanswered. As will become clear, Dewey’s hostility towards imaginative activities stemmed from a broad variety of concerns. In some of his earliest work, Dewey adopted a set of anti-Romantic criticisms and used these concerns to attack what one might call “runaway” imaginative and emotional tendencies. Then, in his early educational writings, these earlier concerns were augmented by several other factors, including problematic trends in progressive education, new developments in psychology, and Dewey’s own educational aims. This analysis explores the roots of these criticisms, and explains how they culminate in the stance on the imagination that Dewey eventually outlined in the early educational writings. Notably, these findings have some important implications for certain prominent contemporary critics of progressivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the self-reported expression of overt aggressive behaviors and covert emotional and cognitive processes in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) during childhood. Methods: Participants were a clinically referred sample of 85 individuals diagnosed with ADHD, initially recruited in the early to mid 1990s when they were 7–11 years of age. At that time, 44 (52%) met criteria for a comorbid diagnosis of ODD and an additional 22 (26%) met criteria for a comorbid diagnosis of CD . Approximately 10 years later, these youth, along with an age-matched comparison sample ( n = 83), were re-evaluated to assess a wide array of outcomes including physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Results: Individuals diagnosed with ADHD + CD in childhood reported elevated levels of physical aggression when compared to Controls and the ADHD-only group. Individuals diagnosed with ADHD + ODD had elevated levels of verbal aggression compared to Controls. Additionally, both comorbid groups experienced significantly greater amounts of anger, but not hostility, as compared to Controls. Importantly, the persistence of ADHD symptoms into adolescence accounted for most group differences in verbal aggression and anger at follow-up, but not physical aggression, which was accounted for by childhood CD. Conclusion: Adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders during childhood report high levels of aggression associated with increased emotionality in the form of anger, but not hostile cognitions. These findings suggest that in addition to inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, emotional dysregulation may be an important component of ADHD, particularly as it presents in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relationship between self-esteem in adolescence and later violent offending and hostility via self- and other-report, examining data from a birth cohort of over 1,000 New Zealand young adults studied to age 25. Lower levels of self-esteem at age 15 were related to greater risks of violent offending and higher levels of hostility at ages 18, 21, and 25. Adjustment for potentially confounding factors reduced the strength of the associations between self-esteem at age 15 and both self- and other-reported violent offending and other-reported hostility at ages 18, 21, and 25 to statistically non-significant levels. The association between self-esteem at age 15 and later self-reported hostility remained statistically significant, but was small in magnitude. A similar pattern of results were obtained using self-esteem at age 10 as the predictor variable in place of the age 15 measure. In addition, a persistent association was found between unstable high self-esteem and self-reported violent offending. The results suggest that self-esteem level plays a limited role in the understanding of violent behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract When confronted with images of attractive women, women who are hostile toward women (HTW) may demonstrate negative upward comparison, i.e., feel bad about themselves, or they may discount other women’s attractiveness. We examined the relations between women’s HTW and negative upward comparison, discounting, and body consciousness. The effect on HTW of viewing images of women also was examined. HTW was higher among those first exposed to the images than among those in a control condition. In general, analyses of the two conditions separately indicated that HTW was associated with devaluing the attractiveness of attractive and average-looking images, but not with negative upward comparison. In contrast to the association between HTW and discounting, body shame was consistently related to negative upward comparison, as well as to HTW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation evaluated psychological and personality profiles of successful applicants to a major Roman Catholic religious order. The MMPI-2 and 16PF were administered to 68 applicants between 1990 and 2004 who subsequently entered seminary. Results indicate that these applicants to the priesthood were generally well-adjusted as well as being socially responsible, interpersonally sensitive and sociable. Findings also suggest some tendency for defensiveness and repression. Furthermore, dealing with perceived negative impulses such as anger and hostility may also be a concern for many of these men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-seven male veterans with combat-related PTSD completed measures of hostile automatic thoughts, hope, and positive and negative affect. Responses to the items of each measure were presented in two formats: (a) the veteran's feelings today and (b) (on a separate form) how he felt while in combat. Veterans reported significantly higher levels of hostility and negative affect in combat as opposed to today. Contrary to predictions, high levels of both positive affect and automatic positive thoughts also were reported in combat relative to today. Hope levels varied primarily as a function of being employed rather than unemployed. The implications and limitations of this methodology and these findings for combat veterans and other groups are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expressed emotion (EE) index may not be as stable as it was once believed to be. The aim of this study was to identify variables associated with spontaneous change from low to high and from high to low levels of EE and EE subscales--critical comments (CC), hostility (H), emotional overinvolvement (EOI). Using a longitudinal, prospective study design, of 59 relatives having at least weekly face-to-face contact with 40 patients with an acute episode or relapse into schizophrenia (DSM-III-R) were interviewed by means of the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI) at admission and at 4 1/2 months after discharge. The results showed that high-high or unstable levels of CC, H or EE were associated with the patient not working or studying prior to admission. Relatives with low-high and high-high EOI patterns had more weekly face-to-face contact with the patient prior to admission than relatives with a low-low EOI pattern. Patients whose relatives had low-high CC and EE patterns were less ill at admission than patients whose relatives had low-low patterns. Higher perceived family burden was associated with, at admission, an unstable pattern of CC, and at follow-up, high-high EOI or EE patterns rather than low-low patterns. Our study suggests that it is possible to identify which relatives will have a stable and which a changing EE level, allowing for more focused intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recently published article "Emotions and Cognitions in Early Childhood Aggression: the Role of Irritability and Hostile Attribution Biases" Figure captions (under Figs. 1 and 2) and notes within the figures are redundant. These notes should be deleted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]