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Background Patients colonized with carbapenem-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CSPA) strains upon admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) tend to be quickly followed by detected carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains after admission. Objective To assess the risk factors associated with the quick loss of carbapenem susceptibility and to identify time threshold of prior antimicrobial exposure for the loss during ICU stay. Setting A tertiary-care teaching hospital with 2560 beds located in the northwest region of China. Method A retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2013 and April 2016 at ICUs. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were constructed to identify the time threshold. Main outcome measure The time threshold and risk factors for the quick loss of carbapenem susceptibility. Results Among the 84 patients with CSPA initially, 32 (38.1%) patients were observed to have a loss of carbapenem susceptibility during ICU stay. Logistic regression analyses showed that previous carbapenem exposure was only independently associated with the loss of carbapenem susceptibility (odds ratio 13.16; 95% CI 3.13-55.24; p < 0.001). The optimal cut-off was 3.5 days on ROC curve, indicating the high risk for loss of susceptibility. Conclusion In order to alleviate selective pressure caused by antipseudomonal carbapenems exposure, continued research is needed to determine the most appropriate carbapenems treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The substantial variability in the antiplatelet efficacy of clopidogrel has raised major concerns. Molecular epidemiological research suggests that ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism may be associated with clopidogrel response, but results remain controversial. To derive a more precise evaluation of the associations between ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the clinical efficacy of clopidogrel, we have conducted a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Methods: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for eligible studies up to 25 October 2016. The odds ratio (OR), the standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the strength of the relationship. Results: Overall, 28 related studies involving 23,243 patients were analyzed. No association was found between the ABCB1 polymorphisms and the primary outcome. In the subgroup analysis, the C3435T mutation significantly reduced platelet activity as tested by the LTA assay in the dominant (SMD −0.140, 95% CI −0.272 to −0.009, P = 0.036) and heterozygous (SMD −0.154, 95% CI −0.290 to −0.017, P = 0.027) models, but the result lacked robustness in the sensitivity analysis. A significant association between the C3435T polymorphism and bleeding risk was also observed with low heterogeneity in the dominant (OR 1.805, 95% CI1.124-2.900, P =0.015, I = 0%), homozygous (OR 1.952, 95% CI 1.055-3.611, P = 0.033, I = 13.2%) and heterozygous (OR 1.793, 95% CI 1.091-2.946, P = 0.021, I = 0%) models in Asian patients. Conclusions: The results of the meta-analysis suggest that ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism may increase the risk of bleeding in Asian patients treated with clopidogrel. The implied relationship needs to be verified in future basic genetic pharmacology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]