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Climate change impacts on fishery resources have been widely reported worldwide. Nevertheless, a knowledge gap remains for the warm-temperate Southwest Atlantic Ocean—a global warming hotspot that sustains important industrial and small-scale fisheries. By combining a trait-based framework and long-term landing records, we assessed species' sensitivity to climate change and potential changes in the distribution of important fishery resources (n = 28; i.e., bony fishes, chondrichthyans, crustaceans, and mollusks) in Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and the northern shelf of Argentina. Most species showed moderate or high sensitivity, with mollusks (e.g., sedentary bivalves and snails) being the group with the highest sensitivity, followed by chondrichthyans. Bony fishes showed low and moderate sensitivities, while crustacean sensitivities were species-specific. The stock and/or conservation status overall contributed the most to higher sensitivity. Between 1989 and 2019, species with low and moderate sensitivity dominated regional landings, regardless of the jurisdiction analyzed. A considerable fraction of these landings consisted of species scoring high or very high on an indicator for potential to change their current distribution. These results suggest that although the bulk of past landings were from relatively climate-resilient species, future catches and even entire benthic fisheries may be jeopardized because (1) some exploited species showed high or very high sensitivities and (2) the increase in the relative representation of landings in species whose distribution may change. This paper provides novel results and insights relevant for fisheries management from a region where the effects of climate change have been overlooked, and which lacks a coordinated governance system for climate-resilient fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess – for the first time – the occurrence and distribution of microplastics (MPs) in the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of a marine commercial fish species (Micropogonias furnieri) from the Bahía Blanca Estuary (BBE) in Argentina, and to evaluate fish potential associated stress. In order to do this, juveniles were sampled using artisanal fishing arts at two sampling locations. Basic measurements of individual fish were taken (total length, total weight, weight of the liver) and GITs were subsequently removed, digested with 30% H2O2 for 5 days at 60°C, filtered on Whatman paper and then dried. Samples were observed with a stereomicroscope, and it was demonstrated that 100% of the individuals contained microplastic particles in their GITs. In total, 241 microplastic particles were removed from the GITs of all fish. They were categorized as fibers (60.8%), pellets (28.9%), fragments (8.6%) and laminas (1.4%), and they ranged in size from 0.98 to > 5 mm. The average number of particles per fish was higher than that reported in previous global marine studies. Moreover, a positive correlation between the number of MPs per fish and hepatosomatic index was found, suggesting a probable stress in their health condition. These findings provide the first and southernmost evidence of microplastic contamination in biota from the Argentinean sea, which is found in the South Atlantic sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros F. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is the main soybean pest in Brazil, for which two major lineages (i. e. "Northern" and "Southern") were identified. First recorded in Argentina in 2001, up to now no molecular studies have been performed on E. heros specimens occurring within the country. Here, partial sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb) genes revealed that brown stink bugs collected both in central and northern Argentina belonged to the "Southern" lineage and exhibited high genetic variability. This emerging pest has been detected recently in Marcos Juárez county, at the core of the Argentinian soybean producing region. The species composition of the soybean stink bug complex was investigated in this area during 2016, 2018 and 2020. The cosmopolitan Nezara viridula L. was the most abundant pentatomid along the whole study, accounting for 83–93% of the total captures in each season. The other members of the complex were Piezodorus guildinii West., Dichelops furcatus F., Edessa meditabunda F. (all of which were found during the three years of survey) and E. heros (recorded in 2018 and 2020). Though E. heros constituted a small share of the daily total stink bug catches (0—1.6%), this incipient pest invasion should be monitored in order to adopt adequate control measures for preventing eventual outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) is a great concern for marine environments. Bird feathers have been widely used to assess Hg pollution. In this study, we determine mercury concentrations in body feathers of juvenile Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from the southeastern sector of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, during a non-breeding season, considering both sexes. Hg levels, considering both females and males together, ranged between 265.5 and 1515.52 ng/g. These levels are well below the concentrations in feathers suggested for taking actions focused on the protection of seabirds. Non-significant differences between sexes regarding Hg levels were found, probably because juveniles were sexually immature and females did not excrete Hg by egg laying yet. Hg concentrations found in this study were an order of magnitude higher than those reported 10 years ago for the species in breeding areas on the Argentine coast. Thus, the present study provides relevant information indicating a possible increase of Hg pollution in the southwestern region of the Atlantic Ocean and thus trigger for the development of monitoring programs and regional strategies to improve the conservation status of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we tested the significance of environmental influences on non-marine ostracod communities at high taxonomic levels across Patagonia, Argentina. We used a dataset compiled from 243 Patagonian freshwater bodies, representing an area of ~ 900,000 km2 and covering the main local and climatic gradients. We applied generalized linear models to test the effects of hydroperiod, local and climatic variables on the occurrence and abundance of Ostracoda, and the occurrence of the most frequent families (i.e., Cyprididae, Ilyocyprididae and Limnocytheridae). We found ostracods in 77% of the total sampled sites, driven mainly by dissolved oxygen levels and water temperature (local variables) as well as precipitation and air temperature (climatic variables). Specifically, warmer winters and dryer climates favored ostracod occurrences, which covered wide ecological ranges, such as peat bogs or high-altitude wetlands. For the Ilyocyprididae and Limnocytheridae families, precipitation and pH were important predictors of their occurrence. Furthermore, wind speed, nutrient levels and water depth had positive effects on ostracod abundance. This updated Patagonian freshwater dataset contributes towards filling those knowledge gaps related to the habitat suitability of ostracods communities in this vast region. Our findings could help us understand the past and future responses of ostracods to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Trauma is a leading cause of mortality and comprises an important cause of functional impairment among young people worldwide. The trauma registry (TR) is an integral component of modern comprehensive trauma care systems. Nevertheless, TRs have not been yet established in most developing countries. The objective of this study was to summarize the challenges, results, and lessons learned from a trauma program including initial results from a TR at tertiary-care public hospitals of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Material and methods: This is a descriptive study of the implementation of a trauma program in 14 hospitals and analysis of the initial results in the period between January 2010 and December 2018, using data from Fundación Trauma TR. Patients fitting injury definition that remained in hospital for more than 23 h were included. Injured patients were divided by age groups. Data on patients' demographics, mechanism of injury and severity, complications, treatments, and in-hospital mortality were analyzed between groups. A descriptive analysis is presented. Results: There were 29,970 trauma cases during the study period. Median age was 23 years (RIC 12, 39) with a 2.4:1 male-to-female ratio. Road traffic injuries (RTI) were the leading mechanism (30.8%) of admission and head was the most frequently injured body region (33.2%). Two-thirds of RTIs were motorcycle-related. Overall in-hospital mortality was 6.1%. Intentional self-harm in adult males and burns in adult females had the highest mortality rates (17.6% and 17.9%, respectively). Conclusions and discussion: The implementation of a trauma program within a public–private collaborative program in a resource-limited environment is feasible. The hospital-based TR can be used as a tool for injury surveillance, monitoring of the quality of trauma care, development of a trauma system, and to guide public health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are still globally distributed and can exert different effects on ecosystems. Little is known about the occurrence of these contaminants in terrestrial birds from South America. In this study, POPs were assessed for the first time in a flightless herbivorous species from the Pampas grasslands, the Greater rhea (Rhea americana). Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in 18 samples of feathers from free-ranging and captive individuals inhabiting four sites with different land uses in central Argentina. Among the 16 POPs tested in those feathers, 6 PCBs (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) and 8 OCPs (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, and HCB) were quantified. No PBDEs were detected. The total concentration of POPs was higher in populations living in an intensive crop production area (agriculture 159 ng g −1 and farm: 97.53 ng g−1) compared with the population in an urban area (zoo 45.86 ng g−1) and an agroecosystem with extensive rearing of livestock (cattle rearing 36.77 ng g−1). PCBs were the most abundant pollutants in all the populations studied. Lower chlorinated CB 52 and CB 101 were the principal PCB congeners detected, representing at least 70% of the total quantified. All populations studied showed a DDE + DDD/DDT ratio > 1, indicating a historical application of this insecticide. This study provides a new contribution to the scarce data on POP concentrations in South American bird species. Further investigations are needed to evaluate their potential effects on the health of individuals and populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cumulative burden of multiple mental health conditions may worsen physical health outcomes in vulnerable populations. Accordingly, identifying cumulative burdens of mental health conditions that may affect HIV treatment and care can guide public health strategies to reduce their impact on HIV-related health outcomes. This study examined the relationship between the cumulative burden of mental health conditions and factors associated with engagement in HIV care in Argentina. Method: Data for this study was obtained at baseline from Conexiones y Opciones Positivas en la Argentina 2 (COPA2). Participants (N = 360) were cisgender patients living with HIV who were lost to care, recruited from seven clinics serving people living with HIV in four Argentine urban centers. Cumulative burden of mental health conditions (i.e., depressive symptoms, problematic substance use, unhealthy alcohol use, and psychotic symptoms) was assessed. Results: Every one-point increase in the number of mental health conditions present was associated with a decrement in patient-provider communication (b = − 0.22, p <.001), self-efficacy (b = − 0.13, p =.012), and motivation for adherence (b = − 0.11, p =.039). Conclusion: This study found cumulative burden of depression, problematic substance use, unhealthy alcohol use, and psychotic symptoms to be negatively associated with factors related to engagement in HIV care. Results highlight the importance of identification and treatment of challenges to mental health, in order to ameliorate their influence on engagement in HIV care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wellcomia species (Oxyuridae, Syphaciinae) parasitise several families of rodents from Africa, Asia and America with diverse ecological characteristics. A new species of Wellcomia is described based on specimens obtained from the plains viscacha Lagostomus maximus (Chinchillidae) from Argentina. The description includes morphometric and ecological aspects and an emended diagnosis of the genus Wellcomia. In addition, a molecular characterisation (18S rRNA) and an exploratory analysis of the genetic distances of the species included in this genus are provided. The new species, Wellcomia hugoti n. sp., differs from other species of the genus in the morphology of the cephalic plate, the ventral rugose area in males and the vulva in females. The new species showed a low prevalence (7.7%) and a high mean abundance (73.8). The genetic distances detected do not allow a comprehensive assessment of the monophyly of the genus. This is the seventh record of this genus in rodents from the Americas, the second in rodents from Argentina and the first record for the family Chinchillidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyphagous Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) causes significant agricultural losses worldwide. This pest has recently expanded its range into South America. Since its first report in north-western Argentina, H. armigera has already been detected in geographically distant locations within the country. In this work, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb) sequences obtained from H. armigera individuals collected in central and northern Argentina were analyzed to explore genetic variability. Five COI haplotypes and three Cytb haplotypes were detected among ten sequenced specimens (seven haplotypes if considering concatenated sequences). Thus, even with a limited number of samples, a high number of haplotypes was found, suggesting the occurrence of several female founder lineages of H. armigera in the country. With one exception, these mtDNA haplotypes were shared with H. armigera specimens from the neighboring countries of Brazil, Paraguay and/or Uruguay. However, the impact of natural migration and intercontinental agricultural trade on the establishment and spread of H. armigera in Argentina and other Latin-American countries is still a matter of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental disorders affect approximately 10–15% of children and adolescents worldwide. In South America these numbers are probably higher due to poverty and adverse life events that frequently affect this region. The availability of qualified services and well-trained professionals to care for those children are by far insufficient. The aim of this study was to assess and describe child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) training in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, to support the development and strengthen training standards. The coordinators of CAP residency programs in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile were invited to answer an online questionnaire about the characteristics of their training programs. Twelve programs from Brazil, three programs from Chile, two from Argentina, and one from Uruguay completed the questionnaires. In the last three countries, CAP is recognized as an independent specialty, while in Brazil it is considered a subspecialty of psychiatry. None of the countries have a national guideline for CAP residency training. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of professionals interested in pursuing a formal CAP training. This is the first study aiming to evaluate the current scenario of CAP training in South America. The results point to a great potential in the evaluated programs, but also to the need for homogeneous criteria for CAP training and evaluation of residents. A more efficient communication among programs would be an enriching strategy for their development, which may be facilitated by the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second fortnight of December 2013, the longest heat wave registered until then occurred in Buenos Aires city and over a large region of Argentina, with large socio-economic impacts. Excess heat indexes were used to characterize this heat wave, which occurred within the warm season with largest number of heat wave days. This extreme event resulted in the longest consecutive period of heat wave conditions between 1979 and 2014. This event was the result of the combined activity of short intraseasonal (10–30 days), long intraseasonal (30–90 days) and larger (more than 90 days) time scales. Accounting for the lower frequency, dry soil moisture anomalies were observed in Argentina during autumn, winter and spring of 2013 probably favoring more extreme values in the temperature anomalies. Weekly geopotential heights anomalies computed during the event showed that the combination of the negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode and a wave-4 pattern at midlatitudes favored the development of positive geopotential height anomalies over southern South America which promoted subsidence motions there. Intraseasonal variability played a key role in the persistence of the heat wave. The development of an MJO event over the Indian Ocean (RMM phase 3) 12 days prior to the beginning of the heat wave may have contributed to organize the extratropical wave train which in turn favored the anticyclonic upper-level anomaly development over southern South America. Furthermore, an intense SACZ event during the first 12 days of the heat wave favored clear-sky conditions and diabatic heating as well as subsidence, while during the last days it was the northerly advection of warmer air in the 10–30-day time scale that maintained the intensity of the temperature anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new climatology of South Atlantic cyclones is produced to provide new insights into the conditions leading to genesis in different regions of the domain. Cyclones are identified and tracked based on the relative vorticity at 850 hPa computed from the NCEP-CFSR winds. The characteristics of the cyclones are obtained by diagnostic variables sampled within a radial distance from the cyclone centers to produce the spatial distribution of cyclone properties at the time of genesis. Also, cyclone centered composites are used to analyze the cyclone structure and evolution during their genesis. There are four main cyclogenesis regions in the South Atlantic Ocean: the Southern Brazilian coast (SE-BR, 30 ∘ S ), over the continent near the La Plata river discharge region (LA PLATA, 35 ∘ S ), the southeastern coast of Argentina (ARG, 40 ∘ S – 55 ∘ S ) and the Southeastern Atlantic (SE-SAO, centered at 45 ∘ S and 10 ∘ W ). We found that cyclogenesis northward of 35 ∘ S occurs mainly due to low-level forcing associated with moisture transport in the summer, and is associated with upper-level forcing in the winter due to a strong baroclinic environment. Southward of 35 ∘ S , cyclones develop in a high baroclinic environment throughout the year with only a small influence from moist processes. The cyclone composites reveal that SE-BR and SE-SAO cyclones are associated with secondary development, the LA PLATA cyclones development is influenced by an orographic low in their early stages, and ARG cyclones are influenced by thermal advection as an essential mechanism in the reduction of static stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bumblebees are economically important insects which perform essential pollination tasks in natural and managed ecosystems. Recent research studying Neotropical bumblebee species in Brazil showed a clear decrease in genetic diversity over time in Bombus pauloensis. A new temporal assessment of genetic diversity is needed to know whether this was a location-specific result, or a more general phenomenon. This knowledge is essential to be able to prioritize conservation and management needs. Here, the genetic variability of B. pauloensis populations in Argentina was investigated over time using museum collection specimens from 1933 to 2016, and compared with reanalyzed data from Brazilian populations. Furthermore, specific time series were made for two Argentinean locations, Candelaria and La Plata, and compared with the time series of Porto Alegre (Brazil). All collected specimens were genotyped with 16 microsatellite loci to estimate genetic diversity parameters. Our results showed no drop in either allelic richness or expected heterozygosity over all Argentinean populations. However, a clear drop in genetic diversity was observed in two out of three location-specific time series. This loss of diversity will have negative impacts on population survival, especially over longer periods of time. Furthermore, the use and release of mass-reared specimens of B. pauloensis, which may be inbred and specifically selected for certain commercial but non-adaptive traits, could further diminish the genetic pool. Thus, our result implies the urgent need for regional conservation policies of B. pauloensis in South Brazil and North Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation biogeography involves the application of biogeographical principles and methods to conservation issues. The identification of areas of endemism is important for both historical biogeography and conservation. Mygalomorphs spiders have poor vagility, limited dispersal mechanisms and sedentary habits. In this study we use a panbiogeographical approach (through track analysis) and the optimality criterion (NDM) to analyze the distributional patterns in order to identify areas of endemism and to prioritize areas for conservation in Argentina. We identified seven generalized tracks and four biogeographical nodes. The analysis of the 2° matrix examined by NDM allowed the identification of eight areas of endemism; from the analysis of the 1.5° matrix, NDM resulted in three areas of endemism; and the analysis of the 1° and 0.5° matrices identified one area of endemism each. The more relevant areas identified in this study were located at the Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Monte and Chaco. Other identified areas were Yungas and the hilly systems of Ventania and Tandilia (southern Pampa). We suggest that these results can indicate where to prioritize investment in creating new protected areas, in order to preserve the processes that generate the biogeographic patterns exhibited by this biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report here the first amphilestid triconodont from the Jurassic of South America. The specimen, a single isolated molariform, was found at the Queso Rallado locality from where a growing mammalian fauna is known (including a triconodontid, two australosphenidans, and an as yet undescribed allotherian). The specimen, interpreted as a left lower tooth, presents five mesiodistally aligned, fairly symmetrical cusps, and is recognized as the type of a new taxon, Condorodon spanios. The phylogenetic analysis recovers Condorodon as a member of the clade Amphilestheria, closely related to Tendagurodon janenschi, an amphilestid triconodont from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania. Condorodon spanios is only distantly related to Argentoconodon fariasorum, the other triconodont known from Queso Rallado quarry. The phylogenetic position of Condorodon spanios points to the origin and diversification of amphilestherians during the Early Jurassic in a paleogeographical setting that allowed wide dispersion of these forms and argues, at least from the mammalian evidence, against a highly provincialized Pangaea. Some differences are however established between the filial western/eastern Gondwanan masses and their respective faunas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silvopasture systems combine trees, forage, and livestock in a variety of different species and management regimes, depending on the biophysical, economic, cultural, and market factors in a region. We describe and compare actual farm practices and current research trials of silvopastoral systems in eight regions within seven countries of the world: Misiones and Corrientes provinces, Argentina; La Pampa province, Argentina; northwestern Minas Gerais, Brazil; the Aysén region of Patagonia, Chile; the North Island of New Zealand; the Southeast United States; Paraguay; and Uruguay. Some countries use native trees and existing forests; some use plantations, particularly of exotic species. Natural forest silvopasture systems generally add livestock in extensive systems, to capture the benefits of shade, forage, and income diversification without much added inputs. Plantation forest systems are more purposive and intensive, with more focus on joint production and profits, for small owners, large ranches, and timber companies. Trends suggest that more active management of both natural and planted silvopastoral systems will be required to enhance joint production of timber and livestock, achieve income diversification and reduce financial risk, make more profit, improve environmental benefits, and realize more resilience to adapt to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shallow lakes often alternate between two possible states: one clear with submerged macrophytes, and another one turbid, dominated by phytoplankton. A third type of shallow lakes, the inorganic turbid, result from high contents of suspended inorganic material, and is characterized by low phytoplankton biomass and macrophytes absence. In our survey, the structure and photosynthetic properties (based on 14C method) of phytoplankton were related to environmental conditions in these three types of lakes in the Pampa Plain. The underwater light climate was characterized. Clear-vegetated lakes were more transparent ( Kd 4.5–7.7 m−1), had high DOC concentrations (>45 mg l−1), low phytoplankton Chl a (1.6–2.7 μg l−1) dominated by nanoflagellates. Phytoplankton productivity and photosynthetic efficiency (α ~ 0.03 mgC mgChl a−1 h−1 W−1 m2) were relatively low. Inorganic-turbid lakes showed highest Kd values (59.8–61.4 m−1), lowest phytoplankton densities (dominated by Bacillariophyta), and Chl a ranged from 14.6 to 18.3 μg l−1. Phytoplankton-turbid lakes showed, in general, high Kd (4.9–58.5 m−1) due to their high phytoplankton abundances. These lakes exhibited the highest Chl a values (14.2–125.7 μg l−1), and the highest productivities and efficiencies (maximum 0.56 mgC mgChl a−1 h−1 W−1 m2). Autotrophic picoplankton abundance, dominated by ficocianine-rich picocyanobacteria, differed among the shallow lakes independently of their type (0.086 × 105–41.7 × 105 cells ml−1). This article provides a complete characterization of phytoplankton structure (all size fractions), and primary... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish fauna and its relationships with physiography and climate were studied in northwestern Argentina from 21°30′ S to 26°30′ S and 63°30′ W to 65°50′ W, an area about 10,276 km2. Along a southeast–northwest gradient, the Chaco forest at low altitudes gives way to the Yungas cloud forest in highlands, and then, to an increasing desertic landscape, with xerophytic vegetation and scarce rainfall along the Grande River. Finally, extreme desert conditions prevail in the most northern part at the Puna plateau. Water chemistry was sampled from sites from 400 to over 3800 m a.s.l. In all 3278 fish specimens of 52 species were collected. Previous lists included 84 species. Only 19 were shared, meaning that 40 species are new for the area and/or particular localities, including 7 reports from Aguas Calientes. These results increase by one third the number of species in northwestern Argentina. The fish fauna was represented by eurytopic species of Paranensean genera as Astyanax, Bryconamericus and other characoids, mixed with locally distributed siluriforms. Under extreme climatic conditions, species of Trichomycterus predominate. Species assemblages show a combination of a large number of species typical of, sometimes endemic to or rather abundant in, the area, combined with a few species of Paranensean character. Fish assemblages were clearly defined by faunistic composition and distribution related with physiography and climate traits. A significant negative correlation is observed between both species number and abundance, and increasing altitude, and positive relationships exist with mean annual temperature and other climate traits. Diversity values (Shannon index) agree with the described pattern of increasing impoverishment of the fish fauna of northwestern Argentina, along gradients of increasing altitude and dryness and decreasing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe adverse reaction to yellow fever (YF) vaccine includes the yellow fever vaccine-associated neurotropic disease. This terminology includes postvaccinal encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. The objective of this communication is to report a patient who received a YF vaccine in Argentina and subsequently developed longitudinal myelitis with a symptom that had previously gone unreported in the literature. A 56-year-old man began with progressive paraparesia, urinary retention, and constipation 48 h previous to admission. The patient received YF vaccine 45 days prior to the onset of the symptoms. There was no history of other immunization or relevant condition. MR of the spine showed longitudinal intramedullary hyperintense signal (D5-12) without gadolinium enhancement. A high concentration of YFV-specific IgM vaccine antibody was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Serological tests for other flavivirus were negative. A diagnosis of longitudinal myelitis without encephalitis associated with YF vaccine was performed and symptoms improved 5 days later. This is the first report dealing with longitudinal myelitis as a serious adverse event associated with YF vaccination in which confirmation of the presence of antibodies in CSF was found. To date, it is also the first report with serological confirmation in Argentina and in South America. We consider that the present investigation will raise awareness in the region in the reporting of adverse events related to YF vaccine and improve our knowledge of adverse reactions to the vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]