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This paper intends to provide a framework for conceptualizing and interpreting the resilient capacity and adaptability of the Chinese Communist Party to cope with changing political and economic environments and to sustain its hegemony through periods of crises and transformations. Based on an instrumental reading and reflective incorporation of some relevant concepts and discourses of Gramsci’s political theory, the paper aims to facilitate a well-rounded analysis of the CCP’s authoritarian resilience, which is achieved through a continuous process of “passive revolution”. The party’s new hegemony is realized through a reconstituted historical bloc on the basis of convergence of interests and through neutralizing the pressures of various contending forces that might otherwise trigger profound structural transformations. The paper concludes that “authoritarian resilience is one of the strongest enduring features of the CCP’s political culture, characterized by dynamic adaptive skills and greater institutional capacity for political survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on conflicts behind the Sino-Western confrontations in the post-Cold War era in China. Problems experienced in Sino-Western relations; Effect of democracy and human rights on Chinese challenge and threat; Circumstances surrounding the United States supporting Chiang Kai-shek's regime.

Abstract  In the present study, samples of Oesophagostomum spp. collected from pigs from different geographical localities in mainland China were characterized genetically by polymerase chain reaction-linked single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques using genetic markers in the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) was amplified from 51 individual nodule worms by PCR, and the amplicons were analyzed by SSCP. With the exception of slight microheterogeneity, SSCP analyses displayed two distinct banding profiles that allowed the identification of all Oesophagostomum spp. samples examined into two groups, the first one represented O. dentatum, and the second one may represent O. quadrispinulatum. Then, the entire ITS was amplified from individual samples, and the amplicons were digested with restriction endonuclease Pst I. The results of RFLP analyses were consistent with that of SSCP. Sequence analysis of ITS rDNA supported the identification and differentiation of Chinese Oesophagostomum spp. samples into two species, namely, O. dentatum and O. quadrispinulatum. These PCR-based approaches provide useful complementary tools to traditional methods for the accurate identification of Oesophagostomum spp. (irrespective of developmental stage) and have implications for studying the ecology and population genetic structures of these parasites and for the prevention and control of the diseases they cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]