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This systematic review of research on adaptive learning used a strategic search process to synthesize research on adaptive learning based on publication trends, instructional context, research methodology components, research focus, adaptive strategies, and technologies. A total of 61 articles on adaptive learning were analyzed to describe the current state of research and identify gaps in the literature. Descriptive characteristics were recorded, including publication patterns, instructional context, and research methodology components. The count of adaptive learning articles published fluctuated across the decade and peaked in 2015. During this time, the largest concentration of adaptive learning articles appeared in Computers and Education. The majority of the studies occurred in higher education in Taiwan and the United States, with the highest concentration in the computer science discipline. The research focus, adaptive strategies, and adaptive technologies used in these studies were also reviewed. The research was aligned with various instructional design phases, with more studies examining design and development, and implementation and evaluation. For examining adaptive strategies, the authors examined both adaptive sources based on learner model and adaptive targets based on content and instructional model. Learning style was the most observed learner characteristic, while adaptive feedback and adaptive navigation were the most investigated adaptive targets. This study has implications for adaptive learning designers and future researchers regarding the gaps in adaptive learning research. Future studies might focus on the increasing availability and capacities of adaptive learning as a learning technology to assist individual learning and personalized growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philadelphia chromosome-like (Ph-like) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), a high-risk subtype characterised by genomic alterations that activate cytokine receptor and kinase signalling, is associated with inferior outcomes in most childhood ALL clinical trials. Half of the patients with Ph-like ALL have kinase rearrangements or fusions. We examined the frequency and spectrum of these fusions using a retrospective cohort of 212 newly diagnosed patients with childhood B-cell ALL. Samples without known chromosomal alterations were subject to multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to identify known Ph-like kinase fusions. Immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) capture and kinase capture were applied to samples without known kinase fusions. We detected known kinase fusions in five of 212 patients, comprising EBF1-PDGFRB, ETV6-ABL1, ZC3HAV1-ABL2, EPOR-IGH, and CNTRL-ABL1. Two patients with P2RY8-CRLF2 were identified. Patients with non-Ph kinase fusions had inferior 5-year event-free survival and overall survival compared with patients with other common genetic alterations. The prevalence of non-Ph kinase fusions in our Taiwanese cohort was lower than that reported in Caucasian populations. Future clinical trials with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be indicated in Taiwan because of the inferior outcomes for B-cell ALL with kinase fusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to develop a real-time electromyography (EMG) signal acquiring and processing device that can acquire signal during electrical stimulation. Since electrical stimulation output can affect EMG signal acquisition, to integrate the two elements into one system, EMG signal transmitting and processing method has to be modified. The whole system was designed in a user-friendly and flexible manner. For EMG signal processing, the system applied Altera Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) as the core to instantly process real-time hybrid EMG signal and output the isolated signal in a highly efficient way. The system used the power spectral density to evaluate the accuracy of signal processing, and the cross correlation showed that the delay of real-time processing was only 250 μs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]