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Children who allege abuse are often asked to provide temporal information such as when the events occurred. Yet, young children often have difficulty recalling temporal information due to their limited knowledge of temporal patterns and linguistic capabilities. As time is an abstract concept (we cannot see it), some investigators have begun to use 'time-lines' or pictorial representations of time to aid children. Yet, there is no published research testing whether children are able to use time-lines and whether they can provide adequate temporal information using them. We tested whether children could indicate the time-of-day of events using a pictorial time-line and then compared their responses to their parents'. Seven- to 8-year-olds were most consistent with parental estimates while 4-year-olds were least consistent. Responses from the 5- to 6-year-olds depended on the temporal task. Guessing and using general knowledge to estimate the time-of-day were ruled out, and so children were genuinely drawing on episodic memory when making time-line judgments. Thus, there was a developmental progression in children's use of physical representations to communicate abstract information. These results are promising for the use of the time-line in forensic settings but much more research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of perceptual demonstratives, the ‘that F’ component of judgments of the form ‘that F is G’ based on perceptual input, has been a topic of interest for many philosophers. Another related, though distinct, question concerns the nature of demonstrative judgments based not on current perceptual input, but instead derived from memory. I argue that the account put forward by John Campbell fails to adequately account for memory-based demonstrative thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heidegger's 1938-1939 seminar on Nietzsche's On the Utility and Liability of History for Life continues Heidegger's grand interpretation of Nietzsche as a metaphysical thinker of presence. Nietzsche's conceptions forgetting, memory, and even life itself, according to Heidegger, are all complicit in the privileging of presence. Simultaneous with his seminar, Heidegger is also compiling the notebook, Die Geschichte des Seyns ( The History of Beyng), 1938-1940, wherein he sketches his own conception of history. Examining Heidegger's criticisms of Nietzsche in the light of his contemporaneous notebook allows us to articulate Heidegger's concern for history and for 'what has-been' ( das Gewesene) as a thinking of the 'coming' of being. For Heidegger, to exist historically is to exist as something sent, something arriving, as something that 'comes' to us. This coming of history is an ontological determination of all that is, no longer construed as present-at-hand objects, but as always arriving, relational beings. After presenting Heidegger's view of the coming of history, I return to Nietzsche's Utility and Liability of History to draw attention to an aspect of his text that is neglected by Heidegger, that of the political. The concluding sections of Nietzsche's text confront the politics of the present, in both senses of the genitive, in order to rally against the closure of society. In the conclusion to the paper, I turn to the political dimension of Nietzsche's thinking of history with an eye to how it might elude Heidegger's interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his recent book, Bernecker (Memory, 2010) has attacked the following prominent view: (RK) S remembers that p only if S knows that p. An attack on RK is also an attack on Timothy Williamson’s view that knowledge is the most general factive stative attitude. In this paper, I defend RK against Bernecker’s attacks and also advance new arguments in favor of it. In Sect. 2, I provide some background on memory. In Sect 3, I respond to Bernecker’s attacks on RK and develop a new argument for RK. In Sects. 4 and 5, I develop two more new arguments for RK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deliberative democracy is often celebrated and endorsed because of its promise to include, empower, and emancipate otherwise oppressed and excluded social groups through securing their voice and granting them impact in reasoned public deliberation. This article explores the ability of Habermas' theory of deliberative democracy to accommodate the demands of historically excluded social groups in democratic plural societies. It argues that the inclusive, transformative, and empowering potential of Habermas' theory of deliberative democracy falters when confronted with particular types of historical injustices. It falters because it pays little attention to the historical dimension of injustices and the demands to which it gives rise. The historical dimension of longstanding injustices, it is argued, gives rise to a set of distinctive demands, such as collective memory of exclusion, acknowledgement of historical injustices, taking responsibility, and offering apology and reparations for causing these injustices, which go beyond the type of democratic inclusion that is often offered by deliberative democracy. Yet, the solution is not to abandon the model of deliberative democracy. Quite the contrary, it remains a valuable basis for forward-looking political decision making. The article concludes that in order to achieve inclusive, empowering and transformative deliberation in consolidated democracies that have experienced historical injustices, the politics of reconciliation is indispensable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

mong the many topics covered in Sven Bernecker's impressive study of memory is the relation between memory and personal identity. Bernecker uses his grammatical taxonomy of memory and causal account to defend the claim that memory does not logically presuppose personal identity and hence that circularity objections to memory-based accounts of personal identity are misplaced. In my comment I investigate these claims, suggesting that the relation between personal identity and memory is more complicated than Bernecker's analysis suggests. In particular, I argue (1) that while he shows that some memories do not presuppose personal identity he fails to show that those that are appealed to in memory-based accounts of personal identity do not, and (2) that the features of his view that allow him to define memory without reference to personal identity also obscure important features of memory that must be part of a complete account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sven Bernecker's excellent new book, Memory, he proposes an account of what we might call the 'metasemantics' of memory: the conditions that determine the contents of the mental representations employed in memory. Bernecker endorses a 'pastist externalist' view, according to which the content of a memory-constituting representation is fixed, in part, by the 'external' conditions prevalent at the (past) time of the tokening of the original representation (the one from which the memory-constituting one is causally derived). Bernecker argues that the best version of a pastist externalism about memory contents will have the result that there can be semantically-induced memory losses in cases involving unwitting 'world-switching'. The burden of this paper is to show that Bernecker's argument for this conclusion does not succeed. My arguments on this score have implications for our picture of mind-world relations, as these are reflected in a subject's attempts to recall her past thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore recent developments in cognitive poetics’ research and theorizing about how memory is triggered by provoking phenomena to induce emotions in literary reading and viewing of film and television. In short, cognitive research shows that objects, whether still or part of a narrative action, prime and trigger personal experience which allows one to understand the situation and feel deeply for fictional characters and unfamiliar people in general. In terms of poetics or interpretation in general, this cognitive research into memory is important for a variety of reasons: First, it investigates how objects are acted upon by subjective memory to produce a response or “reading” of a situation, literary or otherwise. This perturbation of subjective memory through emotional objects conjures up issues crossing philosophy, cultural theory, and the social sciences. The phenomenology of twentieth-century philosophy (e.g. Husserl, Heidegger) moves toward the field of neurophenomenology and cognitive research into not only the emotions, but the relationships of objects and subjectivity, as well as cognitive focus and foregrounding in interpretative processes. Second, the study of cognitive poetics or cognitive linguistics in general must account for object, subjectivity, and emotion inside of narrative schemas, not just a frozen, object-driven world. Third, thy cognitive research into memory, selection, and triggered emotion complicates the notion of paratext and therein text by showing that focus/ foregrounding are selective, or at least variable, from person to person. Fourth, the differences between print-bound literature and filmic/visual literature call into play various notions of paratext, yet research proves that triggered memories function the same way for the subject whether the text is print-bound or filmic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses on the author opinion regarding the issue of self-knowledge. According to the author that knowledge of one's own mind is an interesting type of knowledge for various reasons, however, there's no epistemic privilege or special normative forces attaches within the self-knowledge alone as knowledge of one's own mind is as fallible and corrigible as any other areas in human knowledge.

The article discusses the philosophy of Herbert Marcuse on the concept of memory. From his earliest writings, beginning with Hegels Ontologie in 1932, until his very last, The Aesthetic Dimension, in 1977, Marcuse returned again and again to what he saw as the liberating power of remembrance. In almost all of his major works, most notably Eros and Civilization, One Dimensional Man, and Counterrevolution and Revolt, he introduced a virtually identical defense of that power and expressed alarm at its current weakened status. Matched among twentieth-century Marxists perhaps only by Walter Benjamin, Marcuse attempted to harness the energies of recollection for revolutionary purposes. The sources of his persistent fascination with memory can be traced for analytical purposes to four separate stimuli: his early philosophical training, his adherence to critical Marxism, his special concern for aesthetics, and his radical appropriation of psychology. Although often conflated in his discussions of amnesia, these different sources contributed distinctive elements to his argument, elements which can be isolated and critically analyzed. In Marcuse's later work, the same linkages between forgetting, reification, and the domination of nature appear. A passage from Counterrevolution and Revolt, with its veiled reference to Goethe's theory of science as the recovery of primary forms, follows directly a discussion of the redemption of nature as a subject-object with intrinsic value in its own right.

Focuses on two experiments which examined the cognitive correlates of the tendency to view P(D/...H), and base rate information as relevant to probability assessment. Methodology used; Indication that numerous correlational analyses confirmed the pattern of a greater covariance with other cognitive and reasoning tasks for P(D/...H) than for P(H); Results and discussion of the study.

Presents a study which concentrated on the categorical dimension of face gender in relation to memory recognition and classification. Methodology used to conduct the study; Role of the internal representation of a facial prototype in many theories of human face processing; Identification of the differences between male and female faces.

Focuses on the findings of a study which suggests that the generation effect results from continuous or multiple discrete stages of information accrual or strengthening of memory traces over time, rather than from a single discrete increment upon final generation. Definition of the generation effect; What was the result of the use of metacognitive measures, such as feeling of knowing and feeling of warmth; Results and discussion of the study.

Focuses on three experiments which were conducted to determine the extent to which prospective remembering is supported by data-driven versus conceptually driven processes. Reference to previous studies in which the processes that support remembering past events; Methodology used in the experiments.

Focuses on a study which suggests mechanisms related to the representation and subsequent retrievability of elements in the memory record, play a major role in the distinctiveness effect. Indication that representation explanations of distinctiveness effects are based on the idea that the properties of the nominal stimuli are reflected in the memory record; Results and discussion of the study.

Presents the findings of a study which interpreted the dissociation between visual fields as evidence that memory for categorical spatial relations is more dependent on left-hemisphere, than on right-hemisphere processing. Identification of two ways of representing memories of locations; Discussion pertaining to the study.

Focuses on a lexical decision experiment which examined the conditions in which nonwords activate semantics. What is suggested by the presence of homophone priming at a brief prime duration; Questions whether the effect of nonword semantic priming depends on the duration for which primes are displayed to subjects; Discussion pertaining to the experiment.

Focuses of a study which examined how aging affects the utilization of monitoring in the allocation of study time in relation to age difference and memory performance. How the study was conducted; How the degree of learning can be measured; Findings of the study.

Examines whether semantic relations are atomistic unitary associations or are complex concepts consisting of a number of relational elements. Relations in semantic memory; Speed-accuracy decomposition; Stimulus generation; Alternate interpretations; Exemplar model; Continuous probabilities assigned to unitary tasks; Timer model; Future directions.