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The Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) literature tends to focus on bias as a problem that requires ex post solutions (e.g. fairness metrics), rather than addressing the underlying social and technical conditions that (re)produce it. In this article, we propose a complementary strategy that uses genealogy as a constructive, epistemic critique to explain algorithmic bias in terms of the conditions that enable it. We focus on XAI feature attributions (Shapley values) and counterfactual approaches as potential tools to gauge these conditions and offer two main contributions. One is constructive: we develop a theoretical framework to classify these approaches according to their relevance for bias as evidence of social disparities. We draw on Pearl's ladder of causation (Causality: models, reasoning, and inference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, Causality, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803161) to order these XAI approaches concerning their ability to answer fairness-relevant questions and identify fairness-relevant solutions. The other contribution is critical: we evaluate these approaches in terms of their assumptions about the role of protected characteristics in discriminatory outcomes. We achieve this by building on Kohler-Hausmann's (Northwest Univ Law Rev 113(5):1163–1227, 2019) constructivist theory of discrimination. We derive three recommendations for XAI practitioners to develop and AI policymakers to regulate tools that address algorithmic bias in its conditions and hence mitigate its future occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide an overview of instruments related to the three most representative theories of approach-avoidance (Monni et al., in Personality and Individual Differences 166:110163, 2020): The Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, in American Psychologist 52:1280–1300, 1997; Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 30:1–46, 1998), the Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray, in Behaviour Research and Therapy 8:249–266, 1970; The psychology of fear and stress, CUP Archive, 1987; as reported by Gray & McNaughton (The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of Septo-hippocampal system, Oxford University Press, 2000), and the Approach-Avoidance temperament theory (Elliot & Thrash, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82:804–812, 2002; Journal of Personality 78:865–906, 2010). We examined published peer-reviewed empirical studies guided by three aims: (1) providing a brief description and comparison of the basic constructs of the three theories; (2) offering an overview of the approach-avoidance assessments that have been used in the literature; (3) discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these methodologies and suggesting which might be the most effective technique according to the constructs' operationalization and the psychometric-procedural quality to help researchers choose the reference theory and method best suited to their research focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper summarizes the observations and results of the Mars Express Mission and its application in the analysis of geological processes and landforms on Mars during the last 20 years. The Mars Express observations provided an extended data base allowing a comparative evaluation of different geological surface landforms and their time-based delimitation. High-resolution imagery and digital elevations models on a local to regional scale and spectral measurements are the basis for geological analyses of water-related surface processes on Mars. This includes the nature and discharges of valley networks, formation timescale of deltas, volumina of sedimentary deposits as well as estimating the age of geological units by crater size–frequency distribution measurements. Both the quantifying of geological processes and the determination of absolute model ages allows to constraint the evolution of Martian water-related activity in space and time. Comparative age estimation of fluvial, glacial, and lacustrine deposits, as well as their timing and episodicity, has revealed the nature and evolution of the Martian surface hydrological cycle. Fluvial and lacustrine activity phases are spread over a time span from Noachian until Amazonian periods, but detailed studies show that they have been interrupted by multiple and long-lasting phases of cessation and quiescent. In addition, evidence of glacial activity shows discrete phases of enhanced intensity correlating with increased spin-axis obliquity amplitude. The episodicity of geological processes, erosion, deposition, and glaciation on Mars demonstrate a close correlation between individual surface processes and endogenic activity as well as spin-axis/orbital variations and changing climate condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of atmospheric emissions from orbit to probe the middle and upper atmosphere of Mars, which started with the Mariner missions, is living a golden era thanks to the European Space Agency (ESA) Mars Express mission and other subsequent missions built upon its success, including the ESA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. Here we summarize the most relevant information obtained by the analysis of atmospheric emissions data from Mars Express and TGO, about the temperature and density structure, the atmospheric dynamics, the chemistry and the atmospheric escape to space. Mars Express also opened a new field of research on Mars with the discovery of aurorae on the planet. We present here the most outstanding results collected by Mars Express about aurorae. Finally, we also discuss how later measurements by other missions have complemented Mars Express and TGO results, and the potential future developments relevant to this field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Martian ionosphere originates from the ionization of the planetary neutral atmosphere by solar radiation. This conductive layer is embedded within the thermosphere and exosphere of Mars where it forms a highly variable interaction region with the solar wind. The Martian ionosphere has been continuously observed by the three plasma instruments MaRS, MARSIS and ASPERA-3 on Mars Express for the last 20 years (>10 Martian years). Those long-term observations laid a solid foundation for what we know today about the Martian ionosphere, and provided numerous opportunities for collaboration and coordinated observations with other missions. This review describes the most significant achievements of Mars Express for the ionosphere, such as the dynamics and structures of both day and nightside, its variability and couplings with the lower atmosphere, as well as the improvement of atmospheric and ionosphere modelling. Mars Express has also provided a better characterization of the role of several external and internal drivers in controlling the ionosphere, such as the Martian crustal magnetic fields, solar activity, seasons, dust lifting from the surface, and even the direct interaction of the Martian ionosphere with the coma of an Oort-cloud comet (C/2013 A1, Siding Spring). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the problem of imaginative resistance in science, that is, why and under what circumstances imagination sometimes resists certain scenarios. In the first part, the paper presents and discusses two accounts concerning the problem and relevant for the main thesis of this study. The first position is that of Gendler (Journal of Philosophy 97:55–81, 2000), (Gendler, in: Nichols (ed) The Architecture of the Imagination: New essays on pretence, possibility and fiction, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006a), (Gendler & Liao, in: Gibson, Carroll (eds) The routledge companion to philosophy of literature, Routledge, New York, 2016), according to which imaginative resistance mainly concerns evaluative scenarios, presenting deviant moral attitudes. The second account examined is that of Kim et al. (in: Cova, Réhault (eds) Advances in experimental philosophy of aesthetics, Bloomsbury, London, 2018), who insisted on the link between imaginative resistance on the one hand and counterfactual and counterdescriptive scenarios on the other. In the light of both theories, this paper discusses the importance of addressing the problem of imaginative resistance in the scientific enterprise in the light of some mechanisms of embodied simulation, based on the activity of mirror neurons and investigated within the framework of the Embodied Simulation Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediation role of muscle quantity in the relationship between physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in adolescents. This cross-sectional study conducted with 120 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 10 and 17 years. Body mass, height, fat mass (FM), lean mass, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and 1 repetition maximum strength (1-RM) with evaluation of the leg press 45° (RM-leg), bench press (RM-bench) and arm curl (RM-arm). Body mass index z-score, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, lean mass index (LMI), muscle-to-fat ratio (MFR), age at peak height velocity, and CMRF z-score were calculated. The direct relation between FM and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (26%) and inverse relation between CRF and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (26%). For girls, the direct relation between FM and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (32%); the inverse relation between CRF, RM-leg, RM-arm and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (32%, 33%, and 32%, respective). For boys, the indirect effect was not significant, indicating that LMI is not a mediator in the relation between FM, CRF, 1-RM with CMRF. The direct relation between RM-leg and CMRF was mediated by the MRF (16%). This finding evidenced the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle to improve physical fitness levels and the quantity of muscle mass in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of quantum processing units (QPUs) in a heterogeneous high-performance computing environment requires solutions that facilitate hybrid classical–quantum programming. Standards such as OpenCL facilitate the programming of heterogeneous environments, consisting of CPUs and hardware accelerators. This study presents an innovative method that incorporates QPU functionality into OpenCL, standardizing quantum processes within classical environments. By leveraging QPUs within OpenCL, hybrid quantum–classical computations can be sped up, impacting domains like cryptography, optimization problems, and quantum chemistry simulations. Using Portable Computing Language (Jääskeläinen et al. in Int J Parallel Program 43(5):752–785, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-014-0320-y) and the Qulacs library (Suzuki et al. in Quantum 5:559, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-10-06-559), results demonstrate, for instance, the successful execution of Shor's algorithm (Nielsen and Chuang in Quantum computation and quantum information, 10th anniversary edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010), serving as a proof of concept for extending the approach to larger qubit systems and other hybrid quantum–classical algorithms. This integration approach bridges the gap between quantum and classical computing paradigms, paving the way for further optimization and application to a wide range of computational problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2021, a new surge in discrete aurora detections at Mars has been observed by the Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS) onboard the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) Hope Orbiter as EMUS started to regularly obtain synoptic auroral images with a high sensitivity. Here we report on a fortuitous conjunction between EMM and Mars Express (MEX) using far ultraviolet (FUV) imaging of discrete aurora by EMM EMUS, in situ measurements of suprathermal electrons by the MEX Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms Electron Spectrometer (ELS), and topside radar sounding of the nightside ionosphere by the MEX Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS). In this event, EMM EMUS imaged a clear discrete aurora signature around moderately strong crustal magnetic fields on the nightside near the dusk terminator, 11 min before which MEX MARSIS measured a prominent local enhancement of the peak electron density in the nightside ionosphere and MEX ELS observed an in situ enhancement of suprathermal electrons at the corresponding location. A remarkable geographic agreement is found between the enhancements of the aurora, ionosphere, and suprathermal electrons, suggesting that the enhanced ionization and auroral emission are caused concurrently by precipitating suprathermal electrons. Subsequent images indicate that the discrete aurora slightly changed its shape in 15 min and mostly disappeared in a few hours. The MEX MARSIS measurements of the auroral ionosphere display overlapping ionospheric and surface echoes indicative of horizontal gradients of the peak electron density. Analysis of the overlapping echoes implies that the auroral ionosphere and electron precipitation could be highly structured with horizontal spatial scales on the order of several tens of km. MEX MARSIS also observed a non-auroral ionospheric enhancement with a wider spatial extent than the local auroral enhancement, suggesting alternative sources of the enhanced nightside ionosphere such as plasma transport. The comparison between the ionospheric structures measured by MEX MARSIS, suprathermal electron flux measured by MEX ELS, and discrete auroral emission imaged by EMM EMUS underscores the complexity of the auroral and non-auroral nightside ionospheres. This motivates further investigations of their sources, transport, and connections to the magnetotail dynamics of Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Impaired insulin sensitivity is central in the etiology of type 2 diabetes in people with obesity. The effectiveness of resistance training (RE) alone in improving insulin sensitivity in people with obesity is undetermined. This study aimed to determine the influence of obesity on insulin sensitivity responses to RE. Methods: Nineteen sedentary men were allocated to Lean (BMI 22.7 ± 2.5 kg m−2; n = 10) or Obese group (BMI 33.2 ± 3.2 kg m−2; n = 9). Participants were evaluated before and after a 10-week supervised progressive RE (3 sets of 10 repetition maximum (RM), 3 d/wk) for insulin sensitivity indexes using an oral glucose tolerance test, body composition using anthropometrics, and strength using 1RM. Results: Groups were matched at baseline for all variables except for body composition and absolute strength. Body fat was not changed in both groups. Matsuda insulin sensitivity index, hepatic insulin resistance, and insulin area under the curve improved by 64.3 ± 61.9 unit, − 58.2 ± 102.9 unit, 2.3 ± 4.1 unit, and − 721.6 ± 858.2 µU/ml, respectively, only in the Lean group. The increased 1RM% for leg press was greater in the Lean (49.5 ± 18.7%) than in the Obese (31.5 ± 13.9), but not different for bench press (18.0 ± 9.1% vs. 16.4 ± 6.0%, respectively). Conclusion: Sustained obesity precludes insulin sensitivity improvements and attenuates strength gains in response to progressive RE. Additional strategies such as caloric restriction might be necessary for RE to improve insulin sensitivity, particularly at high levels of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singularity formation of the 3D incompressible Euler equations is known to be extremely challenging (Majda and Bertozzi in Vorticity and incompressible flow, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, vol 27, 2002; Gibbon in Physica D 237(14):1894–1904, 2008; Kiselev, in: Proceedings of the international congress of mathematicians, vol 3, 2018; Drivas and Elgindi in EMS Surv Math Sci 10(1):1–100, 2023; Constantin in Bull Am Math Soc 44(4):603–621, 2007). In Elgindi (Ann Math 194(3):647–727, 2021) (see also Elgindi et al. in Camb J Math 9(4), 2021), Elgindi proved that the 3D axisymmetric Euler equations with no swirl and C 1 , α initial velocity develops a finite time singularity. Inspired by Elgindi's work, we proved that the 3D axisymmetric Euler and 2D Boussinesq equations with C 1 , α initial velocity and boundary develop a stable asymptotically self-similar (or approximately self-similar) finite time singularity (Chen and Hou in Commun Math Phys 383(3):1559–1667, 2021) in the same setting as the Hou-Luo blowup scenario (Luo and Hou in Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(36):12968–12973, 2014; Luo and Hou in SIAM Multiscale Model Simul 12(4):1722–1776, 2014). On the other hand, the authors of Vasseur and Vishik (Commun Math Phys 378(1):557–568, 2020) and Lafleche et al. (Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 155:140–154, 2021) recently showed that blowup solutions to the 3D Euler equations are hydrodynamically unstable. The instability results obtained in Vasseur and Vishik (2020) and Lafleche et al. (2021) require some strong regularity assumption on the initial data, which is not satisfied by the C 1 , α velocity field. In this paper, we generalize the analysis of Elgindi (Ann Math 194(3):647–727, 2021), Chen and Hou (Commun Math Phys 383(3):1559–1667, 2021), Vasseur and Vishik (2020) and Lafleche et al. (2021) to show that the blowup solutions of the 3D Euler and 2D Boussinesq equations with C 1 , α velocity are unstable under the notion of stability introduced in Vasseur and Vishik (2020) and Lafleche et al. (2021). These two seemingly contradictory results reflect the difference of the two approaches in studying the stability of 3D Euler blowup solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working with SEM and cross-sectional data, and depending on the studied phenomenon, assuming an acyclic model may mean that we obtain only a partial view of the mechanisms that explain causal relationships between a set of theoretical constructs, given that variables are treated as antecedents and consequences. Our two-step approach allows researchers to identify and measure cyclic effects when working with cross-sectional data and a PLS modelling algorithm. Using the resources and appropriation theory and the sequential model of internet appropriation, we demonstrate the importance of considering cyclic effects. Our results show that opportunities for physical access followed by digital skills acquisition enhance internet usage (acyclic effects), but also that internet usage intensity, in reverse, reinforces both digital skills and physical access (cyclic effects), supporting Norris (Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the internet worldwide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001) social stratification hypothesis regarding future evolution of the digital divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hemp contains protein with high concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine and oils that have anti-inflammatory properties. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of hemp supplementation during resistance training in trained young adults. Methods: Males (n = 22, 29 ± 8y) and females (n = 12, 30 ± 9y) were randomized (double-blind) to receive 60 g/d of hemp (containing 40 g protein and 9 g oil) or 60 g/d of soy (matched for protein and calories) during eight weeks of resistance training (~ 4x/week). Before and after the intervention, participants were assessed for whole-body lean tissue and fat mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), regional muscle hypertrophy (ultrasound), strength (1-repetition maximum leg press, bench press, biceps curl), voluntary activation (interpolated twitch technique), resting twitch properties (single pulse; 0.5 ms) (before and after a fatigue test), markers of inflammation (Interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein), and bone resorption (urinary N-telopeptides). Results: Hemp supplementation increased elbow flexor muscle thickness in females (2.6 ± 0.4–3.1 ± 0.5 cm, p = 0.012) while soy supplementation increased elbow flexor muscle thickness in males (3.7 ± 0.4–4.0 ± 0.5 cm, p < 0.01). Twitch torque and rate of torque development were preserved after a fatigue test in males consuming hemp compared to males on soy (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, hemp provides some sex-specific beneficial effects on measures of muscle accretion and torque under fatiguing conditions in resistance trained young adults. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02529917, registered August 11, 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel double-stage hydraulic system incorporating a hydraulic controllable accumulator (HCA) was proposed to simultaneously improve the energy and working efficiency of the hydraulic fineblanking press. Within this system, an innovative controller was proposed to orchestrate the HCA's operations, allowing it to adeptly adapt to abrupt pressure fluctuations and the energy demands from the external load. Within this study, a meticulous analysis was conducted to assess the energy demands of the fineblanking process and the function requirements of the hydraulic system. Subsequently, the energy consumption model based on the energy conservation law was established to analyze the supply–demand relationship of each stage and the energy conversion characteristic of capacitive energy, inertial energy, and resistive energy, thereby calculating these key parameters of the HCA. Then, an accurate simulation model was meticulously established and ultimately validated by the 1000-ton hydraulic fineblanking press, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the system's working performance and energy consumption characteristics. The simulation and experimental results showed that within this proposed system, the main cylinder circuit accounted for a big part of energy consumption, three times higher than that of the fast cylinder circuit. In the fast cylinder circuit, both resistive and capacitive energy were prominent, whereas in the main cylinder circuit, capacitive energy took precedence. Compared to the traditional system, the proposed system performed better with lower system pressure fluctuation and higher working efficiency increased by 10%. Moreover, the energy efficiency of the proposed system reached 45.9%, 20.35% higher than that of the traditional system, resulting in a reduction in energy consumption of 169.4 kJ per duty cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neil Rogachevsky and Dov Zigler's book, "Israel's Declaration of Independence: The History and Political Theory of the Nation's Founding Moment," examines the significance of Israel's Declaration of Independence in the absence of a formal constitution since the country's establishment in 1948. The authors analyze the four drafts that preceded the final document, highlighting the influence of natural rights, Labor Zionism, international law, and the role of key figures such as David Ben-Gurion. They also discuss the ongoing debate in Israel over the inclusion of democracy in the declaration and the country's struggle to adopt a consolidated constitution. The book's methodology combines textual analysis and theoretical inputs, making it a valuable resource for courses on Israeli politics and Jewish studies. [Extracted from the article]

The historiography of modern Hebrew culture views early twentieth-century Russia largely through the lens of canonical literature. However, Hebrew played a role in many other aspects of Jewish society, prominent among them children's literature. By examining readers' letters published in four Hebrew children's magazines, this article explores the spread and meaning of the language for different sectors of Russian Jewry. It claims that Hebrew played a role in Jewish modernization for those who did not identify with Zionism and even those who claimed to reject modernism entirely. To better understand East European Jewish life through the prism of multifaceted Hebrew culture, this article studies publications of varied ideological positions—Zionist, nonpartisan nationalist, and Orthodox—to provide a more comprehensive picture of Jewish perception of Hebrew. It shows how, despite their disparities, the four publications employed similar strategies when addressing young readers, directing them to a desired worldview and mobilizing them to social activity. The readers' letters in these magazines reveal the experience of learning, reading, and speaking the renewed language in the context of family life, social pressure, and gender dynamics. They provide essential information about methods, habits, and patterns of using Hebrew inside and outside the classroom. In addition, the letters shed light on the interaction between children and adults—parents, teachers, and newspaper editors—against the backdrop of the vibrant ideological discourse of the era. On balance, the current research offers a contribution to the study of revitalized Hebrew culture as well as the social history of modern European Jewry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Thoughtful Images: Illustrating Philosophy through Art" by Thomas E. Wartenberg explores the philosophy of illustration and its historical significance. The book discusses different types of illustrations, including text-based, concept-based, and theory-based illustrations, and examines the balance between fidelity and creativity in translating verbal descriptions into visual representations. Wartenberg also analyzes various examples of illustrations throughout history, including pre-modern illustrations, frontispieces of books, theory-based illustrations, and graphic philosophy in comics. While the book offers valuable insights, some of its categorizations and claims may be subject to debate. Overall, "Thoughtful Images" provides a thought-provoking exploration of the relationship between philosophy and art. [Extracted from the article]

Gary Smith's book, "Distrust: Big Data, Data-Torturing, and the Assault on Science," explores the factors that have led to a decline in the credibility of science. The book highlights the role of social media and the internet in spreading conspiracy theories and misinformation that question the reliability of science. It also discusses the practices of data torturing and data mining, which produce false findings and diminish the trust in legitimate science. Additionally, the book examines the dangers of excessive faith in artificial intelligence. While the book presents a bleak picture of contemporary science, it also suggests that institutional changes can help address these issues and restore trust in science. [Extracted from the article]

Catherine Volpilhac-Auger's biography of Montesquieu offers a comprehensive and revisionist account of the Enlightenment thinker's life. The book explores Montesquieu's upbringing, education, career, and contributions as an author, challenging previous interpretations and providing insight into the institutional contexts that shaped his life. The biography also delves into Montesquieu's extensive library and his methods of learning and research. Overall, this nuanced and detailed portrait highlights Montesquieu's multifaceted life and his significant contributions to philosophy and political thought. The text also discusses Montesquieu's published works and argues that they should not be seen as definitive representations of his intellectual process. It explores the relationship between his personal life and intellectual production. The English version of the book includes expanded chronology and some changes for an English-speaking audience, although there are minor errors and inconsistencies. The text concludes by praising the book as a valuable contribution to Montesquieu scholarship. [Extracted from the article]

Esther Zimmer Lederberg, a pioneer in bacterial genetics, faced challenges as a woman in a male-dominated field. She made significant contributions to the field alongside her husband, Joshua Lederberg, but her work was often overshadowed. After their divorce, Esther's scientific career declined, and she spent the rest of her life tending the Plasmid Reference Center at Stanford University. The book "A Hidden Legacy" explores Esther's life and work, but the author's lack of clarity and methodological rigor prevent a comprehensive understanding of her legacy. The book also fails to provide a thorough contextualization of bacterial genetics within the broader scientific trajectory. Despite these shortcomings, the book sheds light on the experiences of women in science and highlights the need for further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

The book "Body and Machine in Classical Antiquity" is a collection of twelve essays that explore the development of machine-body analogies in ancient texts. The essays cover a wide range of topics, including ancient biology, disabilities, automata, and medical technologies. While the focus is on ancient authors, the collection also extends into the eighteenth century, highlighting the shift from analogies to a mechanized conception of the human body. The essays provide valuable insights into ancient conceptions of the body and offer new perspectives on under-researched topics. However, the collection is criticized for omitting Plato and his work, the Timaeus. [Extracted from the article]

"The Classical-Quantum Correspondence" by Benjamin H. Feintzeig is a comprehensive exploration of the classical-quantum correspondence using C* algebras and quantization theory. The book is aimed at researchers interested in the foundations of quantum physics and covers topics such as the 0-limit, classical-quantum structural continuity, and the interpretation of particle concepts in quantum field theories. It assumes a strong mathematical background but is a good starting point for those familiar with the algebraic approach to quantum theories. The book also applies the formal framework to philosophical considerations, including the reduction of classical to quantum physics and the explanation of classical physics using quantum physics. It discusses the concept of quantization theory, the interpretation of Planck's constant, and the continuity of structure in the transition from classical to quantum physics. The text concludes by discussing the heuristic role of quantization in constructing quantum theories and its potential implications for interpretative questions in quantum mechanics. [Extracted from the article]

James Pearson's book, "Nietzsche on Conflict, Struggle, and War," explores the theme of conflict in Nietzsche's work. Pearson examines Nietzsche's views on various forms of conflict, including Greek agonistic culture, war, class struggle, and biological competition. The book delves into apparent inconsistencies in Nietzsche's thinking, such as his glorification of violence and social stratification, while also valuing non-violent competition and self-overcoming. Pearson argues that Nietzsche's thought can be understood in terms of measured and unmeasured conflict, and explores how Nietzsche's ideas on conflict evolve over his texts. While some of Pearson's conclusions may be debated, the book offers valuable insights into Nietzsche's views on conflict and is recommended for those interested in Nietzsche's thought on Greek culture, biological theories, social and political thought, and the will to power. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a review of the book "The Pragmatist Challenge: Pragmatist Metaphysics for Philosophy of Science," edited by Holly K. Andersen and Sandra D. Mitchell. The book consists of six essays by distinguished philosophers of science and explores the application of pragmatist approaches to various topics in philosophy of science. The essays cover subjects such as the role of truth in science, scientific realism, the toleration of metaphysically loaded concepts, the unification of scientific theories, and the interpretation of quantum field theory. The book offers a valuable contribution to the field and will be of interest to those interested in pragmatist approaches to philosophy of science. [Extracted from the article]

Peter Vickers' book, "Identifying future-proof science," challenges skepticism towards scientific progress by arguing that consensus among a diverse population of scientists is a reliable indicator of approximate truth. While Vickers provides case studies to support his argument, challenges exist in gathering evidence of consensus and determining scientific diversity. The distinction between core claims and changeable details also raises questions. Despite these challenges, building public trust in science can be achieved through sharing evidence and promoting an ever-improving understanding of the world. The article by David Harker discusses Springer Nature's neutral stance on jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations in published maps, without providing further information or context. [Extracted from the article]

In this book review, the author discusses Peter Vickers' book "Identifying future-proof science" and raises concerns about Vickers' claims. Vickers argues that some of our current best scientific theories will remain correct as long as scientific knowledge continues to be produced. He proposes criteria for identifying future-proof science, including a robust international scientific consensus and a substantial diversity of perspectives. The author raises concerns about the certainty of Vickers' claims, the examples he provides, and the practical implications of determining future-proof science. Despite these concerns, the author acknowledges the intellectual value of Vickers' work. [Extracted from the article]

Peter Vickers's book, "Identifying Future-Proof Science," explores the concept of scientific facts that will remain valid over time. Vickers examines the criteria for determining scientific statements as facts and how non-experts can identify future-proof science. He suggests that laypeople should look for a solid scientific consensus, where at least 95% of relevant scientists agree unambiguously on a claim. However, there are challenges in defining diversity and plurality within the scientific community, as well as relying on quantitative measures like publication numbers and journal reputation. Vickers proposes improving science education to help individuals evaluate scientific claims effectively. [Extracted from the article]

Sabina Leonelli's book, "Philosophy of Open Science," provides an insightful examination of the relationship between the ideals of the open science movement and the realities of scientific practice. Leonelli argues that the prevailing emphasis on sharing research outcomes in open science initiatives may overlook the diversity and complexity of the scientific inquiry process. She advocates for a shift towards a more process-oriented focus that prioritizes holistic collaboration and inclusivity. The book explores concrete examples and theoretical foundations to support Leonelli's argument and highlights the potential ethical and epistemological challenges of object-oriented approaches in open science. While the book may be more relevant to policymakers and those in positions of influence, it serves as a valuable resource for researchers looking to critically assess the assumptions and implications of open science projects. [Extracted from the article]

Background: In order to reduce the complications of perineal damage and the pain caused by it for the mother, this study was conducted to determine the effect of warm perineal compress on perineal trauma (1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-degree perineal tears), postpartum pain, intact perineum (primary outcomes), episiotomy, length of the second stage, and APGAR score at 1 and 5 min after childbirth (secondary outcome). Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to identify the relevant articles from inception to November 1, 2022, with language restriction (only English and Persian). A manual search was also performed. Risk of bias 2 (RoB2) and ROBIN-I were employed to evaluate the quality of the included papers. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2. In cases with high heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was utilized based on the parity and ethnicity, and time of pain measurement after delivery also a random-effects model was used instead of a fixed-effects model. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed for the primary outcomes. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results: A total number of 228 articles were found in databases. Of these articles, eighty-six were screened by title, 27 by abstract, and 21 by full text. Finally, 14 articles were included, of which ten were RCT and four were non-RCT. Meta-analysis results revealed that warm perineal compress significantly reduced perineal pain (RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08–0.66; P = 0.0006), average pain (SMD − 0.73, 95% CI 1.23 to − 0.23; P = 0.004), second-degree perineal tear (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.54–0.79; P˂0.00001), third-degree perineal tear (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.15–0.67; P = 0.003), fourth-degree perineal tear (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01–0.87; P = 0.04), episiotomy (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46–0.86; P = 0.004), and intact perineum significantly increased (RR 3.06, 95% CI 1.79–5.22; P < 0.0001) compared to the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of first-degree tear (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.86–1.25; P = 0.72), length of the second stage of labor (MD − 0.60, 95% CI − 2.43 to 1.22; P = 0.52), the first minute (MD − 0.03, 95% CI − 0.07 to 0.02; P = 0.24) and the fifth minute Apgar score (MD − 0.02, 95% CI − 0.07 to 0.03; P = 0.46) between the two groups. Conclusion: Warm perineal compress administered during the second stage of labor reduce postpartum pain, second and third-degree perineal tears, and episiotomy rate while it increases the incidence of intact perineum compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of point-loss response cost on the responding under fixed-interval (FI) schedules in humans. Responses by undergraduates produced points exchangeable for money arranged according to an FI 90-s schedule (Experiment 1) or a multiple FI 30-s FI 60-s FI 90-s schedule (Experiment 2). Following this baseline, a contingency of response cost, under which responses lost points, was introduced then withdrawn. Response rates with the response cost were lower than those during the baseline. Following termination of the response cost contingency, the final response rates were again lower than those during the baseline (Experiments 1 and 2). Such low-rate responding was not found for participants who were exposed only to no-cost FI schedules (Experiment 2). These results demonstrate an irreversible effect of response cost. Generality and implications of the findings were discussed in the context of the research in punishment and human schedule performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the differences in body composition and physical performance in academy under-16 (U16) soccer players, born in the first (i.e., early born, EB) and second semester (i.e., late born, LB) of the year; and analyze the associations of relative age (RA) and biological maturation (peak height velocity [PHV]) with body composition and physical performance. Methods: Twenty U16 male players (age: 15.6 ± 0.4 years, body mass: 63.7 ± 6.4 kg, height: 172.1 ± 6.3 cm) participated in the study. Body composition, one-repetition maximum in the squat (SQ-1RM) and bench press (BP-1RM), jumps, sprints (linear, curved and change of direction) and endurance capacity tests were completed. Results: EB had a significant earlier maturity offset and higher muscle mass (p < 0.05; ES: 0.91 and 0.94), and performed better in the strength, jump, sprints, and aerobic tests when compared to LB players (p < 0.05; ES varying between 0.89 and 1.41). Significant associations were observed between maturity offset and RA, body composition, and several physical capacities (p < 0.05; r = 0.447 to 0.759). Conclusions: EB players outperformed their LB peers, which may be attributed to their more advanced biological maturation. In addition, maturity offset and RA were both associated to body composition and physical performance metrics in U16 male soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance training does not necessarily require repetition failure, whereas velocity-based training and "training not to failure" are available alternatives to know the optimal point to interrupt the sets. Nevertheless, velocity-based training require exclusively maximal intended velocities and training not to failure currently relies on subjectivity to estimate repetitions in reserve. This study evaluated the accuracy and precision of a linear encoder in estimating the maximum number of repetitions during sets performed until failure at self-selected movement velocity. Fifty-seven males were evaluated in three resistance exercises: close-grip lat pulldown, knee extension, and bench press. Accuracy was evaluated by comparing the mean and median of actual and estimated repetitions using t tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, respectively. Additionally, the fatigue effect in consecutive sets was analyzed using two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. Levels of agreement were assessed through Bland–Altman analysis, and reproducibility was determined by calculating the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The results showed no significant difference between actual and estimated repetitions (t178 = 0.307; p > 0.05; ES = 0.02; Z = − 0.45; p > 0.05; ES = − 0.02), even in the presence of fatigue between consecutive sets. The reproducibility for estimating maximal repetitions was good (ICC3,2 = 0.88 [95% CI = 0.83–0.91], F177,177 = 8.07, p < 0.001), with an acceptable degree of agreement. Errors of less than or equal to two repetitions occurred in over 90% of the series for the close-grip lat pulldown and bench press, with knee extension exhibiting a slightly lower frequency. Hence, practitioners and trainers should consider using this linear encoder for the evaluated exercises, especially when failure is not desired under self-selected velocity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review describes the dynamic phenomena in the atmosphere of Mars that are visible in images taken in the visual range through cloud formation and dust lifting. We describe the properties of atmospheric features traced by aerosols covering a large range of spatial and temporal scales, including dynamical interpretations and modelling when available. We present the areographic distribution and the daily and seasonal cycles of those atmospheric phenomena. We rely primarily on images taken by cameras on Mars Express. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-phase converters are commonly used in small and medium power supply systems, but their inherent 2ω-ripple power has a significant impact on system performance, including maximum power point fluctuations in photovoltaic systems, low-frequency light flicker in light-emitting diode lighting systems, and the efficiency and lifetime of fuel cell systems. In this paper, we review the single-phase converter topologies with 2ω-ripple suppress and provide a comprehensive summary and comparison of power decoupling topologies. Power decoupling topology can be divided into passive power decoupling topology (PPDT) and active power decoupling topology (APDT). Among them, the PPDT does not need to add switching devices and has simple structure and convenient control. However, due to the volume and life of the energy storage element, the application place is also limited. The APDT needs to add an active power buffer to suppress the 2ω-ripple power. According to the different working modes of the active power buffer switch, the APDT can be divided into independent APDT and dependent APDT. The former operates independently in the original converter, while the latter needs to share switching devices or energy storage elements with the original converter. This paper systematically summarizes the existing single-phase converter circuit topologies for suppressing 2ω-ripple and their development process, aiming to provide classification and comparison for researchers and engineers to select the circuit topologies suitable for their specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Murthy et al. (Commun Comput Phys 2:23, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.OA-2016-0259) and Escande et al. (Lattice Boltzmann method for wave propagation in elastic solids with a regular lattice: theoretical analysis and validation, 2020. arXiv.doi:1048550/ARXIV.2009.06404. arXiv:2009.06404) adopted the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) to model the linear elastodynamic behaviour of isotropic solids. The LBM is attractive as an elastodynamic solver because it can be parallelised readily and lends itself to finely discretised simulations of dynamic effects in continua, allowing transient phenomena such as wave propagation to be modeled efficiently. This work proposes simple local boundary rules which approximate the behaviour of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions with an LBM for elastic solids. The boundary rules are shown to be consistent with the target boundary values in the first order. An empirical convergence study is performed for the transient tension loading of a rectangular plate, with a Finite Element (FE) simulation being used as a reference. Additionally, we compare results produced by the LBM for the sudden loading of a stationary crack with an analytical solution from Freund (Dynamic fracture mechanics. Cambridge Monographs on Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546761). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Arc of Interference: Medical Anthropology for Worlds on Edge" is a book that pays tribute to the career of Arthur Kleinman, a key figure in Harvard University's approach to global health rooted in medical anthropology. The book consists of twelve chapters organized into four sections, highlighting the importance of care in imperiled worlds and offering measured critiques of the field of global health. It explores the concepts of "arcs of interference" and "worlds on edge," emphasizing the need for integrating medical anthropology into public and global health to improve outcomes. The book is relevant for students and scholars interested in critical medical anthropology and its application to global health. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: To investigate the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) control and identify the factors associated with failure of initial Ex-PRESS surgery in patients with open-angle glaucoma for 3 years. Methods: A total of 79 patients with medically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma (55 normal-tension glaucoma and 24 primary open-angle glaucoma) were enrolled. All patients underwent Ex-PRESS implantation (including combined cataract surgery). The outcome measure was the survival rate using life table analysis, the failure was defined as IOP of > 18 mmHg (criterion A), > 15 mmHg (criterion B) or > 12 mmHg (criterion C) and/or IOP reduction of < 20% from baseline (each criterion) without any glaucoma medications. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify risk factors for IOP management defined as the above criterion. Results: The mean preoperative IOP was 19.3 ± 5.8 mmHg. At 36 months, the mean IOP was 11.8 ± 3.6 mmHg with a mean IOP change of 7.5 mmHg (reduction rate 39.0%). The cumulative probability of success was 58% (95%CI: 42–64%) (criterion A), 48% (95%CI: 37–59%) (criterion B) and 30% (95%CI: 20–40%) (criterion C). In multivariate analyses, factors that predicted poor IOP control included the intervention of bleb needling after 6 months after the surgery (HR: 2.43; 95%CI: 1.35–4.37; P = 0.032). Transient hypotony was observed in 4 patients. Conclusion: The implementation of bleb needling after Ex-PRESS surgery in the late postoperative period was suggested to be the main risk factor for achieving lower IOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we find stability conditions of a two-class retrial system with unreliable server, in which the new customer joins a class-dependent orbit queue regardless of the state of the server. The interrupted customer joins the top of the corresponding orbit and tries to occupy the server after a class-dependent exponential retrial time. To find stability conditions, we apply two different approaches, regenerative approach and the stability analysis of a Markov chain (the MC approach) which has been developed in Fayolle et al. (Topics in the constructive theory of countable Markov chains, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995). The former approach allows to obtain a transparent and intuitive necessary stability condition. Then we apply the MC approach to obtain the stability criterion of the embedded two-dimensional Markov chain describing the state of orbits at the instances when the server becomes free. We use a necessary stability condition obtained by the regenerative method to present the stability criterion in a compact form. Moreover we discuss a modified controllable system and compare stability zones of these two systems. Some numerical examples based on simulation results are included as well which illustrate the theoretical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have spent decades arguing that policy entrepreneurs, change agents who work individually and in groups to influence the policy process, can be crucial in introducing policy innovation and spurring policy change. How to identify policy entrepreneurs empirically has received less attention. This oversight is consequential because scholars trying to understand when policy entrepreneurs emerge, and why, and what makes them more or less successful, need to be able to identify these change agents reliably and accurately. This paper explores the ways policy entrepreneurs are currently identified and highlights issues with current approaches. We introduce a new technique for eliciting and distinguishing policy entrepreneurs, coupling automated and manual analysis of local news media and a survey of policy entrepreneur candidates. We apply this technique to the empirical case of unconventional oil and gas drilling in Pennsylvania and derive some tentative results concerning factors which increase entrepreneurial efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Unification of the Arts: A Framework for Understanding What the Arts Share and Why" by Steven Brown is a book that aims to integrate cognitive, biological, and evolutionary perspectives on the arts. Brown explores the relationships among different art forms and addresses questions about what the arts have in common and how they combine. The book covers foundational topics, the narrative arts, the coordinative arts, and creativity. While the book provides interesting insights and a coherent theoretical framework, it is also hypothetical and may lack scientific rigor. Overall, it offers a broad and interdisciplinary approach to understanding the arts. [Extracted from the article]

In the book "Causation with a Human Face" by James Woodward, the author proposes a functional approach to causation that integrates descriptive and normative aspects. Woodward argues that understanding causation requires examining the goals and purposes of causal reasoning in human activity. The book draws on various disciplines, including statistics, computer science, philosophy, and empirical research on causal cognition. Woodward's research program expands the boundaries of these disciplines and offers important insights into the philosophy of causation. While the book raises questions and challenges, it provides a clear understanding of why causation matters and offers valuable guidance for future research in the field. [Extracted from the article]

A well-known difficulty that affects all accounts of laws of nature according to which the latter are higher-order facts involving relations between universals (the so-called DTA accounts, from Dretske in Philosophy of Science 44:248–268, 1977; Tooley in Canadian Journal of Philosophy 7:667–698, 1977 and Armstrong (What is a Law of Nature?, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983)) is the Inference Problem: how can laws construed in that way determine the first-order regularities that we find in the actual world? Bird (Analysis 65:147–55, 2005) has argued that there is no solution to the Inference Problem which is consistent with both categorical monism (that is, the view that all natural properties are categorical) and basic tenets of Armstrong's account of the laws of nature. This paper shows that, given Armstrong's view about laws as first-order structural universals whose instantiation 'produce' nomic regularities and under specific plausible metaphysical assumptions concerning nomic relations which are consistent with a broadly construed DTA approach to laws, there is no extra difficulty regarding the Inference Problem in a categorical monistic context besides the ones that beset structural universals in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Both an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) and caffeine consumption can significantly alter hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, and arterial stiffness, which may correlate with adverse cardiovascular events. However, effects of an acute bout of RE and caffeine are unclear in resistance-trained women. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an acute bout of RE with repetitions to failure on squat and bench press, with or without caffeine, on performance, resting and recovery measures of hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, as well as arterial stiffness in resistance-trained women. Methods: Eleven women participated in a double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over design in which they consumed caffeine (4 mg/kg) or placebo at least 72 h apart. Sixty minutes following ingestion, participants performed two sets of 10 repetitions followed by a third set to failure on squat and bench press. Hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, and arterial stiffness were measured at rest, 60 min post-ingestion, and three minutes and 10 min following RE. Results: Data demonstrated caffeine has no additive effects on performance, hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, or arterial stiffness (p > 0.05) before or following an acute bout of RE in resistance-trained women compared to a placebo. Conclusions: Resistance-trained women may not observe any alteration to RE performance on the squat and bench press in terms of repetitions to failure following caffeine ingestion. In addition, the data from the present study suggests that there may also not be any further negative effects on the cardiovasculature if caffeine is consumed prior to the RE bout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatiles, descriptive sensory profiles as well as consumer acceptance and preference of juices from red-fleshed 'Weirouge' apples produced in 2019 and 2020 with three different dejuicing systems were assessed. HS–SPME–GC–MS analyses revealed differences in the profiles of volatiles in juices processed in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere with an innovative spiral filter press as compared to those obtained using conventional systems, i.e., horizontal filter press and decanter. A total of 49 volatiles was tentatively assigned and permitted a clustering of the samples according to vintage and processing technology by multivariate statistics. Tentative markers to differentiate the individual samples were deduced from the multivariate models. In both years, each three 1,3-dioxanes and C6 alcohols were revealed as discriminative markers of horizontal filter pressed juices. Descriptive sensory analysis by trained panelists revealed higher intensity scores of 'oxidized' and 'apple-like' orthonasal odors in juices produced by horizontal filter press and decanter as compared to those obtained by spiral filter press. The visual appearance of the spiral filter pressed juices was significantly higher rated compared to those obtained by conventional pressing systems as revealed by an untrained consumer panel (n = 65). In contrast, both odor and taste were lower rated, ultimately resulting in a clear-cut higher acceptance and preference of the decanter-made juices, followed by those obtained by horizontal and spiral filter press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quiet ego interprets the self and others by balancing concerns for their welfare and cultivating their growth (Bauer and Wayment, in: Wayment, Bauer (eds) Transcending self-interest: psychological explorations of the quiet ego, American Psychological Association Books, Washington, DC, 2008). A growing body of research shows that the Quiet Ego Scale (QES; Wayment et al. in J Happiness Stud 16:999–1033, 2015a, Front Psychol 6:1–11, 2015b) relates to numerous measures of human flourishing. The present three studies of college students and adults situate the quiet ego within a framework of value orientation and actualization that organizes constructs of human flourishing in terms of motives (including moral motives), well-being (as hedonic satisfaction and eudaimonic meaningfulness, including moral fulfillment), and wisdom (Bauer in The transformative self: personal growth, narrative identity, and the good life, Oxford University Press, New York, 2021). Results from samples of college students and adults suggest that the QES corresponds to: (1) mainly humanistic and eudaimonic (including moral) motives; (2) hedonic and especially eudaimonic well-being (including moral fulfillment); and (3) motives, well-being, and wisdom independently. The discussion considers the quiet ego in terms of Epicurean ataraxia and Buddhist upekkha, a model of a good life that, like the quiet ego, emphasizes equanimity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to examine the effects of acute caffeine ingestion on muscular strength, muscular endurance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain perception (PP) during strength exercise to failure. Methods: Thirteen subjects (6 males, 7 females, 21.30 ± 0.71 years) participated in this randomized, double-blind, controlled experimental study. Participants ingested caffeine capsules (5 mg kg−1) or placebo 1 h before a resistance exercise session at 90% 1RM and 50% 1RM, separated by at least 48 h. Results: The number of repetitions performed in the first and second series at 90% of 1RM of the bench press was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the caffeine condition than the placebo. In the back squat, the first set in the caffeine condition was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in comparison to placebo. At 50% 1RM, the number of repetitions was higher in the caffeine session than the placebo in the bench press, back squat and leg press exercises (p < 0.05). RPE at 50% 1RM was lower (p < 0.05) in the caffeine session compared to the placebo session in the bench press, back squat, and supine row. The PP at 90% of 1RM was lower (p < 0.05) in the bench press in the first and second series about the placebo session. Conclusion: In conclusion, caffeine intake can be used to obtain greater performance in strength training with lower PP and muscular endurance with lower RPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This book review provides an overview of the book "Scientific Representation" by James Nguyen and Roman Frigg. The book aims to explore the debate on scientific representation in recent philosophy of science, critically assess different views, and present the authors' own perspective. The review highlights the taxonomy of questions that theories of scientific representation must answer, including the Semantic Question, the Accuracy Question, and the Model Question. The review examines the three families of views discussed in the book: resemblance-based, inferentialism, and the authors' DEKI account. Overall, the review praises the book for its clear writing, careful argumentation, and usefulness as a resource for students and philosophers interested in scientific representation and modeling. [Extracted from the article]

James Woodward's book, "Causation with a Human Face," offers a unique perspective on causation by starting with how humans reason causally and then exploring the normative aspects of causation. Woodward acts as an "epistemic or conceptual engineer," connecting different aspects of causation with their functional roles in human reasoning. The book integrates empirical research on causal cognition, formal approaches like causal modeling, and philosophical theories of causation, all under the umbrella of a "functional account of causation." Woodward's approach aims to overcome dichotomies between the descriptive and the normative, as well as between epistemology and metaphysics. The book explores the role of philosophy and empirical research in studying causal cognition and evaluates different conceptions and theories of causation. Woodward's normative framework is based on the notions of invariance and proportionality, which are derived from empirical work on human causal cognition. However, the grounding of these normative notions in the descriptive features of causation requires careful methodology and justification. Overall, Woodward's book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of causation from a human-centered perspective. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses Richard Rorty's perspective on the relationship between philosophy and liberal democracy, as well as Robert B. Brandom's theory of normativity in his book "Pragmatism and Idealism: Rorty and Hegel on Reason and Representation." Rorty argues that philosophical theories cannot justify or ground liberal democracy, but can only align with it. Brandom, on the other hand, aims to resuscitate representation from Rorty's critique by demonstrating its compatibility with social pragmatism about norms. However, the article points out a gap in Brandom's account regarding the distribution of normative attitudes among groups, which reinforces Rorty's prioritization of democracy over philosophy. The article concludes by suggesting that the extent to which these views align with liberal democracy is still uncertain. [Extracted from the article]

The book "Human Technological Enhancement and Theological Anthropology" by Victoria Lorrimar explores the ethical and theological implications of human enhancement technologies. The author argues that science fiction can help us imagine and navigate the future possibilities of enhancement. The book examines the role of creativity, theology, and the imagination in understanding human enhancement. While the author provides a theoretical framework for discussing enhancement, they acknowledge the need for specific analysis of each technology and its context. The book emphasizes the importance of science fiction in exploring the complex social dynamics and ethical considerations of enhancement technologies. [Extracted from the article]