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Hyperglycaemia is a life-threatening risk factor that occurs in both chronic and acute phases and has been linked to causing injury to many organs. Protein modification was triggered by hyperglycaemic stress, which resulted in pathogenic alterations such as impaired cellular function and tissue damage. Dysregulation in cellular function increases the condition associated with metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Hyperglycaemic stress also increases the proliferation of cancer cells. The major areas of experimental biomedical research have focused on the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular signalling systems involved in diabetes-associated chronic hyperglycaemia. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress generated by hyperglycaemia modify many intracellular signalling pathways that result in insulin resistance and β-cell function degradation. The dysregulation of post translational modification in β cells is clinically associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and its associated diseases. This review will discuss the effect of hyperglycaemic stress on protein modification and the cellular signalling involved in it. The focus will be on the significant molecular changes associated with severe metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulases are the enzymes of broad industrial interests due to their versatile applications including biomass conversion processing. However, issues, e.g., high production cost of enzyme and lack of suitable bioprocess technology, are the main thirst of this area. Additionally, fungal strains are frequently reported for the cost-effective cellulase and its constituent enzyme production, whereas narrow data are present on bacterial cellulase production. In this study, enhanced endoglucanase (EG) production has been investigated using bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis PF_1. Herein, EG has been produced using waste leaves of water hyacinth (WH), employed as substrate following solid state fermentation (SSF). At an optimum concentration of WH substrate (5.0 g), Bacillus subtilis PF_1 could produce 17 IU/gds EG and 12 IU/gds FP activity in 30 h. Besides, the enzyme activity was further enhanced by changing the particles texture, and maximum 21 IU/gds EG activity was noticed at 30 h in case of rough surface (RS) of WH as compared to smooth surface (SS) which produced only 9 IU/gds. Further, the crude EG enzyme exhibited an optimum incubation temperature of 60 °C at pH 5.0 when it was treated with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Moreover, the same enzyme has shown its half-life stability at 60 °C for 4.5 h in the presence TiO2 NPs and the optimum incubation pH 5.0. The present study may have potential applications for cellulase production using WH which is imperative for numerous industrial purposes such as paper/pulp industries, biopolishing, and biomass conversion processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gene regulation of IL-6 is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cytokines, bacterial products, viral infection, and activation of the diacylglycerol-, cyclic AMP-, or Ca + + -activated signal transduction pathways. Aim: Scaling and root planning (SRP), a non-surgical periodontal therapy, was studied in connection to several clinical parameters for its effect on salivary IL-6 levels in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. Methods: For this study, a total of 60 GCP patients were included. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing percentage (BOP%), and clinical attachment loss were among the clinical indicators covered (CAL). Results: Following SRP, mean IL-6 levels in patients with GCP were significantly higher in the pre-treatment group (2.93 5.17 pg/ml; p 0.05) than in the posttreatment group (5.78 8.26 pg/ml; baseline). Pre- and post-treatment IL-6 levels for PI (pre), BOP percent (pre/post), GI (post), and PPD were found to be positively correlated (post). In patients with GCP, the study showed a statistically significant correlation between periodontal metrics and salivary IL-6. Conclusions: Changes in periodontal indices and IL-6 levels that are statistically significant over time indicate that non-surgical treatment is effective, and IL-6 can be regarded as a potent disease activity marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Garlic is an established antioxidant, owing its antioxidant property to a number of constituent sulfhydryl compounds, the most important of which is diallyl sulfide (DAS). Garlic and its constituents are known to protect against reactive oxygen species mediated damages by various toxicants including asbestos, a well known carcinogen. Present study is a first attempt to compare potential of crude garlic extract and DAS to protect against asbestos induced genotoxicity in vivo. Materials and Methods: Female albino rats were exposed to Indian chrysotile asbestos intratracheally. Other groups of rats were exposed to chrysotile and either garlic or diallyl sulfide. We employed the micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations assays in the alveolar macrophages to analyze the genotoxicity of asbestos fibers. Results: Our results indicate that both garlic extract as well as DAS, when administered to rats, significantly reduced genetic damages induced by asbestos, although the protection by garlic extract was much higher than that of DAS. Conclusion: We conclude two important outcomes; first, garlic extract provides more robust protection as compared to any of its isolated constituents and second, the macrophages can be used as a non-invasive tool for genotoxicity assessment after exposure through inhalation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in several central nervous system (CNS) pathologies including Alzheimer and Parkinson’s diseases. In the face-off of AGE menace, we have attempted to investigate the zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) role in inhibition of AGE formation. Synthesized ZnONPs were used to investigate the inhibitory effects on AGE formation. The inhibitory effects of ZnONPs on AGE formation were determined by biophysical immunological and biochemical techniques. The results showed that ZnONP is a potential anti-glycating agent inhibiting AGE formation as well as protecting the protein structure from change. Therefore, our findings suggest ZnONPs may be used as a therapeutic in resolving the AGE role in CNS-related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-enzymatic glycation reaction results in the generation of free radicals which play an important role in the pathophysiology of aging, diabetes, and cancer. 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is a dicarbonyl species which may lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). 3-DG also reacts with free amino group of nucleic acids resulting in the formation of DNA-AGEs. While the establishment of nucleoside AGEs has been revealed before, no extensive studies have been done to probe the role of 3-DG in the generation of immunogenicity and induction of cancer auto-antibodies. In this study, we report the immunogenicity of AGEs formed by 3-DG-Arg-Fe system. Spectroscopic analysis and melting temperature studies suggest structural perturbations in the DNA as a result of modification. Immunogenicity of native and 3-DG-Arg-Fe DNA was probed in female rabbits. The modified DNA was highly immunogenic eliciting high-titer immunogen-specific antibodies, while the unmodified form was almost non-immunogenic. We also report the presence of auto-antibodies against 3-DG-Arg-Fe-modified DNA in the sera of patients with different types of cancers. The glycoxidative lesions were also detected in the lymphocyte DNA isolated from selected cancer patients. The results show structural perturbations in 3-DG-Arg-Fe-DNA generating new epitopes that render the molecule immunogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tremendous surge in the industrialization and infrastructure development worldwide have led to a significant rise in environmental pollutants in the last 2-3 decades. Pollutants in the natural environment consist of highly diversified and complex mixtures. A single biomarker cannot be used to assess a complete identification of environmental pollutants. In this context, it is highly recommended by environmental scientists to evaluate a set of complementary biomarkers for the complete assessment of toxic burden of complex environmental pollutants in the exposed organisms. Moreover, a multiple biomarker approach for the stress assessment is believed to have high sensitivity and could be done in comparatively lesser measuring time. The present article focuses on the viability of usage of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes viz. phase I and II as the toxicity biomarkers. As far as our knowledge goes, we are for the first time reporting phase I and phase II enzymes together as potential toxicity biomarkers in a single article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic gold nanoparticles (B-GNPs) have been synthesized using a natural anticancer agent bromelain (a cysteine protease) and these nanoparticles were used to bioconjugate Cisplatin (highly effective against osteosarcoma and lung cancer). Cisplatin bioconjugated bromelain encapsulated gold nanoparticles (B-C-GNPs) were found profoundly potent against same cancers at much lower concentration with minimum side effects due to the synergistic effect of bromelain. The B-C-GNPs have been observed to inhibit the proliferation of osteosarcoma cell lines Saos-2 and MG-63 with IC50 estimation of 4.51 µg/ml and 3.21 µg/ml, respectively, and against small lung cancer cell line A-549 with IC50 2.5 µg/ml which is lower than IC50 of cisplatin against same cell lines. The B-GNPs/B-C-GNPs were characterized by TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential and DLS to confirm the production, purity, crystalline nature, stability of nanoemulsion, size and shape distribution. The change in 2D and 3D conformation of bromelain after encapsulation was studied by Circular Dichroism and Fluorometry, respectively. It was found that after encapsulation, a 19.4% loss in secondary structure was observed, but tertiary structure was not altered significantly and this loss improved the anticancer activity. The confirmation of bioconjugation of cisplatin with B-GNPs was done by UV-Visible spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, 2D 1H NMR DOSY and ICP-MS. Further, it was found that almost ~4 cisplatin molecules bound with each B-GNPs nanoparticle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]