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MXenes are a class of two-layered progress metal carbides/nitrides that offer unique properties for diverse applications, including electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, biosensors, water refinement, and many more. Here, we demonstrate a novel MXene@Bi2O3 heterostructure with boosted electrocatalytic activity for OER. Furthermore, pictures captured by electron microscopy demonstrated MXene's strong cooperation with Bi2O3. Additionally, the 2D MXene cooperation created extra pathways for mass transport during OER. Distinctive structure and the synergistic interaction between its components, MXene@Bi2O3 demonstrates remarkable electrocatalytic activity and durability in alkaline environments. With constant current density of 10 mAcm–2, the MXene@Bi2O3 catalyst showed outstanding catalytic activity and an overpotential of around 278 mV, which is 85 mV lower than the pure Bi2O3 catalyst. Combining Ti3C2Tx MXene with Bi2O3 led to increased intrinsic activity and accelerated charge transfer kinetics. This study proposes an effective approach for creating metal oxides and MXene hybrids with distinctive structures for electrocatalytic water splitting. The composite's exceptional electrochemical activity and durability suggest its potential as a very efficient electrocatalyst for water-splitting. Furthermore, this work's design and synthesis of hybrid composites with MXene-based nanomaterials opens up new opportunities for developing novel and efficient electrocatalysts in electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing advanced materials and products with a specific property or combination of properties is often warranted. To achieve that it is crucial to find out the optimum recipe or processing conditions that can generate the ideal combination of these properties. Most of the time, a sufficient number of experiments are needed to generate a Pareto front. However, manufacturing experiments are usually costly and even conducting a single experiment can be a time-consuming process. So, it's critical to determine the optimal location for data collection to gain the most comprehensive understanding of the process. Sequential learning is a promising approach to actively learn from the ongoing experiments, iteratively update the underlying optimization routine, and adapt the data collection process on the go. This paper presents a novel data-driven Bayesian optimization framework that utilizes sequential learning to efficiently optimize complex systems with multiple conflicting objectives. Additionally, this paper proposes a novel metric for evaluating multi-objective data-driven optimization approaches. This metric considers both the quality of the Pareto front and the amount of data used to generate it. The proposed framework is particularly beneficial in practical applications where acquiring data can be expensive and resource intensive. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and metric, the algorithm is evaluated on a manufacturing dataset. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can achieve the actual Pareto front while processing significantly less data. Our data-driven framework can facilitate more efficient manufacturing choices, which not only minimizes resource usage but also promotes reduced energy consumption and thereby aids in pollution prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid deterioration of freshwater ecosystems, particularly rivers, has threatened many living organisms, including human beings. In order to comprehend and maintain the well-being of a river ecosystem, it is important to assess the spatial and temporal variations in its physico-chemical parameters. The aim of the present study was to examine spatial and temporal physico-chemical parameters of snow-fed River Poonch in the Northwest Himalayas from July 2021 to June 2023. In order to generate precise and reliable data, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, Pearson correlation, linear regression, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to analyse a total of fifteen physico-chemical parameters of the river. Significant (p < 0.05) differences spatio-temporally in physico-chemical parameters were found through one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test. Pearson correlation revealed that majority of the examined physico-chemical parameters exhibited a robust positive association (r > 0.70) in most cases, apart from DO (r ≥ − 0.80). Linear regression indicated significant (p < 0.05) associations among various physico-chemical parameters, which were substantial both in nature and size, with a coefficient of determination (r2 > 0.70) in most of the cases. PCA showed that physico-chemical parameters such as AT, WT, EC, TDS, FCO2, TA, TH, NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, SO42− and F− were significant for the determination of qualitative characteristics of River Poonch. In CA, two distinct clusters, viz. Cluster-I consisting of Site-III, downstream site prone to pollution and Cluster-II consisting of Site-II and Site-I, mid and upstream sites, respectively, less prone to pollution were obtained. The results of the study revealed that the water quality parameters were found well within the recommended ranges, suggesting that they are conducive for the existence of inhabitant fish species, which influence the local economy of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever is a global public health concern, especially in countries like Bangladesh. This study examines youth perceived dengue risk, and preventive practices, providing valuable insights into their behavior regarding this mosquito-borne disease. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in various regions of the Dhaka district in Bangladesh. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 1,358 participants using convenience sampling, spanning the period from September 2 to October 10, 2023. A semi-structured questionnaire covered informed consent, socio-demographic data, and questions about perceived dengue risk scale (12 items), and prevention practice (13 items). Participants' mean age was 22.02 ± 1.58 years. The average scores for perceived dengue risk, and prevention practices were found to be 51.39 ± 12.01 (out of 96), and 55.57 ± 14.55 (out of 104) respectively. Previous dengue history, history of other vector-borne diseases, gender, educational level, father's educational qualification, employment status, adequate sleep duration, father's occupation, etc. are factors associated with higher risk and prevention practices regarding dengue. The research underscores the importance of tailoring prevention strategies for different demographics, raising awareness, and promoting active engagement in preventive measures. These insights are crucial for developing effective public health policies and campaigns to combat dengue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic (MP) pollution in freshwater environments has drawn considerable attention over the decades due to the risk posed by MPs to the aquatic fauna and human health. In this study, the occurrence of MPs was assessed from the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of indigenous fishes from Bhogdoi River, a tributary of River Brahmaputra, northeast hill region, Assam, India. All the fish species (n = 180) analysed showed 100% occurrence of MPs sampled from three stations of River Bhogdoi. A total of 488 microplastic particles were recorded from GIT of fishes collected. The mean abundance of MPs was highest in Station-II (7.64 ± 2.77 numbers individual−1) with lowest in S-I (3.17 ± 0.99 numbers individual−1). The MP size of 100–500 μm, MP shape of fibre (43.33%) and fragments (35.33%), blue colour MPs (26–37%) and polymer type PA (23–30%) were most prevalent in fishes analysed from River Bhogdoi. The mean abundance of MPs was higher in herbivore fishes (8.52 ± 1.22 numbers individual−1) as compared to carnivorous and omnivorous fish species with highest abundance in Labeo rohita (12.11 ± 2.13 numbers individual−1). Fibre and fragments with size range of 100–500 μm were dominant among all the feeding habits. Blue and black colour MPs were abundant among herbivore and carnivore fishes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed that polyamide and polypropylene were the most abundant MP polymer in the fishes analysed. The present study provides baseline information of MPs in River Bhogdoi, Assam, for its future monitoring and assessment of contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current status and distributional patterns of fish fauna of Pir Panjal Himalayan region are poorly explored, and research on habitat ecology and species composition along different habitat of river Poonch is still deficient. The current study was undertaken to update the status and distributional pattern of ichthyofauna of this river. The study was conducted from June 2017 to December 2019. A total of 25 fish species were documented from different sampling sites, which belong to four orders, six families and fifteen genera. The Renyi diversity profiles show that the lower and middle stretch had rich species diversity as compared to the upper stretch, with highest at Sher-e-Kashmir Bridge (lower stretch) and lowest at Bufflaiz (upper stretch). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results show a considerable variation in the total fish species composition as well as the water quality parameter among the studied sites. The distributional pattern of fish species showed significant variation in their dominance with respect to different sampling sites, indicating the supremacy of the family Cyprinidae (64%) followed by Sisoridae (16%) then by Cobitidae (8%). In contrast, the other three families, Nemachalidae, Salmonidae and Mastacembelidae, contribute only (4%) each, respectively. Significant variation in abundance of the species was recorded across all the site, as the least number of species have been encountered from Bufflaiz and the highest was recorded at the Sher-e-Kashmir bridge site. About 16% species were found common to the entire habitat, while 32% species were restricted to only single habitat. The result of the current study will provide the information needed for freshwater fish resource protection in river Poonch and a reference for promoting the conservation and management of fish diversity of the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular characterization of fish muscle proteins are nowadays considered as a key component to understand the role of specific proteins involved in various physiological and metabolic processes including their up and down regulation in the organisms. Coldwater fish specimens including snow trouts hold different types of proteins which help them to survive in highly diversified temperatures fluctuating from 0 to 20 °C. So, in current study, the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using label free quantification technique has been used to investigate the muscle proteome profile of Schizothorax labiatus. For proteomic study, two weight groups of S. labiatus were taken from river Sindh. The proteomic analysis of group 1 revealed that a total of 235 proteins in male and 238 in female fish were recorded. However, when male and female S. labiatus were compared with each other on the basis of spectral count and abundance of peptides by ProteinLynx Global Server software, a total of 14 down-regulated and 22 up-regulated proteins were noted in this group. The highly down-regulated ones included homeodomain protein HoxA2b, retinol-binding protein 4, MHC class II beta chain and proopiomelanocortin while as the highly expressed up-regulated proteins comprised of gonadotropin I beta subunit, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, manganese superoxide dismutase, recombinase-activating protein 2, glycosyltransferase, chymotrypsin and cytochrome b. On the other hand, the proteomic characterisation of group 2 of S. labiatus revealed that a total of 227 proteins in male and 194 in female fish were recorded. When male and female S. labiatus were compared with each other by label free quantification, a total of 20 down-regulated and 18 up-regulated proteins were recorded. The down-regulated protein expression of group 2 comprised hepatic lipase, allograft inflammatory factor-1, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 and myostatin 1 while the highly expressed up-regulated proteins included glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 2, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 5, cholecystokinin, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 3 and cytochrome b. Significant (P < 0.05) difference in the expression of down-regulated and up-regulated proteins was also noted between the two sexes of S. labiatus in each group. According to MS analysis, the proteins primarily concerned with the growth, skeletal muscle development and metabolism were down-regulated in river Sindh, which indicates that growth of fish during the season of collection i.e., winter was slow owing to less food availability, gonad development and low metabolic activity. While, the proteins related to immune response of fish were also noted to be down-regulated thereby signifying that the ecosystem has less pollution loads, microbial, pathogenic and anthropogenic activities. It was also found that the proteins involved in glycogen metabolism, reproductive and metabolic processes, particularly lipid metabolism were up-regulated in S. labiatus. The significant expression of these proteins may be connected to pre-spawning, gonad development and use of stored food as source of energy. The information generated in this study can be applied to future research aimed at enhancing food traceability, food safety, risk management and authenticity analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical (EC) water splitting is a promising approach for the generation of renewable hydrogen (H2) fuels and oxygen (O2) evolution. Composite structured molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)/vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) with low overpotential is a promising electrocatalyst for anodic and cathodic material for an alternative energy source. We fabricated a flower shape MoS2/V2O5 composite via a hydrothermal approach where V2O5 grew on the surface of the MoS2 petals. The unique flower-type composite structure alleviates the surface expansion of electrode material. The electrochemical studies show that the composite possesses good stability with low overpotential and smaller Tafel slope compared to its constituents. It has been found that the MoS2/V2O5 composite exhibits a stable rate performance under the current density of 10 mA cm−2 which indicates that the MoS2/V2O5 composite might be a good candidate for both oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgery remains the mainstay for curative treatment of carcinoma of midthoracic and lower thoracic oesophagus. In the twentieth century, open esophagectomy was the standard of care. In the twenty-first century, treatment for carcinoma oesophagus has revolutionized with incorporation of neoadjuvant treatment and application of various minimally invasive techniques for esophagectomy. At present, there is no consensus about the optimum position to perform minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE). We share our experience of MIE with modification in the port position in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective surveillance for epidemic-prone viral diseases is essential for emergency preparedness to respond to threats and occurrences of pandemics. While it is difficult and expensive to conduct health facility-based surveillance, there is a growing interest in conducting sewage-based epidemiological studies to monitor the health of the urban population because of the relative ease of sample collection and the availability of advanced molecular techniques for the detection of pathogens in the sewage. Sewage samples offer unique means to study the aggregate health of the population as opposed to the monitoring of the health of any individual by traditional methods. We worked together with the Ministry of Public Works in Kuwait and developed a platform for the collection and testing of sewage samples from different regions of Kuwait for studying population health. In this report, we describe the results of a cross-sectional study conducted between 16 and 23 September 2019 in an attempt to detect influenza, Noro, Rota, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E viruses in urban sewage samples collected in Kuwait. All five targeted viruses were detected in the samples collected from urban wastewater in Kuwait using reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We recently checked for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the stored cDNA samples and confirmed the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in them. This is the first report that demonstrates the preparedness in Kuwait for using sewage samples for the detection and monitoring of many pathogenic viruses which may greatly increase the capacity of the country to deal with a viral disease outbreak in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood analysis is a critical and potent diagnostic tool used in the field of fisheries to determine the well-being status of the fish. However, internal and external influences, such as anticoagulants and storage time, can have a significant impact on fish hematological values resulting in species-specific reactions. Because of the short clotting periods, fish blood generally needs the inclusion of an anticoagulant agent; therefore, choosing the right anticoagulant is imperative for achieving accurate blood test results. The aim of current study is to analyze the impact of three different anticoagulants (lithium heparin, di-potassium EDTA, and sodium citrate) on various hematological characteristics of snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus, and their effect on different intervals of storage time at + 4 °C. The results revealed that Hb, Hct, MCH, and MCV in all the samples treated with K2EDTA produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher values than other two anticoagulants. While, total RBC count was recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher in lithium heparin–treated samples. However, total WBC count and MCHC in all the three anticoagulant-treated samples exhibited insignificant (P > 0.05) difference. After analysis at 0 h, the blood samples were refrigerated at + 4 °C for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively. Statistical evaluation revealed significant (P < 0.05) impact of storage time on values of Hb, RBC, Hct, MCH, MCHC, and MCV except WBC after 24 h of time interval. Hence, on the basis of above mentioned findings, it is suggested that for fish blood analysis, lithium heparin provides more reliable data with a higher level of anticoagulant dependability in S. labiatus and also the blood samples must be analyzed within 24 h after collection when stored at + 4 °C as indicated in the present study that longer storage affects the hematological profile of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation was carried out with an aim to evaluate disparity in haematological and serum biochemical parameters of healthy male and female Schizothorax labiatus with respect to its four reproductive phases, i.e. preparatory (autumn), pre-spawning (winter), spawning (spring) and spent (summer). The study indicated that significant (p < 0.05) alterations were seen in gonadosomatic index (GSI) of S. labiatus with maximum value for both sexes noted in spring while minimum value in autumn. Contrary to this, the highest value of hepatosomatic index (HSI) for both sexes was noted in the autumn season and the lowest value in spring. The haemoglobin (Hb) content, red blood corpuscle (RBC) and white blood corpuscle (WBC) counts and haematocrit amount of S. labiatus also revealed significant (p < 0.05) variations with peak values noted in summer while least values were recorded during winter. It was also observed that male fishes comprised significantly (p < 0.05) maximum level of all these parameters amongst all seasons of the year, except WBC count. Erythrocyte indices specifically mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) exhibited insignificant (p > 0.05) alterations between the sexes. The lowest levels (p < 0.05) of serum glucose, cholesterol and urea were recorded in the pre-spawning period, i.e. winter, while as the highest values (p < 0.05) were seen in the summer because of the cessation of reproductive activities and greater availability of food. Similar trend was also noted in the amount of total protein, albumin and globulin of the fish, although insignificant (p > 0.05) variation was observed between sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesis of nanostructured materials is an arising feature of the interdisciplinary relationship between nanotechnology and biotechnology and acquiring consideration because of developing interest to foster ecologically favorable innovations in material preparation. In the present study, we synthesized an environmentally friendly and green method for the synthesis of gold/silver bimetallic nanostructure using Eichhornia crassipes leaf extract as reducing and capping agent. Au/Ag nanostructures were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and power X-ray diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy images also confirmed the formation of Au/Ag nanostructures. Antibacterial activity of Au/Ag nanostructures was studied and it has been found that Ag/Au nanostructure at 100 µM concentration significantly inhibited the bacterial growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. Moreover, the Hoechst 33342 staining method was used to study the effect of Ag/Au nanostructure particles on the morphological changes in breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) nucleus. Staining of the Ag/Au nanostructure particle–treated MDA-MB-231 cells (4 h treatments) showed the appearance of emblematic features of apoptosis such as cell membrane blabbing and shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematological and serum biochemical analytes are the main aspects of studying fish health. The primary objective of the present study was to establish hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of a commercially important food fish, Schizothorax esocinus inhabiting Dal Lake. Data from a total of 432 adult fish specimens (length = 33.76 ± 2.26 cm; weight = 402.85 ± 84.24 g) was recorded over 2 years of study period from April 2017 to March 2019. Various parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total protein, albumin, glucose, urea, and cholesterol were analyzed. The reference intervals were established using Reference value Advisor v 2.1 software. Hb (9.45 gdL−1), RBC (1.69 × 106 mm−3), and serum glucose (94.22 mgdL−1) levels were noted significantly (p < 0.05) higher in male sex, while significantly (p < 0.05) higher WBC count (16.80 × 103 mm−3) and serum cholesterol (217.44 mgdL−1) were observed in female fish. The study provides novel information on hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of S. esocinus that can be useful for monitoring its metabolic balance, health status, and comparative studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish represent an important economic resource of a nation. Hematological and serum biochemical analytes are the main aspects of studying fish health. However, these parameters are not static but susceptible to variations owing to both endogenous and exogenous factors. The present study encompasses seasonal variations in select analytes of a commercially important fish, Schizothorax esocinus, from Dal Lake of Kashmir valley. During the summer season, significantly (P < 0.05) higher values of hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), and packed cell volume (PCV) were observed as compared to other seasons. Erythrocyte indices also exhibited significant (P < 0.05) seasonal variations. Serum biochemical analytes total protein, albumin, and globulin showed highest values in summer and lowest values in spring, while glucose, urea, and cholesterol levels exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher values during summer and lowest values during winter. Information inferred from the study provides baseline data and also shows that the environmental changes affect the blood chemistry of S. esocinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary valine (Val) on growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, immunity, enzymatic activities, antioxidant status and expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and 4E-BP genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (1.57 ± 0.03 g; 5.10 ± 0.34 cm). Six isonitrogenous (450 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (20.90 kJ 100 g−1, gross energy) diets were designed to represent varied Val levels (10.5, 13.0, 15.5, 18.0, 20.5 and 23.0 g kg−1 dry diet basis). Growth parameters improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the amelioration of dietary Val level up to 18.0 g kg−1. Highest (P < 0.05) body protein content was noted at 18.0 g kg−1 dietary Val. Significant differences in hematological, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant parameters were noted. However, plasma variables did not show any significant differences except aspartate transaminase and uric acid. Total protein content increased significantly, while the albumin and globulin content did not show any significant (P > 0.05) difference. Moreover expression of TOR mRNA and elF4E-binding protein (4E-BP) was observed higher (P < 0.05) at 18.0 g kg−1 Val. On the basis of results, optimum dietary Val requirement for maximal growth of rainbow trout was determined to be 18.19 g kg−1 of dry diet, corresponding to 40.42 g kg−1 of dietary protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and let out in the environment by agriculture, industry, mining and therapeutic expertise and thrilling amassing of these elements pollutes the environment. In this study we have investigated the potential of garlic interplanting in promoting hyper accumulation and absorption of heavy metals to provide a basis for phytoremediation of polluted land. Monoculture and inter-plantation of garlic were conducted to investigate the absorption of cadmium and lead contamination in the land. A group of experiments with single planting (monoculture) of Lolium perenne, Conyza canadensis and Pteris vittata as accumulators were used. The results have shown that garlic has a potential as a hyper accumulate and absorb heavy metals. It was found that the accumulation of Cd and Pb was much higher with inter-planting. Garlic boosts up the absorption of heavy metals in Lolium perenne of Cd 66% and Pb 44% respectively. The Inter-planting of garlic with Pteris vittata promotes the Cd 26% and Pb 15%. While the maximum accumulation of Lead 87% and Cadmium 77% occurred in Conyza canadensis herb plant. The bacterial diversity in the soil was analyzed for each experimental soil and was found that the Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes were commonly abundant in both single planting (monoculture) of ryegrass and interplanting ryegrass with garlic habitats. Variances were observed in the bacterial floral composition of single (monoculture) and intercropping (interplant) soils. Relative abundance of bacterial taxa revealed that the proportion of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria in the inter-planting group was slightly higher, while Firmicutes and Planctomycetes were low. This study provides the evidence to control the heavy metals contaminated soils with weed species. Growth promotion and heavy metal uptake of neighboring plants proved the specific plant-plant and plant-microbial associations with garlic plants. This inter-planting strategy can be used to improve heavy metal absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snow trout Schizothorax labiatus constitute a significant part of the diet of large human population of colder regions of the Indian Himalayan subcontinent, and are also important for local livelihoods there. In the present study, the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of S. labiatus were examined with respect to sex and season. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, red blood cell (RBC) count and hematocrit (Hct) were higher in males than females in each season, while white blood cell (WBC) count were notably higher in females. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted in Hb concentration, RBC and WBC counts, and Hct between males and females during the summer compared to the other seasons. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between erythrocyte indices with respect to sex and season. Serum biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol and urea) differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the sexes, as well as among the seasons. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin and globulin) with respect to sex, although the highest values of all serum biochemical parameters were reported during the summer and the lowest values during the winter. The data reported here on the influence of sex and season on hematological and biochemical parameters of S. labiatus inhabiting the Sindh River could provide a reliable basis for the future monitoring of the health status of this fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of hematological parameters, blood cell morphology and its characteristics are considered as essential tools to evaluate the health status of fish species. Among snow trout species, Schizothorax niger contribute a significant proportion to the overall fish production in the region, thus considered as an important food fish species. However, the population of this fish species is declining day by day from the natural habitats due to one or another reason. For understanding the health status of the fish an attempt has been made to establish sex wise base line data on hematological parameters, blood cell morphology and its characteristics. Ninety four healthy specimens of S. niger were randomly selected for this study; 48 adult males with an average body length 32.23 ± 1.79 cm; body weight of 290.0 ± 1.79 g, while 46 adult females with average body length 31.8 ± 0.10 cm and body weight 289.0 ± 0.34 g. The hemoglobin and packed cell volume were determined by using cyanmethemoglobin and microhaematocrit method respectively, while total red blood cell and total white blood cell counts were obtained by Neubauer hemocytometer. The blood cell morphological structures and different cell count were studied by using Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears. Erythrocytes, leucocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes), thrombocytes were distinguished and characterized under light microscopy. The results showed that Hb concentration, total RBC count, Hct value and neutrophils in males were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than females, while significantly (P < 0.05) less number of total WBC count and lymphocytes were noted in male fish than female. However, no significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed in other hematological parameters and blood cell morphology between male and female S. niger. Hence the data generated in the present study would be useful in monitoring health status of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forage fish species are considered as a vital source of food for other predators and are also being used as dry human food in the Kashmir valley during the winter season. However, due to disturbance in their habitat, the population of the fishes under study, Triplophysa kashmirensis, Pethia conchonius and Crossocheilus diplochilus has also declined and needs attention for their well-being. Therefore, the present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the hematological profile of these three forage fishes habiting in Dal lake of Kashmir Himalaya. Live adult fish specimens were collected from Dal Lake with the help of fishermen. A total of 78 specimens of C. diplochilus, 60 specimens of T. kashmirensis and 78 specimens of Rosy barb were collected during the study period. Hematological parameters such as: hemoglobin (Hb) content, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) counts, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were analyzed by using standard methodology. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in the hematological profile between the three forage fishes. Highest Hb (11.14 g dL−1) and RBC content (1.34 × 106 mm−3) were found in T. kashmirensis, while the other two species showed a downward trend. Hematocrit (Hct) value was recorded within the range of 27 to 31% with the highest value found in T. kashmirensis (31.2%) and lowest Hct was noted in C. diplochilus (27.28%). RBC/WBC level was also found highest in T. kashmirensis followed by Rosy barb and C. diplochilus, respectively. However, MCH and MCV values were found highest in Rosy barb among the three species, while MCHC showed its highest value in T. kashmirensis. The data generated in the present study would be useful in monitoring the health status of these forage fish species for their conservation and management in order to maintain the ecological balance of the water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematological studies of fishes are useful in the diagnosis of many diseases as well as investigation of the extent of damage to the blood. These parameters act as efficient and insightful index to examine health status, physiological and pathological changes occurring in various fishes, i.e., metabolic perturbations in fish body thereby acting as non-specific biomarkers in the field of environmental toxicology, deficiencies and chronic stress in natural as well as aquaculture systems and checking water quality. The assessments of these blood parameters help the biologists to understand the fish homeostasis and biomonitoring of severe and chronic patho-physiological changes inferable to nutrition, water quality, or disease so as to establish the normal reference values of different species and determine systematic relationships among them. Lot of work on various aspects of hematological parameters and their relation with ecological factors has been reported on several fish species from different parts of the world. Each study attributes one or other factors responsible for variation in hematological parameters among different fish species. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to compile the information about the hematological studies of various fish species reported from different parts of the world, and through this study, a general overview has been generated about the major factors responsible for the variation in hematological parameters of fish. The review provides an insight to the characteristics of hematological values showing that fluctuating internal environment of the fish, along with other intrinsic (age, body size, the cycle of sexual maturity, health condition, nutritional state, species) and extrinsic factors (temperature, stress, season, dissolved oxygen, water quality, lotic or lentic environment, stocking density, photoperiod, sampling conditions, laboratory techniques), are the reasons of huge variability of hematological parameters in fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) enzymes play a crucial role in azathioprine metabolism. Mutations in the enzyme initiate generation of excess thioguanine, which causes suppression of various cell lineages. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of TPMT mutation in Bangladeshi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) requiring azathioprine therapy and its relation to the development of myelosuppression. Methods: 250 patients with SLE were enrolled, then monitored for myelosuppression adverse events for 4 months. TPMT*3C (rs1142345), TPMT*3B (rs1800460), and TPMT*2 (rs1800462) polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. The risk of myelosuppression (i.e., leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia) was estimated as the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p values. Results: Of the 250 patients, 17 (6.8%) were heterozygous for the TPMT*3 mutation and 233 (93.2%) were homozygous for the wild type; no patients carried a homozygous mutation. Grade III/IV leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia occurred in 12.0%, 12.0%, and 27.9% of wild-type TPMT patients respectively; corresponding rates in heterozygous TPMT*3C patients were 70.6%, 64.7%, and 5.9%. Patients with Grade III/IV azathioprine-induced leukopenia were significantly more likely to have the heterozygous TPMT*3C genotype than the wild-type variant (OR 17.6; 95% CI 5.8–53.6; p < 0.0001), with comparable results for Grade III/IV azathioprine-induced thrombocytopenia (OR 13.4; 95% CI 4.6–39.2; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Patients with SLE carrying the TPMT*3C heterozygous genotype are at risk of azathioprine-induced myelosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematological parameters are essential for the evaluation of both physiological and pathological changes developed in fishes due to the involvement of endogenous and exogenous factors. Among the endogenous factors, sex plays a significant role in determining the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of fish. The aim of the present study was to obtain a basic knowledge about the variation in hematological and serum biochemical parameters of cultured silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix with respect to sex. In order to establish the information, a blood sample was collected from the fishes from March to June 2018 and were analyzed by using standard techniques. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin concentration (Hb), total red blood (RBC), total white blood cell (WBC) counts, hematocrit value (Hct), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were estimated. Hb and Hct were analyzed by using cyanmethemoglobin and microhaematocrit methods, while total RBC and WBC counts were obtained by using the Neubauer hemocytometer. The biochemical parameters total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were analyzed by means of commercial kits. Data were subjected to statistical analysis which revealed that significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in Hb, RBC, WBC and Hct values between the sexes. However, no significant (P > 0.05) differences were noted in ESR, MCH, MCHC and MCV values between the sexes. Likewise, no significant (P > 0.05) difference was recorded in serum biochemical parameter values in both male and female fish. Significantly (P < 0.05), higher values of AST were recorded in female fish compared to male fish. The information generated in the present study provides a basic reference value of hematological and biochemical parameters of this species, which will be useful in monitoring the health status of fish under captivity in order to increase overall production of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author Correction: LC-MS/MS based characterisation and differential expression of proteins in Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus using LFQ technique Project number (RSP-2023R1/154), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." now reads: "The Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, New Delhi is thanked by the authors for providing Kousar Jan with financial assistance in the form of a DST-INSPIRE fellowship. "The Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, New Delhi is thanked by the authors for providing Kousar Jan with financial assistance in the form of a DST-INSPIRE fellowship. [Extracted from the article]

Fish blood is a pathophysiological indicator of the whole body function and is thus considered as an important tool in diagnosing the structural and functional status of fish. However, the blood parameters vary between species to species and it mainly depends upon the favorable environmental conditions where the species live. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical indices of five Schizothorax species: Schizothorax labiatus, S. plagiostomus, S. esocinus, S. curvifrons and S. niger in order to establish the resemblances and variations between these Schizothorax species which are inhabiting in river Jhelum. The hematological profile including hemoglobin (Hb), total red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (Hct), white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and erythrocyte indices: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was analyzed from each Schizothorax sp. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in blood parameters among five Schizothorax spp. The results showed lowest values of hematological parameters in S. niger with respect to other species, while the highest values of hematological parameters were recorded in S. plagiostomus. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in serum biochemical levels of glucose, protein, cholesterol and urea were also noted in Schizothorax spp. The differences found in the hematological profile and serum biochemical composition in these fishes can be attributed to the individual feeding behavior, tolerance and environmentally adjustable capability of the fish. However, further study is required to correlate the present study with some other parameters such as the nutrient status of the river Jhelum where these fishes live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hematological and plasma biochemical parameter study is recognized as a valuable tool for evaluating health status, physiological and pathological conditions of fish. In the present study, blood sampling was carried out with the aim to evaluate plasma biochemistry and hematological parameters of Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax plagiostomus, that are altered due to variation in environmental conditions. The fluctuations in hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and plasma biochemical parameters, such as total protein, glucose, total cholesterol and urea were compared with respect to gender and season. The hemoglobin and packed cell volume were obtained by cyanmethemoglobin and microhaematocrit method while total red blood cell count and total white blood cell count were obtained by Neubauer hemocytometer, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in hematological parameters between sexes during summer season as compared to all the other seasons, except MCH and MCHC wherein no significant (P > 0.05) difference among the season has been noted. Between the sexes, the Hb concentration, total RBC count and PCV value were higher in males throughout the summer season, while the number of WBC count was recorded higher in female fish during the summer season. However, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference noted in MCH, MCHC and MCV values neither between the sexes nor between the seasons throughout the annual cycle. The biochemistry parameter of S. plagiostomus also produced significant (P > 0.05) differences with respect to both sex and season. Higher serum protein, glucose, total cholesterol and urea content were noted in both male and female fish during summer season and lowest content of these parameters was recorded in both sexes during winter and spring seasons. The data generated in the present study revealed that monitoring fish hematology and plasma biochemical parameters will serve as an imperative biomarker for monitoring the health status of the fish population, which may be a useful indicator of the environment alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the description of a new piscine trypanosome species found infecting the fresh water fish Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel from river Jhelum, Srinagar, J&K, India and evaluating the haematological parameters of the infected fish. Haematological examination of S. plagiostomus revealed 61.1 % infection with an intensity of 1-9 trypanosomes/100 RBC's. Small (26.9 ± 1.39 µm) and large (47.17 ± 3.50 µm) forms of the trypanosome were observed in light microscopy investigations, revealing the dimorphic nature of the species. The trypanosome species was found to be distinct from the other related dimorphic species in morphometric dimensions including cell length, cell breadth, kinetoplast index, flagellar index, and cytological peculiarities, respectively. The detailed descriptions of the two morphological forms found in the blood of S. plagiostomus are provided. Based on the geographical location, morphometrics, cytological peculiarities, host status and comparative study, the new species is named Trypanosoma kashmirensis n. sp. The parasitic infestation caused a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in red blood cell counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentrations while, the leucocyte (WBC) count, mean cellular volume and mean cellular haemoglobin showed a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in the infected fish as compared to the non-infected. The above alterations of the haematological parameters could be used as an important tool for the indication of Trypanosoma infection in the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population increase and climate change are stretching not only the world's but also Pakistan's water resources. This has directly been responsible for the recurring patterns of floods and droughts in the country which emphasizes the importance of the fact that efficient practices need to be adopted for water resource sustainability. This study investigates the use of upland catchment information, comprising of hydrometeorological datasets for inflow prediction to the Tarbela reservoir (a multipurpose reservoir located on River Indus) using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Regression Techniques (Standard and Step Wise). Input Combination and data length selection for all the selected techniques were performed with the aid of Gamma test (GT). This study has made a significant contribution for future water resource management within the Indus Basin as Tarbela is the main source of irrigation, water supply and hydropower generation in Pakistan along with flood control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a view to monitoring and controlling manufacturing processes in industries, control charts are widely used and needed to be designed economically to achieve minimum quality costs. Many authors have studied the economic design of the $$ \overline{X} $$ control chart after Duncan (J Am Stat Assoc 51(274):228-242, ) first proposed the economic model of the $$ \overline{X} $$ control chart for a single assignable cause. But, in practice, multiple assignable causes are more logical and realistic. Moreover, the economic design does not consider statistical properties like bound on type I and type II error, and average time to signal (ATS). This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of genetic algorithm (GA) in pure economic and economic statistical design of the $$ \overline{X} $$ control chart for multiple assignable causes. The performances of GA are demonstrated by comparing its result with the previously proposed grid search technique for a numerical example. The Duncan model of multiple assignable causes is adopted to formulate objective function, and the computation is achieved by approximation through a numerical method named Simpson's 1/3 rule. Comparison distinctly shows the superiority of GA over grid search results for economic statistical design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[11C](R)PK11195-PET measures upregulation of translocator protein, which is associated with microglial activation, [11C]PIB-PET is a marker of amyloid, while [18F]FDG-PET measures cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRGlc). We hypothesize that microglial activation is an early event in the Parkinson's disease (PD) spectrum and is independent of the amyloid pathology. The aim of this study is to evaluate in vivo the relationship between microglial activation, amyloid deposition, and glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and PD subjects without dementia. Here, we evaluated 11 PDD subjects, 8 PD subjects without dementia, and 24 control subjects. Subjects underwent T1 and T2 MRI, [11C](R)PK11195, [18F]FDG, and [11C]PIB PET scans. Parametric maps of [11C](R)PK11195 binding potential, rCMRGlc, and [11C]PIB uptake were interrogated using region of interest and SPM (statistical parametric mapping) analysis. The PDD patients showed a significant increase of microglial activation in anterior and posterior cingulate, striatum, frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions compared with the controls. The PD subjects also showed a statistically significant increase in microglial activation in temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. [11C]PIB uptake was marginally increased in PDD and PD. There was a significant reduction in glucose metabolism in PDD and PD. We have also demonstrated pixel-by-pixel correlation between mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score and microglial activation, and MMSE score and rCMRGlc. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that cortical microglial activation and reduced glucose metabolism can be detected early on in this disease spectrum. Significant microglial activation may be a factor in driving the disease process in PDD. Given this, agents that affect microglial activation could have an influence on disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary arginine requirement of fingerling Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (6.25 ± 1.30 cm, 4.8 ± 0.65 g). Six isonitrogenous (400 g Kg) and isoenergetic (17.90 kJ g) amino acid test diets were formulated with gradation of 2.5 g Kg containing graded levels of l-arginine (8.5-21.0 g Kg, dry diet). Fish were randomly stocked in triplicate groups, in 75-l circular trough with flow-through system and fed experimental diets at 4 % BW/day at 0800 and 1800 h. Maximum live weight gain (277 %), best feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.52) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (1.64) were obtained in fish fed diet containing 16.0 g Kg arginine. However, quadratic regression analysis of live weight gain, FCR, PER and body protein deposition (BPD) data indicated requirements for dietary arginine at 16.80, 16.30, 16.11 and 16.10 g Kg of dry diet, respectively. Significantly ( p < 0.05) higher whole body protein content, minimum carcass moisture and intermediate carcass fat contents were recorded at 16.0 g Kg dietary arginine diet. Ash content remained insignificantly ( p > 0.05) low among all the treatments except at diet I and diet II. Based on the above results, it is recommended that the diet for young H. fossilis should contain arginine at 16.32 g Kg, dry diet, corresponding to 40.80 g Kg dietary protein for optimum growth and efficient feed utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (6.10 ± 1.15 cm, 4.44 ± 0.50 g). Six isonitrogenous (40 g 100 g) and isoenergetic (17.90 kJ g) amino acid test diets were formulated with gradation of 0.1 g 100 g containing graded levels of l-tryptophan (0.04-0.54 g 100 g, dry diet). Fish were stocked in triplicate groups, in 75-L circular trough with flow-through system and fed experimental diets at 4% BW/day twice daily. Maximum live weight gain (258%), best feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.54) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (1.62) were obtained in fish fed diet containing 0.34 g 100 g tryptophan. However, quadratic regression analysis of weight gain, FCR, PER and body protein deposition (BPD) data indicated requirements for dietary tryptophan at 0.37, 0.33, 0.32 and 0.33 g 100 g of dry diet, respectively. Significantly ( P < 0.05) higher body protein, minimum moisture and intermediate fat contents were recorded at 0.34 g 100 g dietary tryptophan diet. Ash content was not significantly different ( P > 0.05) among treatments except for diets 0.04 and 0.14 g 100 g. Excellent somatic and haematological indices values were obtained at the requirement level. Based on above results, it is recommended that the diet for H. fossilis should contain tryptophan at 0.32 g 100 g, dry diet, corresponding to 0.80 g 100 g dietary protein for optimum growth and efficient feed utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n 15 week two set of feeding experiments were conducted to determine the dietary niacin requirement of Indian major carp fingerlings Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala, using casein gelatin-based diet. In both experiments, six isonitrogenous (40%) and isoenergetic (15.35 kJ g) test diet, with graded levels of niacin (0-50 mg kg dry diet) in gradation of 10 mg kg dry diet, were formulated. In first experiment, fingerling of L. rohita (4.20 ± 1.22 cm; 0.632 ± 0.67 gm) were randomly stocked, in triplicate groups, in 55-L indoor polyvinyl flow-through system (1.5 L min) and fed experimental diet at 0800 and 1600 h. Maximum live weight gain (1214%), feed conversion ratio (1.55) and protein efficiency ratio (1.60) were recorded at 30 mg dietary niacin diet. In second experiment, C. mrigala (4.50 ± 1.25 cm, 0.665 ± 0.88) were stocked in same setup. At the end of experiments, maximum live weight gain (1248%), FCR (1.47) and PER (1.70) occurred at 30 mg dietary niacin diet. However, the weight gain, FCR and PER data were analyzed by polynomial regression analysis indicating the requirement of niacin for L. rohita at 36.69, 33.06 and 32.0 mg kg, respectively, and for C. mrigala at 35.19, 28.69 and 27.70 mg kg of dry diet, respectively. Whole body composition also showed significant ( P < 0.05) differences among each other. On the basis of regression analysis of growth data, it is recommended that the diet for fingerlings should contain niacin at 33 and 30 mg kg dry diet for L. rohita and C. mrigala, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n 8-week growth study was conducted to determine the effect of ration level, energy, and protein maintenance requirement of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis-Bloch, fingerling (7.90 ± 0.55 cm; 3.10 ± 0.28 g) by feeding casein-gelatin-based purified diet (40% CP; 3.61 kcal g-1 GE) at six ration levels 1-6% of BW/day, at 0800 and 1700 h, in triplicate, with 20 fish per trough fitted with water flow-through system of volume 55 L. Maximum live weight gain, best feed conversion ratio (FCR), best specific growth rate (SGR), and highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were evident for ration levels of 4-5% body weight. However, second-degree polynomial regression analysis for weight gain, FCR, PER, protein, and energy retention data indicated that the break-points occurred at 5.08, 4.18, 4.05, 4.16, and 4.17% BW/day, respectively. Significantly ( P < 0.05) higher body protein content was recorded at 4 and 5% rations. While a linear increase in body fat content with inverse relationship in moisture content was evident with increasing rations. Ash content remained insignificantly ( P > 0.05) low at higher rations. Protein and energy retention values also produced significant ( P < 0.05) differences. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended that feeding in the range of 4 to 4.5% BW/day, corresponding to 1.60-1.80 g protein and 14.46-16.27 kcal energy g100 g of the diet/day is optimum for the growth and efficient feed utilization of H. fossilis, while 2-3% ration levels (0.80-1.20 g protein and 7.23-10.84 kcal energy) suggest that these amounts approximate to the maintenance requirement of this fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight-week feeding trial has been conducted to determine the optimum ration for Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerling (4.10 ± 0.30 cm, 0.55 ± 0.16 g) by feeding a purified diet (40% CP; 3.61 kcal g−1 GE) at six levels, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12% of body weight per day, at 0800 and 1600 h, in triplicate, to 20 fish per trough fitted with a water flow-through system. Highest weight gain, best feed conversion ratio (FCR), best specific growth rate (SGR%), and highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were evident for rations of 6–8% body weight. Second-degree polynomial regression analysis for FCR, PER, protein, and energy retention data indicated the break-points occurred at 6.55, 6.75, 6.80, and 6.95% bw per day, respectively. Significant ( P < 0.05) differences between body composition were observed for fish fed different rations. Maximum body protein content was recorded for 6% and 8% rations. A linear increase in body fat content was evident with increasing ration. Body moisture and ash content remained non-significantly ( P > 0.05) low for higher rations, however. On the basis of these results it is recommended that feeding in the range 6.5–7.0% bw per day corresponding to 2.6–2.8 g protein and 23.49–25.31 kcal energy per 100 g of the diet per day is optimum for growth and efficient feed utilization of Labeo rohita. Results for 2–4% rations (0.8–1.6 g protein and 7.23–14.46 kcal energy) suggest these amounts approximate to the maintenance requirement of this fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentigo maligna is a premalignant melanocytic neoplasm occurring on the sun-exposed skin of the middle-aged and elderly. It is believed to represent the in situ phase of lentigo maligna melanoma and, as such, cure is usually the aim of treatment. However, factors such as site and size of lesion and patient co-morbidities may influence the treatment modality undertaken. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice to obtain clinical and histologic clearance, but many other modalities have been used with variable success. Mohs micrographic surgery is associated with the lowest recurrence rate at 4–5%, but conventional surgery, cryotherapy and radiotherapy also yield good results, with recurrence rates in the order of 7–10%. Other treatments have been tried but currently there are not enough data to support their routine use. In order to make the best decision regarding appropriate management of lentigo maligna, the dermatologist or surgeon must be aware of all the options available and the evidence supporting their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resolving set and metric basis has become an integral part in combinatorial chemistry and molecular topology. It has a lot of applications in computer, chemistry, pharmacy and mathematical disciplines. A subset S of the vertex set V of a connected graph G resolves G if all vertices of G have different representations with respect to S. A metric basis for G is a resolving set having minimum cardinal number and this cardinal number is called the metric dimension of G. In present work, we find a metric basis and also metric dimension of 1-pentagonal carbon nanocones. We conclude that only three vertices are minimal requirement for the unique identification of all vertices in this network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the nanoscale, local and accurate measurements of temperature are of particular relevance when testing quantum thermodynamical concepts or investigating novel thermal nanoelectronic devices. Here, we present a primary electron thermometer that allows probing the local temperature of a single-electron reservoir in single-electron devices. The thermometer is based on cyclic electron tunneling between a system with discrete energy levels and the reservoir. When driven at a finite rate, close to a charge degeneracy point, the system behaves like a variable capacitor whose full width at half maximum depends linearly with temperature. We demonstrate this type of thermometer using a quantum dot in a silicon nanowire transistor. We drive cyclic electron tunneling by embedding the device in a radio-frequency resonator which in turn allows reading the thermometer dispersively. Overall, the thermometer shows potential for local probing of fast heat dynamics in nanoelectronic devices and for seamless integration with silicon-based quantum circuits. Local temperature measurements are important in the study of quantum thermodynamics at the nanoscale. The authors report a sensor based on cyclic electron tunnelling between a quantum dot and single-electron reservoir which can be used to provide local and precise temperature measurements in nanoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented which reports an insidious presentation complicating a sternal wound dehiscence from a painless pyoderma gangrenosum.