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This study focuses on investigating entropy generation in a micropolar fluid flow over a transversely heated sheet. The governing equations of the specific model proposed in this article are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations, leading to a non-spatial arrangement. A BVP4C approach is then employed to solve this system of non-spatial ODEs. The Levenberg–Marquardt procedure, known for its effectiveness in artificial neural networks, is utilized to obtain a numerical solution for the entropy generation in micropolar liquid (EGML). This solution is achieved through regression plots, state transition measures, histogram representations, and mean squared errors. In this research, an EGML-based fluid flow problem is examined using an innovative application of an intelligent computer system that leverages neural structures and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (NN-LMA). Through the BVP4C approach, data collection is conducted to facilitate the implementation of the NN-LMA. The EGML results obtained for various scenarios are evaluated using the exercise, acceptance, and trial processes of NN-LMA. A comparison is then made between these results and a reference dataset to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the prospective algorithm NN-LMA for investigating fluid problems associated with EGML. The study delves into how various non-dimensional factors influence flow patterns, temperature distributions, concentration profiles, and velocity profiles. State transition dynamics, regression analysis, mean square error calculations, and error histogram investigations are employed to verify the validity of the proposed NN-LMA method for solving the EGML. Overall, the results obtained through these analyses successfully demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of the NN-LMA approach in addressing EGML-related fluid flow issues. The framework's validity is demonstrated by the strong congruence of recommended results with reference solutions, and accuracy of 1 0 - 11 to 1 0 - 10 is also attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the use of neural networks to analyze the behavior of Prandtl nanofluid near an extending surface, considering crude oil as the base fluid and copper nanoparticles. It examines the combined effects of thermal and concentration gradients on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics through advanced computational techniques. The research focuses on double diffusion in the flow of Prandtl nanofluid near a stretching surface (DD-PNSS), utilizing the Levenberg–Marquardt scheme with artificial neural networks (LMS-ANNs). By applying similarity variables, the nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Through the application of the Lobatto IIIa formula in a three-stage process, various data sets are generated for the LMS-ANNs by varying parameters such as the Prandtl fluid parameter (α ), Prandtl number (Pr), Brownian motion parameter (Nb), thermophoresis parameter (Nt), and Dufour-solutal Lewis number (Ld). The proposed LMS-ANNs model is meticulously tested, validated, and trained using a multi-stage approach, and its performance is compared to established references to ensure its reliability. The effectiveness of the suggested LMS-ANNs model is further affirmed through regression analysis, Mean Squared Error (MSE) evaluation, and histogram studies, showcasing an exceptional accuracy level ranging from 1 0 - 08 to 1 0 - 10 , setting it apart from alternative approaches and reference models. The study has application in optimizing heat and mass transfer processes. It is useful for catalytic reaction enhancement, energy transfer improvement in nanofluids, and efficient cooling system design. The growth of thermal management systems is supported by the incorporation of AI-driven algorithms, which provide accurate forecasts of heat and chemical transport phenomena under a variety of circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research focuses on investigating the influence of magnetic forces and differently shaped nanoparticles within diverging tapering arteries afflicted with stenoses, utilizing a blood flow model. A notable aspect of this study is the exploration of metallic nanoparticles of various shapes within a water-based fluid medium, a research area that remains largely unexplored. To simulate blood flow dynamics, a radially symmetric yet axially non-symmetric stenosis configuration is employed, providing insights into the complex flow patterns within diseased arteries. A significant contribution of our research lies in the analysis of the symmetrical distribution of wall shearing stresses and their correlation with resistive impedance. Moreover, we investigate the progressive rise of these quantities in tandem with stenosis severity. Through numerical simulations, we evaluate several flow parameters, including velocity, temperature, resistance impedance, boundary shear stress, and shearing stress at the stenosis throat. These assessments provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted effects of nanoparticle shape and magnetic forces on blood flow characteristics within tapered arteries. Furthermore, our study explores the graphical representation of various flow quantities across a spectrum of relevant parameters for Cu-blood systems. By examining different types of tapered arteries, particularly diverging tapering configurations, we gain insights into the intricate interplay between arterial geometry, fluid rheology, and nanoparticle behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel mathematical analysis is established that summits the key features of Cilia propulsion for a non-Newtonian Couple Stress fluid with the electroosmosis and heat transfer. In such physiological models, the conduit may have a symmetric or asymmetric configuration in accordance with the biological problem. Being mindful of this fact, we have disclosed an integrated analysis on symmetric in addition to asymmetric conduits that incorporates major physiological applications. The creeping flow inference is reviewed to model this realistic problem and exact solutions are computed for both the conduit cases. Graphical illustrations are unveiled to highlight the physical aspects of cilia propulsion on symmetric in addition to asymmetric conduit and an inclusive comparison study is conveyed. The flow profile attains higher values for an asymmetric conduit in relation to the symmetric. Likewise, the pressure rise and pressure gradient also score high for asymmetric conduit in relation to the symmetric conduit. A visual representation of flow inside symmetric as well as asymmetric conduit is provided by streamline graphs and temperature profile as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of this article is to mathematically formulate the microfluidics-based mechanical system for nanofluids. A 50:50 mixture of propylene glycol (PG) and water is used as a heat transfer fluid because of its tremendous anti-freezing properties, and nontoxicity and it is safe to be utilized at the domestic level. Titanium dioxide (titania) nanoparticles are suspended in the working fluid to enhance its heat transfer ability. The fluid flow is induced by electroosmosis in a microtube, which is further assisted by cilia beating. The impacts of Joule heating and non-linear thermal radiation are also considered. The simplification of the dimensionless system is done under lubrication theory and the Debye-Hückel linearization principle. The nonlinear system of equations is executed for a numerical solution by adopting the symbolic mathematical software Maple 17 using the command "dsolve" along with the additional command "numeric" to get the numerical solution. This command utilizes a low-ordered method along with accuracy-enhancing schemes such as the deferred correction technique and Richardson extrapolation to get a numerical answer of desired accuracy, where we can choose the accuracy level and mesh points according to our requirements. The detailed analysis of results obtained from the numerical treatment of the considered problem indicates that the efficiency of the PG + water enhances due to the suspension of the nanoparticles and heat is rapidly removed from the system. Further, the velocity of the fluid is augmented by decreasing the thickness of the electric double layer and raising the strength of the electric field in the forwarding direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is mainly focused on the viscous flow of cu-water/Methanol suspended nanofluids towards a three-dimensional stretching sheet reformed by magnetohydrodynamic phenomenon. The viscous effect is considered as temperature dependent with water treated as a base fluid. Similarity conversions are employed to set forth the non-linear equations of this physical problem. An innovative model for 3D analysis for cu-water/Methanol nanofluid with an irregular viscosity is presented in the present study. Reynold's model of viscosity is considered in the present study. Moreover, shooting technique is employed to elaborate the non-linear coupled governing equations with the relevant boundary conditions. The physical interpretation of these numerical calculations is presented through a graphical specimen of velocity, Nusselt number, temperature, and skin friction etc. The results of present model are showing quality harmony with the results of existing model. This model is being used for manipulating and designing the surfaces such as stretching/shrinking wrapping and panting devices in nanotechnology. The results also show the significant changes in flow characteristics with changing the value of stretching parameter. It is observed that with an increasing in nanoparticles volume fraction boundary layer thickness decreases. Further, it is also observed that with an increase in viscosity parameter, temperature increases because here we are considering temperature dependent viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation aims to analyze the effect of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) suspension on the heat transfer performance of ethylene glycol (EG) based nanofluids flow curved microchannel driven by two pumping mechanisms i.e., peristaltic pumping and electroosmotic pumping. The shear-thinning aspect of BNNTs-EG nanofluid is characterized by employing the Carreau fluid model. A uniform magnetic field is also imposed along the curved conduit, and the effect of Hall currents and ion slip generated by this magnetic field is also considered. The analysis has been performed in the presence of the Joule heating phenomenon. The no-slip conditions for velocity and convective boundary conditions for heat and mass transfer are enforced along channel walls. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation in curvilinear coordinates is employed to find the electric potential distribution in the fluid medium subject to the approximation of lower zeta potential. Further, the system of equations is executed numerically by Maple 17 subject to the lubrication linearization principle. The impression of important physical parameters on the flow characteristics is displayed graphically. It is found that more cooling effect is generated by considering a channel with relatively less curvature and fluid momentum is assisted by the larger curvature parameter i.e., in a straighter channel. It is further revealed that the increasing volume fraction of BN nanotubes reduces the shear-thinning characteristics of BNNTs-EG nanofluid, however, it enhances the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid and removes the heat from the system more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the flow of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) suspended water-based ionic solution driven by combined effects of electroosmosis and peristalsis mechanisms. The analysis is performed in the presence of the transverse magnetic field, thermal radiation, mixed convection, and the slip boundary condition imposed on the channel walls. Poisson–Boltzmann ionic distribution is linearized by employing the Debye–Hückel approximation. The scaling analysis of the problem is rendered subject to the lubrication approach. The resulting nonlinear system of equations is executed to obtain approximate solutions using regular perturbation techniques and the graphical results are computed for various flow properties. Pumping and trapping phenomena are also discussed under the effects of pertinent parameters. Computed results show that a reduction in EDL thickness intensifies the fluid velocity as well as temperature. Improvement in thermal conductivity of base fluid is noticed with increasing SWCNTs volume fraction. It is further examined that axial velocity magnifies with Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the peristaltically regulated electroosmotic pumping of water-based hybrid (Ag–Au) nanofluids through an inclined asymmetric microfluidic channel in a porous environment. A newly developed model termed as modified Buongiorno model which studies the impact of thermophoretic and Brownian diffusion phenomenon along with the inclusion of thermophysical attributes of nanoparticles is employed to predict the heat transfer attributes. Governing equations of the present model are linearized through Debye–Hückel and lubrication linearization principle. Mathematical software Maple 17 is applied to simulate the numerical results. Salient attributes of the electroosmotic peristaltic pumping subject to various physical parameters are assessed through graphical results. Visualization of fluid flow is presented by preparing contour plots for stream function. Moreover, a comparative study for water-based hybrid (Ag–Au) nanofluid and the silver nanofluid is made. It is found that the hybridity of nanofluid facilitates to achieve a much higher heat transfer rate as compared to silver-water nanofluid and thermophysical properties are remarkably improved in the case of hybrid nanofluids. The heat transfer rate is inversely related to the size of suspended nanoparticles. Furthermore, the mechanism of heat transfer is boosted through electroosmosis by reducing the thickness of the electric double layer and applying the electric field. This model will be applicable to developing biomicrofluidics devices for drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus were selected for this study to check the antibacterial effects of gold nanoparticles and drug-conjugated gold nanoparticles to overcome the emerging drug resistance. Culture and purification of selected bacterial isolates, drug profiling, minimum inhibitory concentration, preparation of gold salt solution, preparation of drug-conjugated gold nanoparticles and susceptibility pattern by well diffusion assay and disk diffusion method is performed to evaluate the results. MRSA (sample MBH-2), sensitive strain (sample MBH-3) and MDR strain (sample MBH-1) showed different patterns of susceptibility. We analyzed that the drug-conjugated nanoparticles showed remarkable antibacterial activity against all three strains of S. aureus. The best bactericidal activity was observed at 100 µL gold nanoparticles concentration for all three strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 47, 53 and 51 mM for MRSA, MDR and sensitive S.aureus, respectively, which further approves that drug-conjugated AuNPs are more effective than the drug alone nanoparticles are smaller in size and great antimicrobial activity in our study we have seen remarkable antimicrobial activity of drug-conjugated gold nanoparticles against staphylococcus aureus shown in well diffusion assay and disk diffusion assay, we also analyzed minimum inhibitory concentration of drug-conjugated gold nanoparticles. Its recommended that future use of drug-conjugated gold nanoparticles should be used to overcome the developing drug resistance in health care facilities, because nanoparticles have very smaller size and large surface area thus it can carry large amount of drug on their targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the numerical simulation of the electroosmotic flow of methanol-based aluminum oxide (Al2O3–CH3OH) nanofluid in a tapered microchannel. The shear-thickening attributes of methanol are characterized by the Sisko fluid model. The tapered microchannel walls move with peristaltic wave velocity. Buongiorno model in combination with the Corcione model for thermal conductivity and viscosity is employed to predict the heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3–methanol nanofluid. The Maxwell–Garnett model is employed to compute the effective electric conductivity of nanofluids. The effect of the porous medium in the flow field is signified by modified Darcy's law. The salient attributes of viscous dissipation and Joule heating caused by electroosmosis are also taken into account. The approximations of the lubrication approach and the Debye–Hückel linearization are invoked in mathematical formulation for considerable simplification of the flow problem. The solutions of the acquired set of nonlinear governing equations are computed numerically through Maple 17. The graphical results for various physical quantities are also presented for physical interpretation and discussion. It is revealed that fluid becomes more viscous for enhancement in the consistency parameter. Furthermore, maintaining a larger temperature difference within microchannel produces a reduction in the concentration of nanoparticles. Temperature and velocity profiles are strongly dependent on the electroosmosis mechanism. The simulated results will be very important for designing biomicrofluidics devices dealing with rheologically complex fluids such as lubricating greases, blood, saliva or mucus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, we have studied the effects of heat transfer on the peristaltic flow considering the Phan-Thien–Tanner fluid model. The fluid is flowing in a uniform circular tube in the form of wave motion. The inner walls of the tube are considered to be ciliated with small hair-like structures. Exact solutions have been derived for velocity, temperature and pressure gradient. Mechanical properties of the fluid, such as velocity, temperature, pressure rise and pressure gradient, have been discussed graphically. Trapping phenomena due to the variation of physical parameters have been deliberated. It has been observed that when the viscous forces are greater than the elastic forces, the velocity of the fluid flow significantly decreases, thermal conductivity of the fluid improves and the pressure gradient along the tube increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, double-diffusive natural convective peristaltic flow of a nanofluid with induced magnetic field in an asymmetric porous channel is discussed. The five coupled equations are solved analytically using with new analytical techniques detail of which is given in solution section. The analytical solutions for pressure gradient and pressure rise, velocity profile, temperature, solutal concentration, and nanoparticle fraction are evaluated and presented through graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present enquiry is to analyse the mechanics of an incompressible fluid, with water as base fluid, through a radially symmetric plumb duct with permeable walls in the presence of magnetic field. The study is an extension of peristaltic stream which has wide industrial applications. Exact solutions have been acquired for the foremost fluid problem. Results are demonstrated graphically and debated concisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetohydrodynamics plays important role to manipulate the physiological fluids due to magnetic nature of physiological fluids. Magnetohydrodynamics pumps are a robust technology which provide more elegant and sustainable performance compared with conventional medical pumps. To study the effects of suspension of the nanoparticles (drugs) in physiological fluids (blood) flow are important in biomedical science and engineering. Motivated by such applications, an analytical approach is presented to study the nanoparticle shape effects on peristaltic transport of nanofluids in presence of magnetohydrodynamics in the present article. A two dimensional continuity, momentum and energy equations are considered to govern the present biophysical model. The governing equations are also linearized using lubrication theory where we consider the low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximations. Closed form solutions are obtained for axial velocity, axial pressure gradient, temperature, pressure rise, wall shear stress and stream function. The effects of three different type of shapes (bricks, cylinders, and platelets) of nanoparticles on peristaltic pumping characteristics and thermal characteristics are computed with the help of graphical illustrations. The interesting outcomes of this study are relevant to more realistic designs for ocular peristaltic pumps in drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peristaltic micro-pumps offer an excellent mechanism for delivery of a variety of medicines including drugs, corneal solutions etc. The surge in deployment of nanoparticles in medicine has provided new potential for such pumps. In light of this we investigate the time-dependent peristaltic flow of nanofluids with diffusive effects through a finite non-uniform channel, this geometry being more representative of real micro-pumps. Creeping flow is taken into account (inertial forces are small compared with viscous forces) i.e., Reynolds number is low (Re <1) and wavelength is also taken to be very large. The Buongiorno formulation for nanofluids is employed with an Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation. Closed-form solutions are developed for the non-dimensional governing equations subject to physically realistic boundary conditions. Mathematica symbolic software is employed to evaluate the evolution of nanoparticle fraction, temperature, axial velocity, transverse velocity and pressure difference distribution along the length of the pump channel with variation in thermal Grashof number, basic-density (species i.e., mass) Grashof number, Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation of biological and industrial nanofluids by natural propulsion like cilia movement and self-generated contraction-relaxation of flexible walls has significant applications in numerous emerging technologies. Inspired by multi-disciplinary progress and innovation in this direction, a thermo-fluid mechanical model is proposed to study the entropy generation and convective heat transfer of nanofluids fabricated by the dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) nanoparticles in water as the base fluid. The regime studied comprises heat transfer and steady, viscous, incompressible flow, induced by metachronal wave propulsion due to beating cilia, through a cylindrical tube containing a sparse (i.e., high permeability) homogenous porous medium. The flow is of the creeping type and is restricted under the low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximations. Slip effects at the wall are incorporated and the generalized Darcy drag-force model is utilized to mimic porous media effects. Cilia boundary conditions for velocity components are employed to determine analytical solutions to the resulting non-dimensionalized boundary value problem. The influence of pertinent physical parameters on temperature, axial velocity, pressure rise and pressure gradient, entropy generation function, Bejan number and stream-line distributions are computed numerically. A comparative study between SWCNT-nanofluids and pure water is also computed. The computations demonstrate that axial flow is accelerated with increasing slip parameter and Darcy number and is greater for SWCNT-nanofluids than for pure water. Furthermore the size of the bolus for SWCNT-nanofluids is larger than that of the pure water. The study is applicable in designing and fabricating nanoscale and microfluidics devices, artificial cilia and biomimetic micro-pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current investigation is to examine the influence of different physical parameters on the entropy generation. The entropy generation number due to heat transfer and fluid friction is formulated. The velocity and temperature distributions across the tube are presented along with pressure attributes. Exact analytical solution for velocity and temperature profile is obtained. It is found that the entropy generation number attains high values in the region close to the walls of the tube, while it falls to low values near the center of the tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, we have analyzed the Reiner-Rivlin fluid model for blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis. The constitutive equations for a Reiner-Rivlin fluid have been modeled in cylindrical coordinates. A perturbation series in dimensionless Reiner-Rivlin fluid parameter (λ1≪ 1) have been used to obtain explicit forms for the velocity, resistance impedance, wall shear stress and shearing stress at the stenosis throat. The graphical results of different type of tapered arteries (i.e converging tapering, diverging tapering, non-tapered artery) have been examined for different parameters of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many investigations have focused on typical configurations such as flat or cylindrical surfaces. However, the scrutiny of hydrothermal characteristics over the parabolic domain adds a unique dimension owing to its extensive application in solar thermal systems, energy systems, and power plants to improve cooling efficiency, biomedical applications, environmental and renewable energy utilization, and the automotive and aerospace industries. In addition, increasing the thermal efficiency of working rheological liquids over parabolic surfaces with the induction of hybridized nanocomposites makes this problem more relatable to realistically occurring phenomena, and provides accurate data for the execution of simulations in diversified engineering problems. This pagination inspects the increase in the thermal efficiency of ethylene glycol, which expresses the attributes of shear thinning and thickening materials characterized by the Williamson model with the induction of hybridized nanoparticles composed of MoS2 and graphene. The effectiveness of magnetization in the transversal direction to the flow is also assessed. The significance of the radiative energy and heat source is also articulated. By utilizing conservation laws, the mathematical modeling is manipulated in the sense of a partial differential system, and later transformed into a dimensionless differential setup through transformations. Numerical simulations are performed to resolve governing coupled differential system by employing Runge–Kutta procedure with conversion into initial value form. The shooting procedure is implemented to provide initial guesses for the boundary conditions. The prediction of quantities against the parameters is made through the Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagated scheme, and upshots for trained, tested, and validated data are drawn. The evaluation of the network is analyzed using mean square error and regression analysis. The results are visualized in graphical and tabular manner to interpret their behavior. A decrease in the velocity distribution is perceived by dispersing hybrid nanoparticles, whereas contrary aspect is perceived for the drag coefficient. The numerical outcomes for friction factor and Nusselt number are enumerated in a tabulated manner. Nusselt number increases up to 53% when radiation impacts are present, while elevates up to 47% when heat generation phenomenon is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow past a Riga plate has wide range applications in areas like sophisticated sensor projects, magnetic lubrication field and many more. Likewise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has remarkable thermophysical properties which make them excellent choice in several heat transfer mechanisms. In present research, the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of hybrid nanofluid containing single wall carbon nanotubes and multi wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT + MWCNT) past an inclined Riga plate has been explored with variable viscosity and influence of thermal slip, also its utilization in nano technology is seen. The flow governing problem is modeled and solved numerically using shooting algorithm. Effect of various significant parameters on flow and heat transfer aspects are explored and discussed in a physical manner. It is worth mentioning that velocity of fluid reduces for viscosity parameter but temperature of fluid improves with this parameter along with Eckert number. Skin friction coefficients and heat flux at surface become prominent for suction and width parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]