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In previous studies, replicated and multiple types of speech data have been used for Parkinson's disease (PD) detection. However, two main problems in these studies are lower PD detection accuracy and inappropriate validation methodologies leading to unreliable results. This study discusses the effects of inappropriate validation methodologies used in previous studies and highlights the use of appropriate alternative validation methods that would ensure generalization. To enhance PD detection accuracy, we propose a two-stage diagnostic system that refines the extracted set of features through L 1 regularized linear support vector machine and classifies the refined subset of features through a deep neural network. To rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic system, experiments are performed on two different voice recording-based benchmark datasets. For both datasets, the proposed diagnostic system achieves 100% accuracy under leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation (CV) and 97.5% accuracy under k-fold CV. The results show that the proposed system outperforms the existing methods regarding PD detection accuracy. The results suggest that the proposed diagnostic system is essential to improving non-invasive diagnostic decision support in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disease that has been reported to have affected most people worldwide. Recent research pointed out that about 90% of PD patients possess voice disorders. Motivated by this fact, many researchers proposed methods based on multiple types of speech data for PD prediction. However, these methods either face the problem of low rate of accuracy or lack generalization. To develop an approach that will be free of these issues, in this paper we propose a novel ensemble approach. These paper contributions are two folds. First, investigating feature selection integration with deep neural network (DNN) and validating its effectiveness by comparing its performance with conventional DNN and other similar integrated systems. Second, development of a novel ensemble model namely EOFSC (Ensemble model with Optimal Features and Sample Dependant Base Classifiers) that exploits the findings of recently published studies. Recent research pointed out that for different types of voice data, different optimal models are obtained which are sensitive to different types of samples and subsets of features. In this paper, we further consolidate the findings by utilizing the proposed integrated system and propose the development of EOFSC. For multiple types of vowel phonations, multiple base classifiers are obtained which are sensitive to different subsets of features. These features and sample-dependent base classifiers are integrated, and the proposed EOFSC model is constructed. To evaluate the final prediction of the EOFSC model, the majority voting methodology is adopted. Experimental results point out that feature selection integration with neural networks improves the performance of conventional neural networks. Additionally, feature selection integration with DNN outperforms feature selection integration with conventional machine learning models. Finally, the newly developed ensemble model is observed to improve PD detection accuracy by 6.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two independent local transmitting channels, we investigate the dynamics of entropy disorder, purity, and entanglement negativity in a two-qubit system with mixed static (STC) and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) noise. Because the OU and STC noises induce Markovianity and non-Markovianity in two classical channels, respectively, it is initially assumed that the two-qubit system is built in a Werner state form. Furthermore, the effect of noise, channel, and state parameters on entropy disorder, purity, and negativity in a two-qubit system has been thoroughly investigated. The dephasing effects of the mixed STC–OU noise differ significantly from the individual STC and OU noises. When influenced by the mixed STC–OU noise, the system preserves entanglement and purity by avoiding entropy over a longer time period. We find that the system can preserve quantum correlations for a longer period of time when weakly coupled to the classical field while setting the noise parameters to their least potential values. In comparison, the negativity measure has been found more effective in encountering smaller variations in entanglement. Entanglement sudden death and birth is witnessed to be regulated by the STC noise parameter and associated coupling strength of the classical field. In addition, a non-Markovian dynamical map of the system is obtained which contradicts the previous results under pure OU noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutral atoms quantized atomic external momenta states are widely used to avoid the decoherence risk and to complete numerous quantum information protocols such as teleportation. Here we suggest a scheme for the teleportation of an unknown superposition of external atomic quantized momenta states of a neutral atom on the internal energy levels of another atom. The scheme is executed through off-resonant and resonant atomic Bragg diffraction (ABD) under cavity QED scenario. The experimental feasibility of the proposal has also been explored using appropriate experimental parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common type of liver cancer worldwide. Patients with HCC have rare chances of survival. The chances of survival increase, if the cancer is diagnosed early. Hence, different machine learning-based methods have been developed by researchers for the accurate detection of HCC. However, high dimensionality (curse of dimensionality) and lower prediction accuracy are the problems in the automated detection of HCC. Dimensionality reduction-based methods have shown state-of-the-art performance on many disease detection problems, which motivates the development of machine learning models based on reduced features dimension. This paper proposes a new hybrid intelligent system that hybridizes three algorithms, i.e., linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for dimensionality reduction, support vector machine (SVM) for classification and genetic algorithm (GA) for SVM optimization. Consequently, the three models are hybridized and one black box model, namely LDA–GA–SVM, is constructed. Experimental results on publicly available HCC dataset show improvement in the HCC prediction accuracy. Apart from performance improvement, the proposed method also shows lower complexity from two aspects, i.e., reduced processing time in terms of hyperparameters optimization and training time. The proposed method achieved accuracy of 90.30%, sensitivity of 82.25%, specificity of 96.07% and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.804. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) powder with closed packed hexagonal (cph) crystal structure was synthesized from the elemental neodymium (Nd) using soft chemistry route. The hydrated neodymium nitrate was produced by reacting metallic Nd with nitric acid. At 546 °C, the hydrated neodymium nitrate was thermally transformed to body centered cubic (bcc) Nd2O3 in four-stage thermodynamic reactions. The bcc-Nd2O3 was subsequently transformed to cph-Nd2O3 at 1037 °C. A crystallite size of ~ 50 nm was attainable in the process. It was observed that the degree of crystallinity of the powder was increased with longer exposure time (> 30 min) at 1037 °C. In DSC/TGA studies, five endothermic peaks were observed at different temperatures. During XRD evaluations, it was elaborated that each peak corresponded to certain phase transformation, i.e., Nd (OH)2·NO3 monoclinic (at 160 °C), Nd(OH)3 cph (at 315 °C), Nd2O fcc (at 500 °C), Nd2O3 bcc (at 590 °C), and Nd2O3 cph (at 1050 °C). The FTIR evaluation further validated the findings. The grain size and cph structure of the final product were also verified by TEM study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at to ascertain the relationship between education of head of the households and their financial vulnerability using data comprising of 17,031 households obtained from Household Integrated Economic Survey 2015–2016 in Pakistan. We have compiled three measures of financial vulnerability at household level i.e. financial margins excluding and including the rental payments and Financial Vulnerability Index (FVI). According to the results, proportion of financially vulnerable households in both measures of financial margin declines along with increase in level of education of the head of households and stands at 66% and 77% for no formal education of the head, 56% and 70% for primary, 42% and 61% for secondary, 27% and 44% for higher secondary, 14% and 32% for graduate and 13% and 24% for post graduate levels of education. FVI results indicate that out of 2504 highly vulnerable households i.e. falling in the bottom 10% of the distribution, 63.8% were those with no formal education of their heads followed by 19.3% with primary, 14.3% with secondary and 1.9% with higher secondary level of education. Further, various levels of education and individual characteristics such as marital status, gender, region, province and employment status of the heads, have been emerged as significant determinants of financial vulnerability in all three estimated measures along with household's income, consumption, savings and rental payments. Findings of the study calls for greater human capital investment both by households and the government of Pakistan in order to stabilize the financial conditions of the households at micro level, which in turn can promote stability and resilience at macro level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic fungi have been used to obtain novel bioactive secondary metabolites with potential applications in medical and agricultural sectors, which can also act as lead targets for pharmaceutical and medicinal potential. In the present study, the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 isolated from the root of cucumber plant was tested for its enzyme inhibitory potential. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of LHL10 was screened for its inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-glucosidase, urease, and anti-lipid peroxidation. The findings suggest that the EtOAc extract from LHL10 possesses significant inhibitory potential against urease and α-glucosidase. The EtOAc extract was thus, subjected to advanced column chromatographic techniques for the isolation of pure compounds. The structure elucidation was carried out through spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data, and these compounds were confirmed as known a sester-terpenoid (1) and a known cyclic peptide (2). The enzyme inhibition bioassay indicated that Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited remarkable inhibitory rate against α-glucosidase and urease, with an IC50 value of 61.80 ± 5.7, 75.68 ± 6.2 and 74.25 ± 4.3, 190.5 ± 10.31 µg/g, respectively. Thus, the current study concludes the enzyme inhibitory potential of endophyte LHL10 and provides the basis for further investigations of bioactive compounds, which could be used as potent drugs for enzyme inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the compliance for water intake and rate of recurrence between spiritually motivated and non-motivated patients of renal tract stone disease. It is a multi centric prospective cohort study, conducted in Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Peshawar Medical College, from January 10, 2009 to December 2012. A total of 180 patients with comparable demographic, IQ, EQ and BMI after achieving complete stone clearance were divided into two equal groups. Both groups were instructed to increase the water intake timetable according to AUA guidelines. Group 'A' comprising of 90 patients who were identified as spiritually motivated patients based on questioner of FICA 12 is also instructed that increasing the water intake is mentioned in contemporary Islamic medicine. No spiritual instruction was given to Group B. The instructed guidelines and practice for amount and timing of water intake were recalled from participants at the end of 6 and 12 months. The data were recorded on structured proforma and was analyzed using SPSS version 17. The mean age of the patient in Group A was 37.5 years (18-70 years), while in Group B it was 34 years (18-65 years). Urolithiasis affected predominantly male gender in both groups. Sixty-five patients (72.2 %) in Group A have significant compliance ( p < 0.001) for water intake over Group B (46 %). The spiritually motivated Group A has significantly reduced rate of recurrence of stones in 23 patients versus 37 in Group B. The spiritually motivated patients had significantly better compliance for water intake and reduced rate of recurrence versus non-motivated individuals in urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic copper (Cu) nanoparticles were added in appropriate ratios into the CuTlBaCaCuO (CuTl-1223) superconducting phase to obtain (Cu)/CuTl-1223 ( x = 0 ∼ 4.0 wt%) nanoparticle-superconductor composites. Structural, morphological, compositional, and superconducting transport properties were investigated by using different experimental characterization techniques. The crystal structure of the host CuTl-1223 phase remained unaltered (i.e. tetragonal) after addition of Cu nanoparticles, which gave a clue about the occupancy of these nanoparticles at the inter-crystallite sites. Grain morphology and inter-grain connectivity were improved after addition of these Cu nanoparticles being metallic in nature were supposed to be the best candidate for improvement of inter-grain connectivity and superconducting properties. Calculation of the superconducting volume fraction showed the dominance of the CuTl-1223 phase along with the presence of some other superconducting phases and unknown impurities. The optimum content level of Cu nanoparticles in the CuTl-1223 phase for maximum improvement of superconducting properties was 1.0 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maghemite ( γ-FeO) nanoparticles and the (CuTl)BaCaCuO (CuTl-1223) superconducting phase were prepared separately by sol-gel and solid-state reactions, respectively. γ-FeO nanoparticles were added into the CuTl-1223 superconducting phase to get ( γ-FeO)/CuTl-1223, where x = 0 ∼ 1.25 wt.% nanoparticle-superconductor composites. The structural, morphological, and superconducting transport properties of these composites were investigated by using different experimental techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of these composites revealed that γ-FeOnanoparticles have not changed the crystal structure of the host CuTl-1223 superconducting phase, which has indicated the occupancy of these nanoparticles at grain-boundaries. The grain morphology was improved due to change in reaction thermodynamics with addition of these magnetic nanoparticles. Superconducting transport parameters of the CuTl-1223 phase were enhanced up to a certain optimum level of γ-FeO nanoparticle content (i.e. x = 0.50 wt.%) followed by systematic suppression. Different microscopic superconducting parameters were deduced from resistivity versus temperature experimentaldata of ( γ-FeO)/CuTl-1223, where x = 0 ∼1.25 wt.% composites by using different theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel thermal barrier coating system was formulated to resist hot corrosion environments. In this coating system, 5% CaZrO was added to conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The above composite coating system was compared with the standard YSZ system in the presence of a mixture of 50% NaSO and 50% VO at 950 °C. The results demonstrated that the lifetime of the CaZrO-added composite system in this highly hostile environment was longer compared with the standard YSZ system. This is due to the fact that the preferential reaction of NaVO shifted from yttria to calcia, forming CaVO instead of YVO. The preferential reactions are discussed in terms of free energy changes and acid-base theory of molten salts with ceramic oxides. Furthermore, calculations of lattice distortion also proved that the CaZrO-added composite system demonstrated less distortion, thus increasing the overall lifetime of the coating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effects of gold (Au) nanoparticles on flux pinning in CuTlBaCaCuO (CuTl-1223) superconductor by infield temperature-dependent dc-resistivity measurements. The values of $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}T_{\mathrm {c}}^{\text {onset}}$ (K) remained almost unaffected by applying external magnetic field on (Au)/CuTl-1223; ( x = 0∼1.5 wt.%) composites samples. But a decreasing trend in T (0) and increasing trend in resistive broadening (Δ T) by increasing external applied magnetic field were reduced after addition of Au nanoparticles in CuTl-1223 superconducting matrix. The activation energy ( U ) was calculated according to thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) model by using the Arrhenius Law. The increase in T (0), U , and upper critical field ( H ) indicates a strong flux pinning after the inclusion of Au nanoparticles and found optimum for x = 1.0 wt.%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel ferrite (NiFeO) nanoparticles and CuTlBaCaCuO (CuTl-1223) superconductor were prepared separately and then mixed in an appropriate ratios at the final stage to obtain (NiFeO)/CuTl-1223 ( x = 0, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) nano-superconductor composites. There was no significant change observed in crystal structure of the host CuTl-1223 superconducting matrix after the addition of NiFeO nanoparticles. The value of zero-resistivity critical temperature { T (K)} was decreased with increasing content of these nanoparticles in these composites. Maximum values of dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) at lowest possible frequency of 40 Hz were increased with the increase of operating temperature, while its values were decreased and become almost zero at higher frequencies for all these samples at all operating temperatures. A peak in dielectric loss tangent was shifted towards lower frequency values with the addition of these nanoparticles in CuTl-1223 superconducting matrix. The dielectric loss tangent peak was also shifted towards lower frequency values in all these samples with increasing operating temperature, which shows the relaxator-like behavior in these samples. The dielectric parameters of these composites can be tuned by frequency, operating temperatures, and nature and content of these nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of slickline distributed temperature sensing (SL-DTS) technology is becoming widespread due to its ease of operation and ability to acquire real-time multiple temperature traces inside the wellbore. Injection of treated acid gas (TAG)-a mixture of CO and HS-into geologic formations has become an attractive technical and economic option for oil and gas producers and processors who are faced with regulations concerning excess sulfur and greenhouse gas emissions. Acid gas injection (AGI) into geologic formations is more economical and more flexible in dealing with varying TAG compositions than sulfur recovery units (SRUs) using the Claus process. SRUs do not achieve air quality standards and have high operation and maintenance costs. In addition, there is low demand for sulfur and sulfur disposal costs are high. The results of the analysis of SL-DTS data acquired in conjunction with step rate and pressure falloff (PFO) tests are presented in this paper. These tests were conducted to evaluate the injection potential of geologic formations. The injection zone consisted of a carbonate formation characterized by Karst features, vugs, and natural fractures. The SL-DTS data during the initial injection flow rate for the step rate test (SRT) indicated that high permeability zones accepted fluid at lower injection rates. An increasing number of discrete zones began to accept fluid as the injection rate was increased. The results of the SRT provided the fracture pressure of the formation. This information was used to design an AGI program that would avoid fracturing the formation while allowing for the required volume of TAG to be injected. The results of the PFO test provided information on the reservoir pressure and permeability and also indicated the presence of one or more hydraulic fractures. This case study of SL-DTS measurements made during a SRT and a PFO test for the design of an AGI well provides valuable insights into the potential of DTS technology and its use in AGI and carbon capture/sequestration (CCS) operations. Its findings could be applied to analyze injection potential of geological formations not only for AGI projects but also for CCS, and CO enhanced oil recovery opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the development of hybrid copolymer poly vinyl alcohol hydrogel (H-PVA) based on acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPSA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The H-PVA hydrogels were used for controlled release study of highly water-soluble antidepressant drug (venlafaxine). The formation of new structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of dry hydrogel slabs was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal gravimetric analysis of hydrogels showed that there was an increase in thermal stability of H-PVA hydrogels. Swelling experiments performed in acidic and basic media provided important information on drug release properties of hydrogels. The release of venlafaxine was significantly retarded in pH 1.2, while rapid release was observed in pH 7.4. The release rate of venlafaxine increased with increasing ratio of AA and AMPSA. However, extent of drug release was significantly reduced on increasing ratio of EGDMA. Mechanism of release has been analyzed using various mathematical models. H-PVA hydrogel slabs were able to sustain the release of venlafaxine more than 20 h. The results of the study suggest that optimized H-PVA hydrogels could serve as suitable controlled release matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral resources play an important part in the development of a country. Pakistan being an energy deficient country, is blessed with several energy mineral resources in the form of coal and uranium, with its unique location (at collision of major tectonic plates) and depositional settings. Pakistan is sanctified in the distribution of coal-bearing formations in its different parts. This distribution, if properly demarcated and utilized, can play a vital role in meeting the energy requirements of the country. The present study integrates geophysical methods (electrical resistivity and ground penetrating radar) with geological data to delineate thickness, identify depth and hosting lithologies of coal beds/seams in Akkakhel (Akhel), Akhorwal (Awal) and Sheikhan (Skhan) areas of western Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. To achieve the desired goal, resistivity soundings coupled with GPR profiles were correlated with geological boreholes. The resistivity datasets indicate intermediate and high values for coal seams embedded in shale and dry sandstone patches, respectively. Furthermore, high resistivity values associated with coal seams indicate good coal quality in depth due to thermal maturity in Skhan area. The results of ground penetrating radar also justified the similar depositional pattern (due to continuity of reflectors) associated with interplay between terrestrial and marine agents. The borehole data revealed most of the coal seams occurred in Hangu and Samana Suk sandstone beds. The integrated results portray that low-quality coal occurred at shallow depth (6–25 m) in all three areas, whereas high-quality coal was only found in the Skhan area due to more depth and thermal maturity. This study will add useful information for the researchers, mining engineers and industries for the exploration of coal in unknown regions of Akhel, Awal and Skhan of Kohat, Pakistan. Research Highlights: The integration has turn out to be an effective interpretation regarding coal occurrence, distribution and quality. The overall environment of deposition interpreted was beach environment. Alluvial cover was only present in Akhel area due to depiction of eroded sediments. Resistivity indicated high values, whereas GPR indicated strong signal in good quality coal. High-quality coal lies below the depth of 25m in all the areas. Coal quality in Skhan and Awal is more better as compared to the Akhel area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of nutrition strategy on levels of nutrients and bioactive compounds in fruit and leaves of blackberries were studied in greenhouse-grown blackberry plants fertilised with combinations of two levels (low, high) of nitrogen (60 and 100 kg ha, respectively) and potassium (66.4 and 104 kg ha, respectively). Plant concentrations of organic phytochemicals were quantitatively analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. High amounts of both fertilisers produced high amounts of all nutrients and bioactive compounds analysed in fruit except total acidity and ellagic acid. There were major differences in compounds affecting taste in fruit, e.g., sugars (fructose and glucose), total soluble solids and pH, and also in anthocyanin content. The concentrations of secondary metabolites, vitamin C and ellagic acid in fruit also varied significantly between treatments, although the differences were smaller. Storage of blackberries showed variable effects in the different levels of compounds, and the changes found were small. Nutrient regime did not affect blackberry leaves to the same extent, and only minor changes were found. The findings show that by optimising plant nutrition, phytonutrient levels can be maximised and maintained in fresh and stored berry crops, especially those grown in greenhouses, where conditions can easily be regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating local site effects into seismic hazard analysis, especially for deep soil sites, is crucial. This study describes probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) incorporating site effects for a deep soil site in Pakistan. Bedrock hazard is assessed in FRISK88M using a rigorous logic tree. Equivalent linear site response analysis (SRA) is performed in STRATA and captured the soil variability properties via Monte Carlo simulations. We proposed a hybrid approach in this study which utilizes the outcomes of Random Vibration Theory (RVT) and multiple Time Histories (TH) approach to assess the site-specific amplifications. Incorporating site amplifications transforms rock ground motion models into site-specific then we performed soil PSHA in FRISK88M. The analysis revealed that RVT overpredicts (3–17%) while TH underpredict (1–6%) hazard as compared to the hybrid approach at all return periods. The hybrid approach proposed in this study provides an innovative, effective and reliable estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite element (FE) modeling of tailor welded blanks (TWBs) is a complex phenomenon compared to FE modeling of monolithic sheets due to the change of mechanical properties caused by the welding process. This complexity involves modeling different zones generated due to the heat effect. Research on the formability of steel TWBs with dissimilar thicknesses and strength produced by manual tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding technique and formed by single point incremental forming (SPIF) involving base sheets, weld nugget (WN), and heat affected zone (HAZ) is presented, numerically. The materials selected for the study included deep drawing quality (DDQ) steel (DC06) and stainless steel (SS) (AISI 201). Variable wall angle truncated pyramid was used as test geometry, and FE software Abaqus (dynamic explicit solver) was used for the analysis. Thickness profiles and state of stress and strain in both the cases of thickness and strength differential were analyzed. A decrease in thickness was observed at the corners in both cases. However, this decrease was more prominent in the case of strength differential. The symmetry of the pattern on both sides with minimum and maximum values of stress towards the thinner side was observed in the case of thickness differential. Variation in stress was more prominent towards the side of high-strength material along maximum value in the case of strength differential. Equivalent plastic strain observed was more linear and higher towards the sides of thicker sheet and material having less strength in the case of thickness differential and strength differential, respectively. Research investigations may be applied in a similar fashion for the precise study of formability characteristics of various kinds of TWBs being used in multiple industries including automotive, vessel, and medical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-step solid-state reaction method was used to synthesize (Cu0.5Tl0.5) Ba2Ca2Cu3O10-δ (CuTl-1223) superconducting phase, and sol–gel method was used to prepare copper (Cu) nanoparticles. These Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were mixed with CuTl-1223 superconducting phase to get (Cu)x/CuTl-1223 (x = 0, 1.0, and 2.0 wt%) nanoparticle-superconductor composites. These composites were prepared at high pelletize pressure of 0.202 GPa. The crystal structure and phase purity of (Cu)x/CuTl-1223 composites were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis was carried out via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Different vibrational modes of oxygen in these samples were studied with the help of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The four-point probe technique was used to study the resistivity versus temperature measurements, and Arrhenius law was used for the calculation of activation energy. The critical transition temperature width and hole concentration were calculated for different contents of Cu nanoparticles in (Cu)x/CuTl-1223 composites. All the findings were elaborated in comparison with (Cu)x/CuTl-1223 composites prepared at relatively low hydraulic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, salinity is an important abiotic stress in agriculture. It induced oxidative stress and nutritional imbalance in plants, resulting in poor crop productivity. Applying silicon (Si) can improve the uptake of macronutrients. On the other hand, using biochar as a soil amendment can also decrease salinity stress due to its high porosity, cation exchange capacity, and water-holding capacity. That's why the current experiment was conducted with novelty to explore the impact of silicon nanoparticle-based biochar (Si-BC) on wheat cultivated on salt-affected soil. There were 3 levels of Si-BC, i.e., control (0), 1% Si-BC1, and 2.5% Si-BC2 applied in 3 replicates under 0 and 200 mM NaCl following a completely randomized design. Results showed that treatment 2.5% Si-BC2 performed significantly better for the enhancement in shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, number of leaves, number of tillers, number of spikelets, spike length, spike fresh and dry weight compared to control under no stress and salinity stress (200 mM NaCl). A significant enhancement in chlorophyll a (~ 18%), chlorophyll b (~ 22%), total chlorophyll (~ 20%), carotenoid (~ 60%), relative water contents (~ 58%) also signified the effectiveness of treatment 2.5% Si-BC2 than control under 200 mM NaCl. In conclusion, treatment 2.5% Si-BC2 can potentially mitigate the salinity stress in wheat by regulating antioxidants and improving N, K concentration, and gas exchange attributes while decreasing Na and Cl concentration and electrolyte leakage. More investigations at the field level are recommended for the declaration of treatment 2.5% Si-BC2 as the best amendment for alleviating salinity stress in different crops under variable climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by sol–gel process, and superconducting (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca2Cu3O10−δ {(CuTl)-1223} phase was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction. The desired (Cu)x/(CuTl)-1223, x = 0–4.0 wt% composites, were obtained by adding Cu NPs in superconducting (CuTl)-1223 phase. These composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, DC-resistivity versus temperature (R–T) and AC conduction measurements. The tetragonal crystal structure with P4/mmm space group of the host superconducting (CuTl)-1223 phase remained dominant after the addition of Cu NPs. The zero-resistivity critical temperature Tc(0) (K) was increased, and normal state resistivity was decreased after addition of Cu NPs in CuTl-1223 phase. The frequency- and temperature-dependent AC conduction properties of (Cu)x/(CuTl)-1223 composites were explored via dielectric, impedance and electric modulus measurements. The dielectric constant (ɛr/, ɛr//) and loss tangent (tanδ) were suppressed, while AC conductivity (σac) was improved with the addition of Cu NPs in (CuTl)-1223 phase. Comparatively, the capacitance associated with grain boundaries regions was found to be greater than the capacitance associated with grain regions. The capacitive behavior of the grain boundaries was decreased, while that of the grains was increased with increasing operating temperature for all these composite samples. The shifting of peaks in imaginary part of the electric modulus (M//) versus frequency (f) spectra toward lower frequency regime with increasing Cu NPs contents in superconducting (CuTl)-1223 phase is witnessed for the existence of non-Debye relaxation in the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the structural, optical, and dielectric properties of Pure and Mn+2 doped ZnO nano-particles (Zn1−xMnxO) with x ≥ 20%, synthesized by co-precipitation method followed by annealing at 4500C. Different characterization techniques were conducted to characterize the as-prepared nano-particles. X-ray Diffraction analysis of the pure and Mn+2 doped presented a hexagonal wurtzite structure and a decreased crystallite size with increasing doping concentration. Morphological analysis from SEM revealed finely dispersed spherical nanoparticles with particle size of 40–50 nm. Compositional analysis from EDX confirmed the incorporation of Mn+2ions in ZnO structure. The Results of UV spectroscopy showed that changing the doping concentration affects the band gap, and a red shift is observed as the doping concentration is increased. The band gap changes from 3.3 to 2.75 eV. Dielectric measurements exhibited decrease in the relative permittivity, dielectric loss factor and ac conductivity by increasing Mn concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hindu Kush range of northern Pakistan has a large variety of Alpine and valley glaciers. These glaciers are subjected to volumetric changes owing to a host of factors (i.e. altitude, slope, glacier types, and aspect). The geodetic survey and field-based data are not available for assessment of glacier's Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) for Hindu Kush due to rough topography and rigorous climate. However, the mass balance of the alpine and valley glaciers can be obtained through ELA and Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR). Therefore, this study deals with the estimation of ELA, the hypsometrically controlled methods based on AAR and Accumulation Area Balance Ratio (AABR). Various ratios between 0.4–0.8 with 0.05 interval for AAR and 0.67–4.4 with 0.01 for AABR are applied to obtain the ELA of valley glaciers. Moreover, the glacier contours with the interval of 50 m ± 5 m were employed for these estimations. The constant AAR and AABR ratios rather than constant glacier area adjust glacier hypsometry based on ELA variations. The results show that for AAR (0.5), 50 m ELA declined from 5409 to 5359 m and reduced (4%) the geometric area. The maximum decrease of 150 m ELA for these glaciers is reported for the AAR-AABR ratio of 0.1–4.4, showing a significant decrease. The estimated decrease in the glacier area of Hindu Kush is extremely variable specifically in Phargam, Khorabohr and Gordoghan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The putative Jambil meta-carbonatites of Swat, northern Pakistan, occur as discrete intrusions into the Proterozoic Manglaur Formation, which are difficult to be distinguished from nearby calc-silicate marble because both rock types experienced regional metamorphism during Himalayan orogenesis that resulted in similar mosaic textures and mineral assemblages. Carbonatites are often significant repositories of economic mineral resources and, therefore, are important to be distinguished from calc-silicate marble. We present new geochemical and geochronology data to distinguish between the two rock types and interpret the petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of the Jambil meta-carbonatites. Whole rock chemical data from the Jambil meta-carbonatites show characteristically high rare earth element (REE), Sr contents and lack of negative Eu anomaly, consistent with average calcio-carbonatite values worldwide and an igneous origin. More than 0.5 wt.% SrO in the meta-carbonatites and SrO > 0.15 wt.% in constituent rock forming calcite are discriminating signatures of the Jambil meta-carbonatites. Chemically, the Jambil meta-carbonatites are relatively depleted in Rb, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf, relatively enriched in Ba, Th, Sr, and have a high LREE/HREE ratio when normalized to primitive mantle. Their carbon and oxygen isotope compositions vary from −3.5‰ to −4.3‰ and from 9.7‰ to 12.3‰, respectively. These geochemical characteristics indicate generation of the carbonatites through small degree of partial melting from a carbonated eclogitic source. In-situ, U/Pb analysis of titanite indicates that the Jambil meta-carbonatites were emplacement at 438 ± 3 Ma. When combined with regional geological observations, we interpret the emplacement of the Jambil meta-carbonatites to have taken place during the Silurian back arc extension within greater Gondwana and mark a transition from a compressional tectonic regime, brought about by collision of microcontinental blocks along the northern margin of Gondwana, to post-orogenic extension in the waning stages of the pre-Himalayan Ordovician orogeny. Finally, in-situ208Pb/232Th monazite dates (40.3−27.6 Ma) extracted from the meta-carbonatites are consistent with the Cenozoic metamorphism of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal endophytes establish an important niche within the host plant through the secretion of chemical constituents. Isolation of bioactive metabolites could be a vital source for inhibiting the function of enzymes such as α-glucosidase and urease. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential of endophytes associated with Boswellia sacra through bioassay-guided isolation and identification of secondary metabolites with enzyme inhibitory ability. Endophytic fungal strains viz. Penicillium citrinum, P. spinulosum, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus caespitosus were identified through genomic DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The enzymes inhibition analysis of the ethyl acetate extract from pure cultures suggested that P. citrinum possess significantly higher enzyme inhibitory activities compared to other strains. The active strain was subjected to chromatographic isolation and nuclear magnetic resonance methods to identify bioactive compounds. The bioactive extracts resulted in the isolation of 11-oxoursonic acid benzyl ester ( 1), n-nonane ( 2), 3-decene-1-ol ( 3), 2-Hydroxyphenyl acetic acid ( 4), and Glochidacuminosides A ( 5). Among pure compound, 11-oxoursonic acid benzyl ester ( 1) showed significantly higher enzyme inhibition activity compared to other metabolites. Our results suggest that the endophytic microorganism associated with the arid-land tree can offer a rich source of biologically active chemical constituents that could help discover lead drugs for enzyme inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CNC press-brake forming is widely used to transform sheet-metal blanks into complex three-dimensional shapes in a low quantity high variety manufacturing environment. Sheet-metal bend sequence planning is a complex combinatorial problem. Process planning and tolerance reasoning for sheet-metal forming are critical to reduce manufacturing time and to address accuracy aspects. Handling time and accuracy of sheet-metal-formed components strongly depend upon the bending sequence. Process and material variations shrink the tolerance zones and therefore their effect must be incorporated in the overall sheet-metal process planning activity. Monte Carlo simulations are used in this article to evaluate the effect of process and material variations on bending accuracy. Branch-and-bound, traveling salesman problem (TSP)-based techniques are used to identify potential feasible bending sequences. Results from the Monte Carlo simulations are used as input for sheet-metal bend sequence planning. In the case study, proposed methodology is used for available industrial sheet-metal components. Resulted tolerance zones attenuated after the probabilistic deflection analysis. Expected error input from probabilistic deflection analysis produced bending sequences which resulted in formed components within designed accuracy limits. Possibility of forming out of tolerance components is also attenuated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study briefings the roles of Coriolis, and Lorentz forces on the dynamics of rotating nanofluids flow toward a continuously stretching sheet. The nanoparticles are incorporated because of their unusual qualities like upgrade the thermal transportation, which are very important in heat exchangers, modern nanotechnology, electronics, and material sciences. The primary goal of this study is to improve heat transportation. Appropriate similarity transformations are applied for the principal PDEs to transform into nonlinear dimensionless PDEs. A widely recognized Numerical scheme known as the Finite Element Method is employed to solve the resultant convective boundary layer balances. Higher input in the solvent fraction parameter has a rising effect on the primary velocity and secondary velocity magnitude, and decreasing impact on the distributions of temperature. It is seen that growing contributions of the Coriolis, and Lorentz forces cause to moderate the primary and secondary velocities, but the temperature and concentration functions show opposite trend. The concentration, temperature, and velocities distributions for suction case is prominently than that of injection case, but inverse trend is observed for local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. These examinations are relevant to the field of plastic films, crystal growing, paper production, heat exchanger, and bio-medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological discontinuities such as faults and fractures occur in all kinds of rock terrains. Investigation of these discontinuities is important in understanding the geological structures and their potential for groundwater accumulation. In the present study, the surface geology, electrical resistivity tomography technique and borehole datasets were integrated to delineate fracture zones in meta-sedimentary rocks of Malakand, northern Pakistan. Six electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles were acquired using multi-electrode imaging system by adopting Wenner–Schlumberger electrode configuration having 5 m electrode spacing attaining a maximum spread length of 300 m. Three dominant zones of variable resistivity were identified, i.e., the top layer mostly comprised of dry surficial deposit (clay, silt and sand) followed by deformed meta-sediments until bedrock is achieved. The results revealed highly fractured and low resistivity zones surrounding the bedrock of Saidu Formation and Malakand granite. The identified buried fracture zones were associated with east–west trending thrust patterns (controlled by local tectonics). These fractures serve as zones for potential groundwater accumulation/recharge and provide sustainable water resources for the local community. Furthermore, 2D electrical resistivity tomograms have also provided an insight into structural complexity, dipping towards north and south bounding local reservoirs. The techniques used in this study could be opted for other adjacent regions with similar subsurface geological conditions to demarcate the groundwater potential zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study briefings the roles of Coriolis, and Lorentz forces on the dynamics of rotating nanofluids flow toward a continuously stretching sheet. The nanoparticles are incorporated because of their unusual qualities like upgrade the thermal transportation, which are very important in heat exchangers, modern nanotechnology, electronics, and material sciences. The primary goal of this study is to improve heat transportation. Appropriate similarity transformations are applied for the principal PDEs to transform into nonlinear dimensionless PDEs. A widely recognized Numerical scheme known as the Finite Element Method is employed to solve the resultant convective boundary layer balances. Higher input in the solvent fraction parameter has a rising effect on the primary velocity and secondary velocity magnitude, and decreasing impact on the distributions of temperature. It is seen that growing contributions of the Coriolis, and Lorentz forces cause to moderate the primary and secondary velocities, but the temperature and concentration functions show opposite trend. The concentration, temperature, and velocities distributions for suction case is prominently than that of injection case, but inverse trend is observed for local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. These examinations are relevant to the field of plastic films, crystal growing, paper production, heat exchanger, and bio-medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background of the Study: The propose of the present work was to develop chemically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol-co-poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogel (PVA-MAA hydrogel) for pH responsive delivery of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Methods: PVA based hydrogels were prepared by free radical copolymerization. PVA has been cross-linked chemically with monomer (methacrylic acid) in aqueous medium, cross-linking agent was ethylene glycol di-methacrylate (EGDMA) and benzoyl peroxide was added as reaction initiator. 5-FU was loaded as model drug. FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC were performed for characterization of copolymer. Surface morphology was studied by SEM. pH sensitive properties were evaluated by swelling dynamics and equilibrium swelling ratio at low and higher pH. Results: FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC studies confirmed the formation of new copolymer. Formulations with higher MAA contents showed maximum swelling at 7.4 pH. High drug loading and higher drug release has been observed at pH 7.4. Conclusions: The current study concludes that a stable copolymeric network of PVA was developed with MAA. The prepared hydrogels were highly pH responsive. This polymeric network could be a potential delivery system for colon targeting of 5-FU in colorectal cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background of the Study: The propose of the present work was to develop chemically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol-co-poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogel (PVA-MAA hydrogel) for pH responsive delivery of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Methods: PVA based hydrogels were prepared by free radical copolymerization. PVA has been cross-linked chemically with monomer (methacrylic acid) in aqueous medium, cross-linking agent was ethylene glycol di-methacrylate (EGDMA) and benzoyl peroxide was added as reaction initiator. 5-FU was loaded as model drug. FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC were performed for characterization of copolymer. Surface morphology was studied by SEM. pH sensitive properties were evaluated by swelling dynamics and equilibrium swelling ratio at low and higher pH. Results: FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC studies confirmed the formation of new copolymer. Formulations with higher MAA contents showed maximum swelling at 7.4 pH. High drug loading and higher drug release has been observed at pH 7.4. Conclusions: The current study concludes that a stable copolymeric network of PVA was developed with MAA. The prepared hydrogels were highly pH responsive. This polymeric network could be a potential delivery system for colon targeting of 5-FU in colorectal cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is a deadly disease if not diagnosed in its early stages. However, early detection of lung cancer is a challenging task due to the shape and size of its nodules. Radiologists use automated tools for more precise opinion. Automated detection of the affected lung nodules is complicated because of the shape similarity among healthy and unhealthy tissues. Over the years, several expert systems have been developed that help radiologists to diagnose lung cancer effectively. In this article, we have proposed a framework to precisely detect lungs cancer to classify the benign and malignant nodules. The proposed framework is tested using the subset of the publicly available dataset, i.e., the Lung Image Database Consortium image collection (LIDC-IDRI). We applied filtering and noise removal in the pre-processing phase. Furthermore, the adaptive thresholding technique (OTSU) and the semantic segmentation are used to accurately detect the unhealthy lung nodules. Overall, 13 nodules features have extracted using principal components analysis algorithm. In addition, four optimal features are selected based on the classification performance. In the classification phase, 9 different classifiers are employed for the experimentation. Empirical analysis shows that the proposed system outperformed other techniques and provides 99.23% accuracy using a logit boost classifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of non-magnetic metallic zinc (Zn) nanoparticles (NPs) and (Zn)x/Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3O10−δ (CuTl-1223) nanoparticle-superconductor composites was carried out by chemical sol-gel and solid-state reaction methods, respectively. Different concentrations of Zn NPs from 1.0 to 4.0 wt.% were inserted in CuTl-1223 superconducting matrix to obtain desired (Zn)x/CuTl-1223 nanoparticle-superconductor composites. The structural properties of these NPs and composites were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The unaffected crystal symmetry of the host CuTl-1223 superconducting phase after the inclusion of Zn NPs from XRD patterns suggested that these NPs were settled across the grain boundaries. Transport electrical properties of (Zn)x/CuTl-1223 composites were investigated by resistivity versus temperature (RT) measurements, and zero resistivity critical temperature (Tc) was found to be increased with Zn NPs contents up to x = 3 wt.%. The enhancement in Tc could be due to the non-magnetic metallic Zn 3d10 (S = 0) NPs that facilitated the conduction of charge carriers across the grain boundaries, while Tc was suppressed beyond x = 3 wt.% contents of Zn NPs due to reduced superconducting volume fraction of CuTl-1223 matrix. Using the LCR meter, dielectric parameters, namely real part (ɛ/r), imaginary part (ɛ//r), tangent loss (tanδ), and ac-conductivity (σac), were measured at varying frequencies and temperatures. The values of ɛ/r, ɛ//r and tanδ were found to be maximum at lower frequencies and became constant at high frequencies, while the value of σac was found to be minimum at lower frequencies and was increased with increasing frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zhob ophiolite comprises the Naweoba, Omzha and Ali Khanzai blocks, which are surrounded by the sediments of the Alozai Group and Loralai Formation. The Ali Khanzai Block contains metamorphic, ultramafic, gabbroic, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks with associated chert. The Zhob manganese deposits found in the Ali Khanzai Block, occur in banded, lenticular and massive forms within red to brown coloured metachert. Braunite and pyrolusite are the main constituent manganese-bearing minerals with minor hausmannite, hematite and barite while quartz is the major gangue mineral with some carbonate minerals. Geochemical evidence from the major oxides indicates that the manganese mineralization and associated metachert at Zhob were formed by hydrothermal activity with little contribution from contemporaneous volcanic materials and this is confirmed by high Fe/Mn and low Co/Zn ratios and trace element patterns. These deposits formed along with seafloor spreading centres and were later obducted as part of Ali Khanzai Block of Zhob ophiolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrites 'MFe2O4 (M = Co, Mg, Cr and Mn)' nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the crystal structure, phase purity and average crystallite size of these ferrites nanoparticles. X-ray density and porosity were calculated by using standard relations. Sauter's relation was also used to estimate the specific surface area of these nanoparticles. The important characteristics like morphology, size and shape of these nanoparticles were examined and estimated by scanning electron microscopy technique. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the elemental compositional of these ferrites nanoparticles. The vibrational modes and bond coordination among the various atoms of these ferrites nanoparticles were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The frequency-dependent dielectric and impedance measurements were taken by LCR meter. The comparative analysis of dielectric parameters of these ferrites nanoparticles can help the audience to select the material having desired dielectric properties for energy storage practical applications especially lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of nanoparticles (NPs) as chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems is often hampered by issues such as poor circulation stability and targeting inefficiency. Here, we have utilized a simple approach to prepare biocompatible and biodegradable pH-responsive hybrid NPs that overcome these issues. The NPs consist of a drug-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) core covalently 'wrapped' with a crosslinked bovine serum albumin (BSA) shell designed to minimize interactions with serum proteins and macrophages that inhibit target recognition. The shell is functionalized with the acidity-triggered rational membrane (ATRAM) peptide to facilitate internalization specifically into cancer cells within the acidic tumor microenvironment. Following uptake, the unique intracellular conditions of cancer cells degrade the NPs, thereby releasing the chemotherapeutic cargo. The drug-loaded NPs showed potent anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo while exhibiting no toxicity to healthy tissue. Our results demonstrate that the ATRAM-BSA-PLGA NPs are a promising targeted cancer drug delivery platform. Palanikumar et al. prepare pH-responsive nanoparticles with drug-loaded PLGA core, cross-linked BSA corona to avoid opsonisation, and functionalised with ATRAM peptide that binds the cell membrane at low pH such as tumour microenvironment. The nanoparticles display both in vitro and in vivo efficacy while evading recognition by macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable machining necessitates energy-efficient processes, longer tool lifespan, and greater surface integrity of the products in modern manufacturing. However, when considering Ti6Al4V alloy, these objectives turn out to be difficult to achieve as titanium alloys pose serious machinability challenges, especially at elevated temperatures. In this research, we investigate the optimal machining parameters required for turning of Ti6Al4V alloy. Turning experiments were performed to optimize four response parameters, i.e., specific cutting energy (SCE), wear rate (R), surface roughness (Ra), and material removal rate (MRR) with uncoated H13 carbide inserts in the dry cutting environment. Grey relational analysis (GRA) combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was performed to develop a multi-objective function. Response surface optimization was used to optimize the developed multi-objective function and determine the optimal cutting condition. As per the ANOVA, the interaction of feed rate and cutting speed (f × V) was found to be the most significant factor influencing the grey relational grade (GRG) of the multi-objective function. The optimized machining conditions increased the MRR and tool life by 34% and 7%, whereas, reducing the specific cutting energy and surface roughness by 6% and 2% respectively. Using Taguchi-based GRA by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) weights method, the benefits of high-speed machining Ti6Al4V through multi-response optimization were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol-gel and solid-state reaction methods were used to synthesize diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) and (DNPs)x/CuTl-1223 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 wt.%) nanoparticle-superconductor composites, respectively. Effects of these DNPs on structural, morphological, compositional, and transport properties of CuTl-1223 superconducting phase were investigated by different experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and resistivity versus temperature (R-T) measurements. The unchanged crystal structure and stoichiometry of host CuTl-1223 superconducting matrix with addition of DNPs gave evidence about the dispersion of nanoparticles at the grain boundaries of the host matrix, which may heal up the inter-granular voids and pores resulting in enhanced inter-grain connectivity. Critical transition temperature Tc (0) and hole concentration of CuTl-1223 superconductor were observed to be increased with addition of DNPs up to a certain optimum value (i.e. x = 0.5 wt.%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific cutting energy consumption in high-speed orthogonal machining of Al 6061-T6 alloy has been analyzed in this work. The evaluated values of specific cutting energy are presented as an energy map developed over a cutting speed-undeformed chip thickness grid. Different regions characterized by energy consumption have been defined on the developed map. Very low values of specific cutting energy (up to 0.32 J/mm3) were observed for Al 6061-T6 alloy while machining over the cutting speed of 1500 m/min. Such low energy values have not been reported earlier in literature and they demonstrate another benefit of high-speed machining along with better surface finish, low cutting forces, and high production rate. The developed energy map revealed the presence of a very high energy zone in the midst of a comparatively low energy consumption region. A detailed analysis was performed to investigate the formation of this high energy zone or “avoidance zone.” The analysis of results revealed excessive built-up edge formation within this zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grouping of parts and machines into manufacturing cells with the objective to improve grouping efficacy is the prime focus of cell formation problem. This paper presents the hybridization of simulated annealing (SA) with genetic algorithm (GA), where exploration power of GA, to broaden the search space, is combined with the intensification power of SA. A certain percentage of best solution in each generation of GA is sent, for further intensification and trajectory search, to SA. In intensification phase (with SA), Boltzmann probability distribution functions are used to allow a downhill move, with variable temperature. Starting temperature is chosen to be a small value with rapid cooling rate to keep search in a narrow region. If same solution is repeated for a certain number of generations, then shake-off is given to escape local maxima. During this shake-off, the SA parameters are relaxed to broaden the search for best neighbourhood solution. The effectiveness of proposed hybrid heuristic algorithm is evaluated through 35 benchmark problems from the literature. The GA with intensification through SA along with shake-off performed well in terms of solution quality, i.e. produced 24 best results with overall mean of 66.20. The overall comparative study shows that the proposed approach not only achieves the best solutions consistently, with minimum computational time, but also improves the results of two problems (problems 29 and 33), reporting it for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new phthalate, named kurraminate ( 1), has been isolated from Nepeta kurramensis Rech. f., along with five known compounds, bis(2-ethylicosyl)phthalate ( 2), ursolic acid ( 3), β-sitosterol ( 4), β-amyrin ( 5), and 1-nonacosanol ( 6). The structure of the compounds was identified on the basis of their 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]