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Abstract The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in our daily lives through various applications, services, and products highlights the significance of trust and distrust in AI from a user perspective. AI-driven systems have significantly diffused into various aspects of our lives, serving as beneficial “tools” used by human agents. These systems are also evolving to act as co-assistants or semi-agents in specific domains, potentially influencing human thought, decision-making, and agency. Trust and distrust in AI serve as regulators and could significantly control the level of this diffusion, as trust can increase, and distrust may reduce the rate of adoption of AI. Recently, a variety of studies focused on the different dimensions of trust and distrust in AI and its relevant considerations. In this systematic literature review, after conceptualizing trust in the current AI literature, we will investigate trust in different types of human–machine interaction and its impact on technology acceptance in different domains. Additionally, we propose a taxonomy of technical (i.e., safety, accuracy, robustness) and non-technical axiological (i.e., ethical, legal, and mixed) trustworthiness metrics, along with some trustworthy measurements. Moreover, we examine major trust-breakers in AI (e.g., autonomy and dignity threats) and trustmakers; and propose some future directions and probable solutions for the transition to a trustworthy AI.

Objectives: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) cause 74% of global deaths annually, for which poor diet is the leading risk factor. Diet improvement could prevent 20% of global deaths. This paper presents a policy package for socio-cultural factors, strategies, and policies to promote a healthy diet in Iran. Methods: This is a qualitative health policy analysis. We conducted 30 semi-structured, in-depth, and face-to-face interviews with purposefully identified key informants, i.e., experts, policy-makers, and high-level managers, during 2018-19 in Iran. All interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. The MAXQDA 11 software was used to facilitate data analysis. Results: We developed several recommendations for different stakeholders, including improving cultural habits, promoting the use of fruit and vegetables, establishing healthy taste from early childhood, enhancing people's health literacy, developing health-promoting schools, and implementing a healthy buffet. Conclusions: In line with target 3.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for the prevention and control of NCDs, since 2015, Iran has developed its national action plan, including several nutritional interventions to achieve the target of reducing 30% of premature death due to NCDs and related risk factors by 2030. Our evidence-based recommendations can assist the government and other stakeholders, as we envisage, boost their activities to combat unhealthy diets, the biggest risk factor of NCDs in Iran, and perhaps beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The second version of the Short-Form 6-Dimension (SF-6Dv2) classification system has recently been developed. The objective of this study was to develop a value set for SF-6Dv2 based on the societal preferences of a general population in the capital of Iran. Methods: A representative sample of the capital of Iran (n = 3061) was recruited using a stratified multistage quota sampling technique. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using binary choice sets from the international valuation protocol of the discrete choice experiment with duration. The conditional logit was used to estimate the final value set, and a latent class model was employed to assess heterogeneity of preferences. Results: Coefficients generated from the models were logically consistent and significant. The best model was the one that included an additional interaction term for cases where one or more dimensions reached their most severe levels. It provides a value set with logical consistent coefficients and the lowest percentage of worse than death health states. Predicted values for the SF-6Dv2 were within the range of − 0.796–1. Pain dimension had the largest impact on utility decrement, whereas vitality had the least impact. The presence of preference heterogeneity was evident, and the Bayesian Information Criterion indicated the optimal fit for a latent class model with two classes. Conclusion: This study provided the SF-6Dv2 value set for application in the context of Iran. This value set will facilitate the use of the SF-6Dv2 instrument in health economic evaluations and clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the machine tool dynamics at the tooltip is a crucial input for chatter prediction, obtaining these dynamics for industrial applications is neither feasible through experimental impact testing for numerous tool-holder-spindle combinations nor feasible through physics-based modeling of the entire machine tool due to their sophisticated complexities and calibrations. Hence, the often-chosen path is a mathematical coupling of experimentally measured machine tool dynamics to model-predicted tool-holder dynamics. This paper introduces a novel measurement device for the experimental characterization of machine tool dynamics. The device can be simply mounted to the spindle flange to automatically capture the corresponding dynamics at the machine tool side, eliminating the need for expertise and time-consuming setup efforts thus presenting a viable solution for industries. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated against conventional spindle receptance measurement attempts using impact tests. The obtained results are further validated in the prediction of tooltip dynamics and stability boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high rate of comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder, this study aimed to examine the mediation effect of depressive symptoms on the association between emotion regulation, negative self-evaluation, and social anxiety symptoms. The population of this study consisted of all students of the Faculty of Architecture, Islamic Azad University. The sample included 284 of the students based on convenience sampling method. Depressive symptoms were measured by Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996), emotion regulation was measured by Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311–1327, 2001), social anxiety was measured by Social Phobia Inventory (Connor et al., Depression and Anxiety, 14(2), 137–140, 2001) and, negative self-evaluation was measured by Consequences of Negative Social Events Questionnaire (Wilson and Rapee, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(3), 245–274, 2005). We used Path analysis to test the significance of mediation. The result of the study indicated that the direct and indirect effects of all maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, negative self-evaluation and evaluation from the others', and depression components on social anxiety symptoms components was positive and significant.From these results, we conclude that high levels of depressive symptoms accompanied by high levels of maladaptive emotion regulation and high levels of negative self-evaluation can lead to increased social anxiety symptoms. The theoretical and practical issues have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The main aim of this study is to estimate a national value set of the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire for Iran. Methods: The composite time trade-off (cTTO) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) methods; and the protocol for EuroQol Portable Valuation Technology (EQ-PVT) were used to estimate the Iran national value set. 1179 face-to-face computer-assisted interviews were conducted with adults that were recruited from five Iran major cities in 2021. Generalized least squares, Tobit, heteroskedastic, logit, and hybrid models were used to analyze the data and to identify the best fitting model. Results: According to the logical consistency of the parameters, significance levels and prediction accuracy indices of the MAE; a heteroscedastic censored Tobit hybrid model combining cTTO and DCE responses was considered as the best fitting model to estimate the final value set. The predicted values ranged from − 1.19 for the worst health state (55555) to 1 for full health (11111), with 53.6% of the predicted values being negative. Mobility was the most influential dimension on health state preference values. Conclusions: The present study estimated a national EQ-5D-5L value set for Iranian policy makers and researchers. The value set enables the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire to use to calculate QALYs to assist the priority setting and efficient allocation of limited healthcare resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste recycling and industrial wastewater treatment have always been of interest. A green approach was developed for the filtrate of synthetic gypsum production from water treatment coagulation sediments and spent sulfuric acid. Due to the high concentration of iron sulfate, concentrated filtrate showed good coagulation results, which were 5% lower than pure iron sulfate. In addition, a high concentration of iron facilitates its use as a precursor for synthesizing magnetic sorbents and photocatalysts. Such materials were synthesized by the solution combustion synthesis method. Oil sorption capacity reached 1.8 g/g, comparable to some synthetic materials and higher than sorption materials based on natural materials. Photodegradation of acid telon blue dye after 90 min of irradiation time was 82.7% with catalyst derived from filtrate compared to the just dye solution with 17.6% efficiency. The reaction rate constant for the photocatalyst sample was up to 11.4-fold higher compared with only UV treatment. The neutralized filtrate containing sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and sodium has been tested as a complex fertilizer. The results of bioindication for oil radish showed up to a 15% increase in the shoot length. A number of techno-economic indicators show that such an approach is advantageous from a technological, environmental, and economic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate the holographic entanglement entropy, HEE, holographic mutual information, HMI, and holographic entanglement of purification, EoP, in a non-conformal model at zero and finite temperature. In order to find the analytical results we consider some specific regimes of the parameter space. We find that the non-conformal effects decrease the redefined HEE and increase the redefined HMI and EoP in the all studied regimes. On the other side, the temperature effects increase (decrease) the redefined HEE (HMI) in the all studied regimes while it has no definite effect on the redefined EoP. Finally, from the information point of view, we find that in the vicinity of the phase transition the zero temperature state is more favorable than the finite temperature one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study holographic subregion complexity in a spatially anisotropic field theory, which expresses a confinement-deconfinement phase transition. Its holographic dual is a five-dimensional anisotropic holographic model characterized by a Van der Waals-like phase transition between small and large black holes. We propose a new interpretation from the informational perspective to determine the stable and unstable thermodynamically solutions. According to this proposal, the states which need (more) less information to be specified characterize the (un) stable solutions. We similarly offer an interpretation to determine the stable and unstable solutions based on the resource of a computational machine, such that the solutions are (un) stable if computational resource (decreases) increases with the increase of temperature. We observe that the effect of anisotropy on holographic subregion complexity is decreasing. This decreasing effect can be interpreted by considering a whole closed system consisting of the state and its environment in which the complexity of the mixed state decreases and complexity of the environment increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing vibration-assisted drilling (VAD) toolholders requires accurately modeling the dynamics of the mechanical structure and its electromechanical coupling with the piezoelectric actuator. The overall dynamics of the VAD toolholder depends on the dynamics of its individual components (e.g., concentrator, piezoelectric disk, drill bit) and the interactions between them. Modelling by substructure analysis therefore provides an efficient framework for studying the effect of each component on the overall dynamics of the VAD system. Nonetheless, the existing substructure analysis methods are only applicable to holders with basic concentrator geometry, which limits their application in designing high-performance holders. In this paper, Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis (RCSA) is used to combine the dynamic models of the toolholder's components to determine its vibration response to the electrical excitation of the piezoelectric actuator. This method allows for combining the 3D finite element models of the concentrator with the simplified and analytical models of the rest of the VAD components, enabling the inclusion of complex concentrator designs in modeling without imposing a large computational load. Furthermore, because this method couples the mechanical model of the structure with the electrical model of the piezo-actuator's impedance, it can be used as a design tool to modify the toolholder's natural frequencies by tuning the electrical impedance of its piezoelectric components. This possibility effectively converts the piezoelectric components to mechanical members with adjustable structural dynamics, while they also actuate vibrations. Both axial and axial-torsional VAD toolholders are studied in this work, and the accuracy of the presented modelling approach is verified experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on the concept of exergy-return on exergy-investment is developed to determine the energy efficiency and CO2 intensity of polymer and surfactant enhanced oil recovery techniques. Exergy is the useful work obtained from a system at a given thermodynamics state. The main exergy investment in oil recovery by water injection is related to the circulation of water required to produce oil. At water cuts (water fraction in the total liquid produced) greater than 90%, more than 70% of the total invested energy is spent on injection and lift pumps, resulting in large CO2 intensity for the produced oil. It is shown that injection of polymer with or without surfactant can considerably reduce CO2 intensity of the mature waterflood projects by decreasing the volume of produced water and the exergy investment associated with its circulation. In the field examples considered in this paper, a barrel of oil produced by injection of polymer has 2–5 times less CO2 intensity compared to the baseline waterflood oil. Due to large manufacturing exergy of the synthetic polymers and surfactants, in some cases, the unit exergy investment for production of oil could be larger than that of the waterflooding. It is asserted that polymer injection into reservoirs with large water cut can be a solution for two major challenges of the energy transition period: (1) meet the global energy demand via an increase in oil recovery and (2) reduce the CO2 intensity of oil production (more and cleaner energy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presence of finite chemical potential μ , we holographically compute the entanglement of purification in a 2 + 1 - and 3 + 1 -dimensional field theory and also in a 3 + 1 -dimensional field theory with a critical point, at which a phase transition takes place. We observe that compared to 2 + 1 - and 3 + 1 -dimensional field theories, the behavior of entanglement of purification near critical point is different and it is not a monotonic function of μ T where T is the temperature of the field theory. Therefore, the entanglement of purification distinguishes the critical point in the field theory. We also discuss the dependence of the holographic entanglement of purification on the various parameters of the theories. Moreover, the critical exponent is calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate the effect of K2FeO4, as a new and soluble Fe salt at alkaline conditions, on oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) of Ni oxide. Both oxidation and reduction peaks for Ni in the presence and absence of Fe are linearly changed by (scan rate)1/2. Immediately after the interaction of [FeO4]2- with the surface of the electrode, a significant increase in OER is observed. This could be indicative of the fact that either the [FeO4]2- on the surface of Ni oxide is directly involved in OER, or, it is important to activate Ni oxide toward OER. Due to the change in the Ni(II)/(III) peak, it is hypothesized that Fe impurity in KOH or electrochemical cell has different effects at the potential range. At low potential, [FeO4]2− is reduced on the surface of the electrode, and thus, is significantly adsorbed on the electrode. Finally, oxygen-evolution measurements of K2FeO4 and Ni2O3 are investigated under chemical conditions. K2FeO4 is not stable in the presence of Ni(II) oxide, and OER is observed in a KOH solution (pH ≈ 13). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this effort, an analytical solution is proposed for the large amplitude nonlinear vibrations of doubly clamped carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nano-scale bio-mass sensors. The single walled CNT is modeled as an elastic Euler–Bernoulli nano-scale beam and the size effects are introduced into the mathematical model of the system through Eringen's nonlocal elastic field theory. The nonlinearity arises due to mid-plane stretching of the bridged CNT, and is accounted for as the von Kármán nonlinearity. The impacts of deposited nano-scale bio-object, its geometrical properties, and its landing position along the longitudinal axis of the CNT-based resonator are considered. The nonlinear equations of motion are derived based on Hamilton's principle and then the Method of Multiple Scales is employed to derive an analytical approximate solution for the system's response. To verify the analytical solution and show its limits of applicability, the equations of motion are discretized by multi-mode Galerkin's method and then the obtained set of equations are numerically solved by Runge–Kutta method and compared with those obtained by analytical solution. The potential applications of the CNT-based resonators for both of nonlinear frequency-/amplitude-based mass sensing are investigated and discussed. The obtained results show that the amplitude-based mass sensing has higher performance than frequency-based one in high quality-factor environments, such as in vitro biological mass sensing in the air or vacuum and inversely the frequency-based mass sensing method has higher mass sensibility in low quality factor environments, such as in vivo biological mass sensing in the liquid solution samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the laminar and two-phase nanofluid flow inside a two-dimensional rectangular microchannel with the ratio of length to height of L/H = 120. This study is simulated by using finite volume method in two-dimensional coordinates. Because most of the miniature equipments are affected by the oscillating heat flux, we try to study the hydrodynamical behavior of flow and heat transfer with oscillating heat flux boundary condition. The present research has been carried out in Reynolds numbers of 150-1000 and Ag nanoparticles volume fractions of 0-4% by applying slip and no-slip boundary conditions. Also, in order to estimate the heat transfer behavior and the computational fluid dynamics, two-phase mixture method is employed. The obtained results are analyzed and presented as the contours of Nusselt number, friction coefficient, pressure drop, thermal resistance and temperature. The results also revealed that, applying slip boundary condition on microchannel walls and the enhancement of fluid velocity, Grashof number and volume fraction of nanoparticles cause the improvement of Nusselt number, reduction of thermal resistance and total entropy generation and the augmentation of pressure drop. According to the obtained results, the presence of oscillating heat flux affects the changes of Nusselt number, significantly. In comparison with the pure water fluid with Reynolds numbers of 1000, 700 and 400, in Grashof number of 1000 with no-slip boundary condition on microchannel walls, the enhancement of average Nusselt number in volume fraction of 4% in the same Reynolds numbers is 45%. Also, in mentioned conditions, the pressure drop increases almost 2.8 times further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After forward-backward translation, the LSS was administered to 334 Persian speaking, cognitively healthy elderly aged 60 years and over recruited through convenience sampling. To analyze the validity of the model's constructs and the relationships between the constructs, a confirmatory factor analysis followed by PLS analysis was performed. The Construct validity was further investigated by calculating the correlations between the LSS and the "Short Form Health Survey" (SF-36) subscales measuring similar and dissimilar constructs. The LSS was re-administered to 50 participants a month later to assess the reliability. For the eight-factor model of the life satisfaction construct, adequate goodness of fit between the hypothesized model and the model derived from the sample data was attained (positive and statistically significant beta coefficients, good R-squares and acceptable GoF). Construct validity was supported by convergent and discriminant validity, and correlations between the LSS and SF-36 subscales. Minimum Intraclass Correlation Coefficient level of 0.60 was exceeded by all subscales. Minimum level of reliability indices (Cronbach's α, composite reliability and indicator reliability) was exceeded by all subscales. The Persian-version of the Life Satisfaction Scale is a reliable and valid instrument, with psychometric properties which are consistent with the original version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing number of patients suffering from musculoskeletal defects and the limited supply of and sub-optimal outcomes associated with biological graft materials, novel biomaterials must be created that can function as graft substitutes. For bone regeneration, composite materials that mimic the organic and inorganic phases of natural bone can provide cues which expedite and enhance endogenous repair. Specifically, recent research has shown that calcium and phosphate ions are inherently osteoinductive, so controllably delivering their release holds significant promise for this field. In this study, unique aliphatic polyesters were synthesized and complexed with a rapidly decomposing ceramic (monobasic calcium phosphate, MCP) yielding novel polymer/ceramic composite biomaterials. It was discovered that the fast dissolution and rapid burst release of ions from MCP could be modulated depending on polymer length and chemistry. Also, controlled ion release was found to moderate solution pH associated with polyester degradation. When composite biomaterials were incubated with mesenchymal stems cells (MSCs) they were found to better facilitate osteogenic differentiation than the individual components as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphate expression and more rapid mineralization. These results indicate that controlling calcium and phosphate ion release via a polyester matrix is a promising approach for bone regenerative engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instability of large diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) conveying fluid is investigated based on the molecular mechanics. Using the modal expansion for structural displacements, the governing equations of coupled fluid-structural dynamics of SWCNTs are derived. The natural frequencies and mode shape of the SWCNTs are obtained based on the molecular structural mechanics to account for the effect of chirality and discrete nature of SWCNTs. The results show that the vibrational behavior of large diameter SWCNTs conveying fluid is size dependent, but the effect of chirality is negligible. The obtained results are compared with the equivalent continuum-based model in the literature and in some cases remarkable deviations between the results are observed. Accordingly, proper values for the equivalent wall thickness and Young's modulus of SWCNTs are proposed to adopt the results of continuum-based model with the molecular mechanics predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the hyperspace K0( X) of non-empty compact subsets of a Smyth-complete quasi-metric space ( X, d). We show that K0( X), equipped with the Hausdorff quasi-pseudometric H d forms a (sequentially) Yoneda-complete space. Moreover, if d is a T1 quasi-metric, then the hyperspace is algebraic, and the set of all finite subsets forms a base for it. Finally, we prove that K0( X), H d) is Smyth-complete if ( X, d) is Smyth-complete and all compact subsets of X are d−1-precompact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebral compression fractures account for approximately 700,000 out of the 1.5 million total osteoporotic fractures that occur annually in the USA. There is growing interest in substituting currently utilized clinical treatments for vertebral compression fractures with an injectable, degradable, and bioactive system. In this research we studied the osteoinductive effect of calcium phosphate incorporation into cellulose nanocrystal/chitosan hydrogels with varying ratios of carbonate as an ionic crosslinker and genipin as a covalent crosslinker. As calcium and phosphate ions have been shown to be osteoinductive in time and concentration dependent manners, dibasic calcium phosphate was chosen as a bioactive additive due to its desirable controlled ion delivery potential. Gelation time, swelling ratio, erosion, compressive strength, and ion release behavior of different dibasic calcium phosphate incorporated hydrogels were evaluated. Mesenchymal stem cells were then exposed to mechanically competent hydrogels found capable of maintaining calcium and phosphate concentrations within the established bioactive range in order to assess their cytotoxicity and osteoinductivity. Our results demonstrate that hydrogels with higher covalent crosslinking possessed better mechanical properties and stabilities as well as more controlled calcium and phosphate ion release. Interestingly, dibasic calcium phosphate incorporation not only improved hydrogel bioactivity but also resulted in greater compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a probe stable meson in the holographic quark–gluon plasma at zero temperature and chemical potential. Due to the energy injection into the plasma, the temperature and chemical potential are increased to arbitrary finite values in such a way that the plasma experiences an out-of-equilibrium process. We then observe that the meson is excited, i.e. the expectation value of Wilson loop oscillates around its static value with a specific angular frequency. By defining excitation time t ex as a time at which the meson falls into the final excited state, we study the effect of various parameters of theory on the excitation time and observe that for larger values of final temperature and chemical potential the excitation time increases. Furthermore, our outcomes show that the more stable mesons, meaning that the meson with lower static potential, are excited sooner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the time evolution of the expectation value of a rectangular Wilson loop in strongly anisotropic time-dependent plasma using gauge-gravity duality. The corresponding gravity theory is given by describing time evolution of a classical string in the Lifshitz-Vaidya background. We show that the expectation value of the Wilson loop oscillates about the value of the static potential with the same parameters after the energy injection is over. We discuss how the amplitude and frequency of the oscillation depend on the parameters of the theory. In particular, for the transverse case, by raising the anisotropy parameter, we observe that the amplitude and frequency of the oscillation increase. In the longitudinal case, although the amplitude of the oscillation increases for larger values of anisotropy parameter, the frequency is independent of anisotropy parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radial quantization of 풩 = 8 theory in three dimensions is considered i.e. we study the 풩 = 8 BLG theory on R × S2. We present the explicit from of the Lagrangian and the corresponding supersymmetry transformations and supersymmetry algebra. We study spectrum of this theory and some of its BPS configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]