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A 60 days study was conducted to evaluate the physiological response of indigenous species Labeo rohita (LR) and indigenous predator Chitala chitala (CC) in presence of an invasive species Piaractus brachypomus (PB). Two treatment groups as LR + PB (T1) and LR + PB + CC (T2) with individual control groups as T0LR, T0PB and T0CC were designed in triplicates. Fingerlings of LR, PB and CC were randomly distributed into 15 circular tanks with a stocking ratio of 1:1 and 1:1:0.3 in T1 and T2 group, respectively and 10 nos. each of LR, PB and CC in respective control groups. At first 15 min of the experiment, cortisol level was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in all three experimental fishes in T1 and T2 groups. With the experimental duration, the level of stress hormone (cortisol), oxidative stress enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), tissue metabolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase), serum metabolic enzymes (transaminase enzymes) and blood glucose level were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in T1 and T2 groups for LR and CC whereas, no variation (P > 0.05) were observed for PB in both T1 and T2 groups. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), liver glycogen, total protein, albumin and globulin were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in LR in the presence of PB and CC. The present study provides a preliminary insight into the biological interaction between native and invasive species and their physiological responses in the presence of native predator with higher trophic index. Thus, the results of the study suggest the superior traits of invasive P. brachypomus try to dominate the other two native species by negatively influencing the native fauna even with a higher trophic index (C. chitala). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kisspeptin (Kiss) and kisspeptin receptor (Kissr) system is a key regulator of GnRH expression in several vertebrates. The Indian catfish, Clarias magur, is popular in the Indian sub-continent, and a neo-type of the Asian catfish, C. batrachus. Catfish breeding is constrained as males do not release milt captivity with/without stimulation. Magur Kiss/Kissr system comprising of kiss1, kiss2, kissr1, and kissr2 genes was characterized for the first time. Full-length mRNA was sequenced using RACE PCR. Neighbor-joining tree of predicted proteins shows one clade of teleost orthologs. Magur whole genome (NCBI GenBank) has single copies of each gene, though yet unannotated/misannotated. Anomalies in the nomenclature of earlier sequences in GenBank were noted. Relative gene expression was profiled during various ontogenic stages, in six tissues including brain and gonads at maturity, and also in brains and gonads of premature and spent fish. Expression of gnrh1, gnrhr1, and gnrhr2 was estimated concomitantly. The kiss1 was the first to be twofold upregulated (P < 0.05) at 12 h post fertilization. Kiss/Kissr genes expressed primarily in the brain, ovary, and testis. Though kiss2 was 10 times higher than kiss1, only kiss1 showed significant modulation across stages and appears to be the active isotype that regulates GnRH in magur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroud: The Northeast India, being part of two global biodiversity hotspot namely the Indo-Burma and Eastern Himalayan Hotspots supports a wide variety of rich aquatic biodiversity including fishes. The family Danionidae is a widely diverse group inhabiting the upper colder stretches of river although few are abundant in the lower stretches. The persisting similarity in the morphological appearance and body colouration within the members of this family seeks an integrated method to identify the species correctly. Methods and results: In the present study, the mt-DNA barcode was generated for correct identification and confirmation of the species. A total of nine mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences were generated for each species under the study. The pairwise distance values ranged from 0.09 to 9.11% within species and 9.06–32.71% between species. A neighbour-joining tree was constructed based on the Kimura 2 parameter model. Two major groups were observed where Danioninae formed a sister group to the Chedrinae and Rasborinae. Conclusion: The present study is a preliminary work to document and identify the species under the family Danionidae from Brahmaputra basin, Assam, using molecular tools and establish the phylogenetic relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10-week experimental trial was carried out to evaluate the optimum salinity, stocking density, and their interactive effects on growth performance, feed utilisation parameters and physiological parameters of white-leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (1.55 ± 0.01 g), reared in inland ground saline water (IGSW). Each tank was considered as an experimental unit by following factorial design (3 × 4) viz. three different salinities (5 g L −1, 10 g L−1, and 15 g L−1) and four different stocking densities (40 m−3, 60 m−3, 80 m−3, and 100 m−3). The feeding was done three times per day with commercial shrimp feed. Significantly better growth performance, survival, and feed utilization parameters were observed in shrimp reared at the combination of the highest salinity of 15 g L−1 and the lowest stocking density of 40 m−3 (P < 0.01). However, shrimp reared at the combination of the lowest salinity of 5 g L−1 and the highest stocking density of 100 m−3 showed poor growth performance, less survival, and low feed utilization. Salinity and stocking density significantly affected all physiological parameters (P < 0.01). However, a significant interaction between the two factors was observed for protease, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). The results showed that the combination of 15 g L−1 salinity and the 40 m−3 stocking density was optimum for better growth performance, feed utilisation parameters and physiological parameters of P. vannamei reared in IGSW. In contrast, the combination of 5 g L−1 (lowest salinity) and stocking density between 60 to 100 m−3 resulted in slow growth and a high mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the breeding grounds of fishes is crucial for the sustainable management of fisheries resources. The present study is aimed at identifying the potential breeding ground of Mugil cephalus along the estuary of the North Mumbai coast. A total of 1197 specimens of M. cephalus, including 546 eggs, 271 larvae, 235 juveniles, and 235 adults, were collected from four sampling stations in the Karanja estuary between January to October 2022. Water quality parameters, plankton dynamics in the estuary, and the reproductive and feeding biology of M. cephalus were also examined. The eggs, larvae, juveniles, and adults were identified using traditional morpho-meristic and DNA barcoding techniques. The results revealed a potential spawning ground of M. cephalus in the Karanja estuary. The results of reproductive biology also confirmed the occurrence of matured fishes during May–July. The abundance of eggs and larvae at the estuary's mouth and the presence of juveniles and mature individuals of M. cephalus dominantly in the Karanja estuary from May to July infer the presence of a spawning site. It is also recorded that M. cephalus spawn in higher salinity (35 ppt) and seawater temperature (33 °C) where the hatching of offspring takes place successfully. This study emphasizes the significance of DNA barcoding in guiding routine monitoring surveys and demonstrates its usefulness when combined with these techniques in identifying fish spawning grounds. The study findings will serve as baseline information to develop effective conservation and management strategies and protect the ideal spawning stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme cold environments, such as polar regions or high-altitude mountains, are known for their challenging conditions including low temperatures, high salinity, and limited nutrient availability. Microbes that thrive in these environments have evolved specialized strategies to survive and function under such harsh conditions. The study aims to identify, sequence the genome, perform genome assembly, and conduct a comparative genome-wide analysis of Acinetobacter sp. strain P1, which was isolated from the Batura glacier regions of Pakistan. A basic local alignment search tool of NCBI using 16 s RNA gene sequence confirmed the strain Acinetobacter following phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain P1 clustered with Acinetobacter sp. strain AcBz01. The high-throughput Genome sequencing was done by the NovaSeq 6000 sequencing system following de novo genome assembly reported 23 contigs, a genome size of 3,732,502 bp containing approximately 3489 genes and 63 RNAs (60 tRNA, 3 rRNA). The comparative genome analysis revealed that Acinetobacter sp. strain P1 exhibited the highest homology with the Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 genome and encompassed 1668 indispensable genes, 1280 conserved genes 1821 specific genes suggesting high genomic plasticity and evolutionary diversity. The genes with functional assignments include exopolysaccharide phosphotransferase enzyme, cold-shock proteins, T6SS, membrane modifications, antibiotic resistance, and set of genes related to a wide range of metabolic characteristics such as exopolysaccharides were also present. Moreover, the structural prediction analysis of EPS proteins reveals that structural flexibility allows for conformational modifications during catalysis, which boosts or increases the catalytic effectiveness at lower temperatures. Overall, the identification of Acinetobacter, a cold-adapted bacterium, offers promising applications in bioremediation, enzyme production, food preservation, pharmaceutical development, and astrobiology. Further research and exploration of these microorganisms can unlock their full biotechnological potential and contribute to various industries and scientific endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is an essential component of thyroid cytopathology, particularly important in thyroid lymphoma, anaplastic carcinoma, metastasis to avoid unnecessary surgery. Follicular epithelial neoplasms are the most common tumors arising from the thyroid, whereas primary thyroid lymphomas are uncommon, accounting for less than 5% of all thyroid malignancies. Case description: A 45-year-old male patient presented to our ENT outpatient department with swelling in the anterior neck for 3 years duration. Non-aspirational needling was done along with rapid on-site evaluation using 1% aq. toluidine blue and was reported as Malignant thyroid neoplasm- possibility of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Cellblock sample also confirmed as B-cell NHL followed by Immunohistochemistry. Discussion: Primary thyroid lymphomas (PTL) are uncommon malignant neoplasms. They represent < 5% of all thyroid malignancies and 1–2% of all extra-nodal lymphomas. If diagnosed cytologically, unnecessary surgery can be avoided in thyroid lymphoma. ROSE helps in the rapid diagnosis and sample adequacy. Cellblock can avoid the biopsy procedure used for confirmation and subtyping of lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is often managed with metformin as the drug of choice. While it is effective overall, many patients progress to exhibit complications. Strategic drug combinations to tackle this problem would be useful. We constructed a genome-wide protein-protein interaction network capturing a global perspective of perturbations in diabetes by integrating T2D subjects' transcriptomic data. We computed a 'frequently perturbed subnetwork' in T2D that captures common perturbations across tissue types and mapped the possible effects of Metformin onto it. We then identified a set of remaining T2D perturbations and potential drug targets among them, related to oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia. We then identified Probucol as the potential co-drug for adjunct therapy with Metformin and evaluated the efficacy of the combination in a rat model of diabetes. We find Metformin-Probucol at 5:0.5 mg/kg effective in restoring near-normal serum glucose, lipid, and cholesterol levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : Dizziness is an important symptom presenting in routine practice and the life time prevalence ranges from 17 to 30%. Persistent positional perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a common cause of chronic dizziness and has often been labeled as psychogenic dizziness in the past. Discussion: PPPD is diagnosed based on clinical criteria laid down by the Barany society. The vestibular function tests and imaging of the brain and the inner ear are often normal. Most of the patients have an underlying anxiety trait and most cases of PPPD arise following an attack of acute vertigo like Meniere's disease and vestibular neuritis. It is important to differentiate the condition from bilateral vestibulopathy. There is no role of vestibular sedative in the treatment of such condition. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) like sertraline have shown benefits. However, long-term outcome is not known. Conclusion: PPPD is a relatively new entity in the ever-expanding field of neurotology that requires a multimodality approach for effective management. The otologists and general physicians must identify the condition so that favorable outcome can be achieved. The long-term effects of treatment with CBT and VRT are not known. It is important to formulate standard guidelines for treatment. Further research is necessary to identify the role of endogenous biomarkers in the outcome of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While interventional radiologists occupy a critical role in adult trauma management, the role of interventionalist in pediatric trauma continues to evolve. The indications for transarterial embolization (TAE) are significantly different in pediatric patients in whom non-operative management (NOM) has a much more prominent role than in adults. Contrast extravasation on imaging may not require acute surgical or interventional management as it would in an adult. There are also areas in which pediatric interventional radiology is increasingly useful such as pelvic TAE in failed management, or splenic embolization to treat bleeding without the loss of splenic function inherent to surgical splenectomy. The rapid evolution of techniques and devices in pediatric patients is also changing what interventions are possible in pediatric trauma management which necessitates frequent reassessment of the guidelines and interventional radiology's role in caring for these patients. Conclusion: This review seeks to consolidate the recent literature to describe the evolving role of the interventional radiologist in pediatric trauma management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Freshwater mussels play a key role in ecology and are often considered as ecological indicators. Conversely, these molluscs are one of the most threatened groups due to several anthropogenic factors. Knowledge of phylogenetic diversity would assist in formulating effective management and conservation measures. Lamellidens marginalis is one of the most widely used freshwater mussel for pearl production in India. The genomic resources for investigating its evolutionary relationship within the Unionidae family are lacking. Methods and Results: In this study, the f-type mitochondrial genome of L. marginalis was sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. The length of the mitochondrial genome was 15,732 bp consisting of 23 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and 13 protein coding genes. The arrangement of genes was UF1 type and gene overlap was observed between trnG and nad1. Comparative analysis with other Unionidae species showed a high divergence rate in nad6 followed by nad2 atp8 and nad5. The phylogenetic tree supported monophyly of the Unioninae subfamily and L. marginalis (Parreysiinae) formed a sister branch to this subfamily. The divergence time of the Parreysiinae from its most recent common ancestor (MRCA) was placed in the Mesozoic era. Conclusion: This information will be useful for the understanding the evolutionary pattern of the species of Parreysiinae subfamily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earnest et al. [[2]] defined physician advocacy as "action by a physician to promote those social, economic, educational and political changes that ameliorate the suffering and threats to human health and well-being that he or she identifies through his or her professional work and expertise" [[2]]. • I Scope of practice for allied health professionals i : Because radiologist physicians are uniquely qualified to provide safe, high-quality imaging care, it is important to ensure that non-physician providers like physician assistants, nurse practitioners and radiology assistants provide care only as part of radiologist-led teams [[37]]. The ACRA operates a political action committee (PAC), known as RADPAC. To allow it to serve its function as the main advocacy organization for radiology, the ACR established the American College of Radiology Association (ACRA). [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The use of lung ultrasound for diagnosis of COVID-19 has emerged during the pandemic as a beneficial diagnostic modality due to its rapid availability, bedside use, and lack of radiation. This study aimed to determine if routine ultrasound (US) imaging of the lungs of trauma patients with COVID-19 infections who undergo extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (EFAST) correlates with computed tomography (CT) imaging and X-ray findings, as previously reported in other populations. Methods: This was a prospective, observational feasibility study performed at two level 1 trauma centers. US, CT, and X-ray imaging were retrospectively reviewed by a surgical trainee and a board-certified radiologist to determine any correlation of imaging findings in patients with active COVID-19 infection. Results: There were 53 patients with lung US images from EFAST available for evaluation and COVID-19 testing. The overall COVID-19 positivity rate was 7.5%. COVID-19 infection was accurately identified by one patient on US by the trainee, but there was a 15.1% false-positive rate for infection based on the radiologist examination. Conclusions: Evaluation of the lung during EFAST cannot be used in the trauma setting to identify patients with active COVID-19 infection or to stratify patients as high or low risk of infection. This is likely due to differences in lung imaging technique and the presence of concomitant thoracic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The taxonomic status and geographical distribution of M. tengara are vague. No genetic diversity and phylogenetic study have been done till now to resolve its identity and distribution. In the present study, an integrated taxonomic approach has been applied to clarify the taxonomic status, identity, and distribution of bagrid catfish, Mystus tengara. Methods and results: Comparative morphometric evaluation of M. tengara identified in the present study from distant geographical locations revealed variations of the traits in response to body length and environment, without significant genetic distance. The observed morphometric traits of M. tengara were found to be overlapping with available morphometric traits of M. tengara, M. carcio and M. vittatus. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI) gene also could not resolve their identity, and five paraphyletic clades comprising of M. tengara, M. vittatus, and M. carcio from India, Nepal, and Bangladesh were observed. Morphological and genetic evidence along with comparative evaluation of M. tengara, from its type locality, we consider M. tengara identified in the present study to be true, with its distribution extending from North East India to West Bengal, North India, Central India, Northern peninsular India, and Bangladesh. Conclusion: The observation of paraphyletic subclades and evaluation of genetic distance between subclades reveals the presence of four cryptic species. Further confirmation on the identity of M. vittatus and M. carcio, by an integrated taxonomic approach based on fresh specimens collected from the type locality, is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population structure of Barbodes carnaticus species was studied using conventional (based on body morphometrics and meristic) and image-based analysis (truss network system) methods. The study was carried out with four stocks, namely Karnataka (KA) and Tamil Nadu (TN) stocks from the River Cauvery, Kerala (KE) stock from the River Chalakudy and farm-reared stock (CI) from Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bangalore. A total of 27 morphometric, 9 meristic and 30 truss measurements were used in the study for the stock structure. Fifteen landmarks were used to generate 30 truss distance measurements. The principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and cluster analysis (CA) were deployed to determine the variation using both the conventional and truss variables. Variations (86.9%) among the morphometric characters were explained by five principal components, while four principal components explain 96.01% of the variation among the truss distances. DFA using conventional method correctly classified 100% of the original grouped classes of the KA, KE and CI and 93.8% of TN stocks. The DFA employed with truss distance was classified into the stocks CI, KA, KE and TN, and the values are 100, 89.1, 8.6 and 6.1%, respectively. Factor analysis based on truss morphometry showed that factor one is related to body shape and factor two is related to head shape. Two clusters were identified in both the conventional and the truss distance analysis. Truss distance-based cluster showed that the KE and CI stocks are similar compared to the TN stock. In contrary, morphometry-based cluster showed the KE and TN stocks are similar compared to CI stock. The multivariate analysis showed that the farm-reared stock (CI) is different from the wild stocks (KA, KE and TN). This study explained that the combination of the conventional and image-based truss network analysis helps to discriminate various stocks of B. carnaticus. Based on the PCA, bilinear data models were generated using R 3.5.3 software for predicting the stock of each individual. Stock discrimination of this species was mainly due to the geographic isolation, river ecology and temperature variations. The stocks of B. carnaticus are highly exploited from the studied rivers, and the species is an important candidate for species diversification to enhance aquaculture production. Within stock variations are found to be minimum in the present morphometric study, hence the gene pool identification and marker study are required for better understanding of the stocks. This stock structure study may help to develop conservation programmes for this endemic species through a more scientific approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric radiologists have the professional and ethical duty to assist, inform and educate the legal system in regard to matters involving medical imaging in children. These guidelines, drafted by the Society for Pediatric Radiology Ethics Committee and approved by the Society for Pediatric Radiology Board of Directors, provide recommendations for expert legal testimony in pediatric radiology and codify minimal ethical norms for the pediatric radiology expert witness in legal proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a human and large animal Langendorff experimental apparatus for live electrophysiological studies and measure the electrophysiological changes due to gap junction uncoupling in human and porcine hearts. The resultant ex vivo intact human and porcine model can bridge the translational gap between smaller simple laboratory models and clinical research. In particular, electrophysiological models would benefit from the greater myocardial mass of a large heart due to its effects on far-field signal, electrode contact issues and motion artefacts, consequently more closely mimicking the clinical setting. Porcine (n = 9) and human (n = 4) donor hearts were perfused on a custom-designed Langendorff apparatus. Epicardial electrograms were collected at 16 sites across the left atrium and left ventricle. A total of 1 mM of carbenoxolone was administered at 5 ml/min to induce cellular uncoupling, and then recordings were repeated at the same sites. Changes in electrogram characteristics were analysed. We demonstrate the viability of a controlled ex vivo model of intact porcine and human hearts for electrophysiology with pharmacological modulation. Carbenoxolone reduces cellular coupling and changes contact electrogram features. The time from stimulus artefact to (-dV/dt)max increased between baseline and carbenoxolone (47.9 ± 4.1–67.2 ± 2.7 ms) indicating conduction slowing. The features with the largest percentage change between baseline and carbenoxolone were fractionation + 185.3%, endpoint amplitude − 106.9%, S-endpoint gradient + 54.9%, S point − 39.4%, RS ratio + 38.6% and (-dV/dt)max − 20.9%. The physiological relevance of this methodological tool is that it provides a model to further investigate pharmacologically induced pro-arrhythmic substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance electrode materials are required to fulfill the escalating urge of energy storage and the realization of supercapacitors as cutting-edge energy storage devices. This research work presents a facile synthesis of a ternary hybrid material PANI/GNP/MnO2 using graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), MnO2 nanowires, and aniline monomer through polymerization for its utility in supercapacitor application. XRD analysis confirms the presence of the individual crystal structures and phases of the constituents and their mutual contribution in a ternary hybrid material. FE-SEM results reveal that PANI nanofibers and MnO2 nanowires are decorated on the dispersed GNP. N2 sorption analysis manifests the mesoporous nature of the prepared hybrid. PANI/GNP/MnO2-based electrode owns 992.6 F/g specific capacitance and 34.5 Wh/kg energy density as well as 51.16% coulombic efficiency and 124.8 W/kg power density at 0.5 A/g. It also exhibits 88.86% coulombic efficiency and 1251 W/kg power density at 5 A/g. The obtained high capacitance, coulombic efficiency, reversibility, and large energy, and power densities make PANI/GNP/MnO2 ternary hybrid electrode as a promising supercapacitor electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterobacter cloacae complex (Ecc) species are widely distributed opportunistic pathogens mainly associated with humans and plants. In this study, the genomes of clinical isolates including E. hormaechei, E. kobei, and E. ludwigii and non-clinical isolate including E. nimipressuralis were analysed in combination with the genome of E. asburiae by using the reference strain E. cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047; the Ecc strains were tested on artificial sputum media (ASM), which mimics the host, to evaluate T6SS genes as a case study. All five Ecc strains were sequenced in our lab. Comparative genome analysis of the Ecc strains revealed that genes associated with the survival of Ecc strains, including genes of metal-requiring proteins, defence-associated genes and genes associated with general physiology, were highly conserved in the genomes. However, the genes involved in virulence and drug resistance, specifically those involved in bacterial secretion, host determination and colonization of different strains, were present in different genomic regions. For example, T6SS accessory and core components, T4SS, and multidrug resistance genes/efflux system genes seemed vital for the survival of Ecc strains in various environmental niches, such as humans and plants. Moreover, the ASM host-mimicking growth medium revealed significantly high expression of T6SS genes, including PrpC, which is a regulatory gene of the T6SS, in all tested Ecc strains compared to the control medium. The variations in T6SS gene expression in ASM vs. control showed that the ASM system represents a simple, reproducible and economical alternative to animal models for studies such as those aimed at understanding the divergence of Ecc populations. In summary, genome sequencing of clinical and environmental Ecc genomes will assist in understanding the epidemiology of Ecc strains, including the isolation, virulence characteristics, prevention and treatment of infectious disease caused by these broad-host-range niche-associated species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the relationship between psychopathology, seizure-related variables, and quality of life in children with epilepsy. Seventy-nine children with active epilepsy (Mean = 10.1 y, SD = 2.68) were consecutively recruited from the outpatient services of an advanced pediatric hospital. The Quality-of-Life in Childhood Epilepsy questionnaire and the Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule (CPMS) were administered to the parents. The most compromised health-related quality of life (HRQOL) domain was the general health domain (Mean = 61.70, SD = 26.81). The mean intelligence quotient (IQ) score was 81.59 (SD = 12.34) and only 20% had IQs in the normal average range. The mean CPMS score was 7.41 (SD = 5.41). The psychopathology score and the IQ explained 43% of the variance in the total HRQOL score (F = 28.67, P = 0.0001) in the regression analysis. Childhood epilepsy is a significant public health concern and a multidisciplinary approach to management would help in addressing the multiple needs of the children with epilepsy and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Association of type I single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers with quantitative traits can provide an effective method for detecting genes and functions that are responsible for performance variation in domesticated species. In order to discover novel polymorphisms in candidate genes that could be associated with growth, fragments (175 to 668 bp) from 11 housekeeping, regulatory, and immune response genes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii previously reported to contain 83 SNPs were amplified from genomic DNA of 23 growth selected (cumulative genetic gain of 18%) and 23 unselected individuals and sequenced by Sanger's method. A total of 45 SNPs were identified from eight genes, of which 20 were novel and 18 were found to be growth associated with allele frequencies > 0.65 in the selected group. Eleven of these were located in exonic regions of which 3 present in crustacean lipocalin (LIPC) and heat shock protein 21 (HSP21) were nonsynonymous. In silico prediction indicates that 2 of the non-synonymous alleles may result in higher stability of the proteins. Of the 5 synonymous growth-associated SNPs, 3 present in phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX1), and HSP70 were a switch to the preferred codon. Seven SNPs were located in the 3′UTRs of lectin 3 and 4 (LEC3, LEC4) and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 1 (ALF1). Only one altered allele was observed at every locus. No SNPs were found in NaK-ATPase, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase, and tachylectin genes. This is the first such marker association study being reported for M. rosenbergii from India and will be of use in selecting future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyopisthocotylean monogenean parasites of fishes are highly host specific and have been used as an appropriate model to study the host-parasite co-evolution. In the present study, eight monogeneans of the order Mazocraeidea were characterized by nuclear 28S rDNA sequences and their phylogenetic relationship with other polyopisthocotylean species was investigated. Neighbour- joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods were used for phylogenetic reconstruction. The topology sustained by high bootstrap was: (((Hexabothriidae (Mazocraeidae (Discocotylidae (Diplozoidae (Diclidophoridae (Plectanocotylidae (Heteromicrocotylidae (Microcotylidae (Heteraxinidae), (Thoracocotylidae, Gotocotylidae (Gastrocoylidae (Allodiscocotylidae: Protomicrocotylidae))). In addition, we have also developed DNA barcodes (COI sequences) for six species and the barcodes clearly discriminated all the species. The polytomy within Protomicrocotylidae family is resolved in this study for the first time and it appears that within this family, Bilaterocotyloides species are basal compared to Neomicrocotyle and Lethacotyle species while the latter is the more derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper purports the temporal and spatial variations of total electron content (TEC), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and sea surface temperature during the greater earthquake regime. Nighttime TEC variations have been observed to be lower than those of the daytime. They were in the range of 10-30 TECU ( µ = 16 TECU) over nighttime, whereas 12-40 TECU ( µ = 26 TECU) during daytime. The coefficient of variation (CV) is of 32 % during the daytime and 51 % over the nighttime by using the IRI-2012 model (as per the boundary condition and grid-level output during event period). Latitude and longitudinal variations of TEC values integrated over the preparatory zone with in 5-h limits are in the range of 8-48 TECU ( µ = 30 TECU, CV = 45 %) and 14-48 TECU ( µ = 28 TECU, CV = 37 %). Mapping for the 2 days anomalies of OLR have good influence with the effect of greater earthquake; except the three events, it has increased from 20 to 100 watts/m. The detailed synthesis of this paper has showered light on the necessity of spatial variation of the TEC apart from temporal variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extratesticular cystic and solid scrotal masses are commonly encountered in pediatrics. The most common extratesticular malignancy is paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. The remainder of the common pathologies encountered -- appendage torsion, epididymitis and varicoceles -- are mostly benign. These frequently encountered benign lesions are confidently differentiated from paratesticular rhadbomyosarcoma using high-frequency scrotal sonography in combination with clinical features. Less commonly encountered extratesticular masses may not be as easily classified; however, these also have distinguishing features that can enable differentiation from malignancy. This review discusses the sonographic findings, and relevant clinical and pathological manifestations of the more unusual extratesticular masses encountered in two tertiary pediatric institutions during a 10-year period. While these extratesticular pathologies are encountered relatively infrequently, recognition of their manifestations enables appropriate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are integral β-barrel proteins of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall and are crucial to bacterial survival within the macrophages and for eukaryotic cell invasion. Here, we used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to comprehensively assess the outer membrane proteome of Burkholderia cenocepacia, an opportunistic pathogen causing cystic fibrosis (CF), in conditions mimicking four major ecological niches: water, CF sputum, soil, and plant leaf. Bacterial cells were harvested at late log phase, and OMPs were extracted following the separation of soluble proteins by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-SDS-PAGE). Protein bands were excised and identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. The proteins identified under various growth conditions were further subjected to in silico analysis of gene ontology (subcellular localization, structural, and functional analyses). Overall, 72 proteins were identified as common to the four culture conditions, while 33, 37, 20, and 10 proteins were exclusively identified in the water, CF sputum, soil, and plant leaf environments, respectively. The functional profiles of the majority of these proteins revealed significant diversity in protein expression between the four environments studied and may indicate that the protein expression profiles are unique for every condition. Comparison of OMPs from one strain in four distinct ecological niches allowed the elucidation of proteins that are essential for survival in each niche, while the commonly expressed OMPs, such as RND efflux system protein, TonB-dependent siderophore receptor, and ABC transporter-like protein, represent promising targets for drug or vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeThe study aims to identify the association between the baseline retinal vascular calibre and visual outcome of patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) treated with intravitreal ranibizumab.MethodsThe 1-M field (as defined in the ETDRS study) of the digital colour fundus photographs of DMO patients who had been treated primarily with ranibizumab in a clinical trial was assessed. Of the 84 patients, 25 had gradable retinal photographs that could be subjected to analyses by the Interactive Vessel Analysis (IVAN) software at baseline. The average retinal vascular calibre of the six largest venules (CRVE) and the six largest arterioles (CRAE) in the peripapillary area (0.5 and 1 disc diameter from the optic disc margin) was measured. The relationship between CRVE and CRAE at baseline and the change in visual acuity at month 12 was assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test.ResultsTen eyes from 10 patients who had shown an improvement of ≥2 lines of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at month 12 had a wider baseline CRVE (248.3±24.5 μm) compared with the 15 eyes from 15 patients who did not show the improvement of ≥2 lines (226.6±44.8 μm, P<0.05). The baseline CRAE did not differ significantly in these patients (156.1±22.7 vs 142±17.5 μm, P=0.17).ConclusionsA wider baseline retinal venular calibre may be a predictor of better visual outcome in DMO eyes treated with ranibizumab. Further prospective studies with a larger sample size and a broader range of disease severity and visual acuity are needed to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kachchh region is the second most seismically active region in India after the Himalaya. One of the disastrous Indian earthquakes of the millennium was the Bhuj earthquake of January 26, 2001, which caused about 14,000 casualties and huge property damage. The main reason for such devastation is due to lack of earthquake awareness and poor construction practices. Hence, an increase in the knowledge and awareness, based on improved seismic hazard assessment, is required to mitigate damage due to an earthquake. Natural predominant ground frequencies have been investigated in the Kachchh region of western India using ambient vibrations. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio technique has been applied to estimate the predominant frequency at 126 sites. The ambient vibration measurements were conducted for about 1 h at each site in the continuous mode recording at 100 samples/s. We have validated the estimated predominant frequency with earthquake data recorded at six broadband stations in the region. It has been observed that geological time period has a significant effect on predominant frequency of the ground. The estimated predominant frequencies vary from 0.24 to 2.25 Hz for the Quaternary, 0.41-2.34 Hz for the Tertiary, 0.32-4.91 Hz for the Cretaceous, and 0.39-8.0 Hz for the Jurassic/Mesozoic. In the Deccan trap, it varies from 1.30 to 3.80 Hz. We found distinct variation of predominant frequencies of sites associated with hard rock and soft soil. The predominant frequencies were related to the thickness of the sediments, which are deduced by other geophysical and geological methods in the region. Our results suggest that frequencies of the region reveals the site characteristics that can be considered for studying the seismic risks to evolve a plan for disaster risk mitigation for the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan, a versatile derivative of chitin, is widely used as an antimicrobial agent either alone or mixed with other natural polymers. Burkholderia cenocepacia is a multidrug-resistant bacteria and difficult to eradicate. Our previous studies shown that chitosan had strong antibacterial activity against B. cenocepacia. In the current study, we have investigated the molecular aspects for the susceptibility of B. cenocepacia in response to chitosan antibacterial activity. We have conducted RNA expression analysis of drug efflux system by RT-PCR, membrane protein profiling by SDS-PAGE, and by LC-MS/MS analysis following the validation of selected membrane proteins by real-time PCR analysis. By RT-PCR analysis, it was found that orf3, orf9, and orf13 were expressed at detectable levels, which were similar to control, while rest of the orf did not express. Moreover, shotgun proteomics analysis revealed 21 proteins in chitosan-treated cells and 16 proteins in control. Among them 4 proteins were detected as shared proteins under control and chitosan-treated cells and 17 proteins as uniquely identified proteins under chitosan-treated cells. Among the catalog of uniquely identified proteins, there were proteins involved in electron transport chain and ATP synthase, metabolism of carbohydrates and adaptation to atypical conditions proteins which indicate that utilization and pattern of chitosan is diverse which might be responsible for its antibacterial effects on bacteria. Moreover, our results showed that RND drug efflux system, which display the ability to transport a variety of structurally unrelated drugs from a cell and consequently are capable of conferring resistance to a diverse range of chemotherapeutic agents, was not determined to play its role in response to chitosan. It might be lipopolysaccharides interaction with chitosan resulted in the destabilization of membrane protein to membrane lyses to cell death. Membrane proteome analysis were also validated by RT-qPCR analysis, which corroborated our results that of membrane proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is distributed throughout the Americas from Mexico to northern Argentina. Within this range, the species is divided into two gene pools (Andean and Middle American) along a latitudinal gradient. The diversity of 24 wild common bean genotypes from throughout the geographic range of the species was described by using sequence data from 13 loci. An isolation-migration model was evaluated using a coalescent analysis to estimate multiple demographic parameters. Using a Bayesian approach, Andean and Middle American subpopulations with high percentage of parentages were observed. Over all loci, the Middle American gene pool was more diverse than the Andean gene pool (πsil=0.0089 vs 0.0068). The two subpopulations were strongly genetically differentiated over all loci (Fst=0.29). It is estimated that the two current wild gene pools diverged from a common ancestor ∼111 000 years ago. Subsequently, each gene pool underwent a bottleneck immediately after divergence and lasted ∼40 000 years. The Middle American bottleneck population size was ∼46% of the ancestral population size, whereas the Andean was 26%. Continuous asymmetric gene flow was detected between the two gene pools with a larger number of migrants entering Middle American gene pool from the Andean gene pool. These results suggest that because of the complex population structure associated with the ancestral divergence, subsequent bottlenecks in each gene pool, gene pool-specific domestication and intense selection within each gene pool by breeders; association mapping would best be practised within each common bean gene pool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gorge carcinoma or carcinoma of esophagus is one of the most commonly occurring malignancies in developing countries. In these patients, dysphagia for liquids is one of the most common complaints, resulting in unwillingness of the patient to swallow contrast containing liquid. The objective of the study was to find an alternative technique to the currently existing techniques for evaluating esophageal carcinoma. Twenty patients with endoscopically proved cases of esophageal cancer were examined with CT thorax using AIR (negative) as a contrast agent—negative contrast computed tomography scan. Only the mid- and lower third esophageal malignant cases were included in the study. Upper third esophageal malignancy and lesions causing complete obstruction were excluded from the study. All cases were scanned using single-slice Somatom-4 (Siemens). NECT scan was done after intravenous injection of Buscopan. A total of 450–600 ml of air is introduced through a 14G Ryle's tube, both manually and as a continuous flow. IV contrast is given simultaneously, and a CECT scan is done. Multiplanar reconstructions were done in all patients. Significant distension of the normal esophagus was noted. However, very minimal distension of the esophageal lumen was noted at the carcinomatous site—called the “streak sign” as air is seen as a thin streak within the narrowed lumen. In some cases, intraluminal polypoid growth could be seen. No significant complications were noted except for throat irritation. We conclude that usage of air as negative contrast in identifying carcinoma of mid- and lower third esophagus is safe, cost-effective, and feasible and can be used as an alternative technique in patients who are not readily willing to swallow liquid contrast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assume that the solar tidal action on accreting protoplanets forced them to corotation. If this is true, and assuming a subsequent conservation of spin angular momentum, we can easily get a rough explanation of: (1) the actual rotation periods of the planets, (2) the trend toward small inclination angles for the rotation axes, (3) the existence of a relation between rotational angular momenta and planetary masses similar to the empirical ones due to McDonald (1964). Hartmann and Larson (1967) and Fish (1967). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gall bladder distension with acute viral acalculous cholecystitis is a rare event in pediatric cases with a high incidence of perforation, gallbladder necrosis and mortality. We report a two and a half year old female child presenting with fever, vomiting, pain abdomen, mild hepatosplenomegaly and tenderness in right hypochondrium. Laboratory investigations revealed hyperbilirubinemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase, but there was no evidence of bacterial or parasitic infection. Serology for viral hepatitis suggested acute Hepatitis A infection. Ultrasonographically, distended inflamed gallbladder without calculous was observed. Finally acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Hepatitis A virus was diagnosed and the child responded to the conservative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenocarcinoma of the ileostomy after colectomy performed for non-neoplastic condition are relatively uncommon. Mucinous adenocarcinoma at an ileostomy site represents a late complication of total colectomy performed for ulcerative colitis. We here report a case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the mucocutaneous junction at the ileostomy site with adjacent skin invasion occurring 35 years after total colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Wide excision with refashioning of the ileostomy was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2, epicentered in China in December 2019, has spread to many other countries. The entire humanity has a vital responsibility to tackle this pandemic and the technologies are being helpful to them to a greater extent. The purpose of the work is to precisely bring scientific and general awareness to the people all around the world who are currently fighting the war against COVID-19. It's visible that the number of people infected is increasing day by day and the medical community is tirelessly working to maintain the situation under control. Other than the negative effects caused by COVID-19, it is also equally important for the public to understand some of the positive impacts it has directly or indirectly given to society. This work emphasizes the various impacts that are created on society as well as the environment. As a special additive, some important key areas are highlighted namely, how the modernized technologies are aiding the people during the period of social distancing. Some effective technological implications carried out by both information technology and educational institutions are highlighted. There are also several steps taken by the state government and central government in each country in adopting the complete lockdown rule. These steps are taken primarily to prevent the people from COVID-19 impact. Moreover, the teachings we need to learn from the quarantine situation created to prevent further spread of this global pandemic is discussed in brief and the importance of carrying them to the future. Finally, the paper also elucidates the general preventive measures that have to be taken to prevent this deadly coronavirus, and the role of technology in this pandemic situation has also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: E-waste management is extremely difficult to exercise owing to its complexity and hazardous nature. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the core components of electrical and electronic equipment, which generally consist of polymers, ceramics, and heavy metals. Results: The present study has been attempted for removal of heavy metals from printed circuit board by metal-resistant actinobacterium Streptomyces albidoflavus TN10 isolated from the termite nest. This bacterium was found to recover different heavy metals (Al 66%, Ca 74%, Cu 68%, Cd 65%, Fe 42%, Ni 81%, Zn 82%, Ag 56%, Pb 46%) within 72 h under laboratory conditions. The metal content of PCB after bioleaching was analyzed by ICP-MS. The crude PCB and bioleaching residue were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM for the determination of structural and functional group changes for confirmation of bioleaching. Conclusion: The findings of the present study concluded that Streptomyces albidoflavus TN10 is a promising candidate for bioleaching of heavy metals from the printed circuit board as an eco-friendly and cost-effective process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]