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In 5G based communication systems, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is a key approach that optimizes data transmission by constantly modifying modulation schemes and error correction coding by the current channel circumstances. AMC’s main objective is to increase data transfer efficiency and reliability while adjusting to the frequently fluctuating and unexpected nature of wireless channels. However, the channel's quality can be impacted by several variables, including distance, fading, noise, and interference in the time-varying channel. Hence it won't be easy to approximate the channel state information (CSI) accurately for time-varying channels. This paper discusses the novel rate adaptation approach that leverages generative adversarial networks (GAN) along with AMC to ensure efficient and reliable data transfer in a dynamic and often challenging environment, that maximizes data throughput even under varying conditions and offers robustness under adverse ones.Article Highlights: GAN based AMC employed advanced learning model by learning the patterns in communication data. This is outperformed traditional methods by being more reliable and accurate in identifying modulation types. Useful for enhancing wireless communication systems in rapidly changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the stability and fidelity of 5G multi-band communication, an anti-jamming design method based on NFC and RFID technology is proposed to develop the anti-jamming ability of 5G multi-band communication antenna. Combine NFC technology with mobile phone technology and RFID identification technology, then construct a 5G multi-band communication channel model based on NFC technology. A unique signal attenuation technique is used to suppress intercode interference between 5G multiband communication channels. At the same time, extract the symbolic feature components of 5G multi-band communication antenna, and the compatible design of NFC and existing contactless smart card technology is used to guide the Bluetooth matching process. In order to realize the channel equalization design of 5G multi-band communication antenna, adopt the adaptive sampling decision equalization adjustment technique. According to the beamforming and delay scheduling methods, establish the transmission delay control of the multi-band communication antenna. According to the spatial beamforming principle, realize the anti-interference design of the 5G multi-band communication antenna. This method has a better channel balance and a lower bit error rate in the anti-jamming design of 5G multi-band communication antenna supported by NFC technology. Therefore, this technology has good potential and value for promoting NFC technology in mobile communication equipment. The lowest bit error rate is 0.006, and the shortest delay is 0.251. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an adaptive transmission scheme for two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying over optical wireless communications. The two terminals utilize subcarrier phase shift keying (S-PSK) intensity modulation for data transmission, and the atmospheric turbulence impacts the transmitted signals. The proposed transmission scheme exploits the efficient utilization of the optical wireless channel capacity by adjusting the modulation order of S-PSK. While meeting predetermined bit error rate (BER) requirements for each terminal, the selected modulation order of each terminal corresponds to the instantaneous condition of turbulence-induced fading. A new expression is derived for the spectral efficiency of the proposed two-way relaying scheme, and then performance investigations are carried out under various turbulence conditions. Moreover, we derive a closed form expression for the BER performance and analyze the proposed system model from the outage probability point of view. Numerical examples illustrate that the proposed two-way relaying scheme enjoys better spectral efficiency compared with the traditional direct transmission scheme in the high signal-to-noise-ratio regime. The simulation results show that for a fixed turbulence, the TWR saves the electrical signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) about 2.5 dB compared to the direct transmission scheme when the target spectral efficiency is set to 1.2 bits/s/Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes and successfully demonstrates a high-speed optical signal coupling (HS-OSC) of 2x40Gbaud PAM8 with precoder-shaped multi-level polar codes (PS-MLPC) in a gain-oriented multiple-input single-output free space optical (MISO-FSO) system. With the pilot-based correction (PBC), the system gets a multi-path error (MPE) detecting and correcting module, which can minimize the MPE and achieve the gain-oriented HS-OSC. On the other hand, PS-MLPC is deployed in the MISO-FSO system to provide the non-uniform PAM-8 symbols and save the power budget. In the experiment, the PBC module is proven to ensure the HS-OSC process by comparing the captured waveforms. Results in the static FSO channel validate that the bit error rate (BER) of the MISO-FSO system is improved from 4.76 × 10 - 3 to below 10 - 5 and the PS-MLPC PAM-8 saves most 0.85 dB effective signal-to-noise ratio (ESNR). Under turbulent conditions, the gain-oriented MISO-FSO system not only enhances the mean ESNR of about 4.3–5.4 dB but also mitigates the standard deviation of ESNR by 40.6–61.4 %, on which the PS-MLPC provides a Q-factor gain of 1.17–1.64 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The OFDM system is popular due to its broadband capabilities, but because it employs the multicarrier concept, synchronization issues may arise. These errors are caused by the incompatibility of the transmitted and received signals. The performance of multiple relay cooperative systems is assessed in this study using receiver compensation and estimation of multicarrier frequency offsets (MCFOs) and multiple timing offsets (MTOs). To demonstrate improved bit error rate (BER) performance, MCFOs and MTOs should be treated with less computational complexity. At the receiver end, the maximum likelihood (ML) approach is used to decode data and estimate offsets. The ML approach estimates using the ECM and SAGE algorithms. In terms of BER and SNR after estimation, the SAGE algorithm outperforms the ECM approach. A performance analysis of the estimated time and carrier frequency offsets was performed using the ECM and SAGE algorithms. Furthermore, the statistical percentage difference demonstrates that the maximum probability strategy for compensating the CFO and TO is effective. The statistical percentage difference underscores the effectiveness of compensating CFO and TO through ECM and SAGE algorithm within the maximum likelihood framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the integrated radar and communication system (IRCS), the design of signal that can simultaneously satisfy the radar detection and communication transmission is very important and difficult. Recently, some new properties of a class of solvable chaotic system have been studied for wireless applications, such as low bit error rate (BER) wireless communications and low cost target detection. In this paper, a novel IRCS based on the chaotic signal is proposed, and the performance of proposed scheme is analyzed. First, the solvable chaotic system and signal generation method are introduced. Second, the system and frame structures of IRCS using chaos as baseband signal and the corresponding signal processing algorithms are given. Third, the ambiguity function, radar detection errors and communication decoding errors of the proposed scheme are analyzed. Numerous simulations of the proposed IRCS are performed and the simulation results show that the proposed chaotic signal can satisfy the performance requirements of target detection effectively, as well as the high-performance wireless communication. In this context, the proposed IRCS based on chaotic signal is a good choice for the future integrated system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to create trustworthy, fast communication technologies for 5G and beyond. The design investigates the possibilities of Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication systems and MilliMeter-Wave (MMW) technologies operating at 60 [GHz]. Although these technologies are highly effective and have a high throughput, they are nevertheless vulnerable to weather phenomena like rain, fog, and Atmospheric Turbulence (AT). The paper suggests using Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) and the MMW-FSO link to develop optical-radio communication systems. The proposed systems aim to transmit data to four compact 5G Base Stations (BSs) that numerous 5G users can reach. The MMW-RF (Radio Frequency) link uses four MMW frequencies: 58.32, 60.48, 62.64, and 64.80 [GHz]. The present work offers designs based on different forms of optical communication systems. The performances of these designs are assessed using two powerful simulation tools, Matlab and OptiSystem. For the MMW-FSO link, the study analyses the Bit Error Rate (BER), the Communication Capacity (CC), and the RF-spectrum peak power. It additionally takes into account the performances of the MMW-RF link, such as the Required Signal-to-Noise Ratio (RSNR) at 5G users, the Receiver Sensitivity (RS) at 5G users, the BER at 5G users, the CC between 5G BSs and 5G users and Power Efficiency (PE) at 5G users. Data transmission has been tested on various connections of the proposed systems with an acceptable BER of 1e-9 on the MMW-FSO link. Without AT but in the presence of heavy fog, the average CC results obtained are 4.13e + 10 bps, 4.25e + 10 bps, 3.64e + 10 bps, and 4.11e + 10 bps for the first to fourth connections, respectively. With weak AT ( 10 - 17 [m−2/3]) and heavy fog, the average CC results are changed to 2.57e + 10 bps, 2.59e + 10 bps, 3.035e + 10 bps, and 3.15e + 10 bps, respectively. Under conditions of moderate AT ( 10 - 15 [m−2/3]) and heavy fog, the results become: 2.79e + 10 bps, 2.82e + 10 bps, 3.104e + 10 bps, and 3.120e + 10 bps respectively for the same proposed connections. Furthermore, the impact of the attenuation coefficient on the MMW-FSO link, which may have an impact on the performance of the proposed systems on the MMW-RF link between the 5G BSs and 5G users under different weather conditions must be taken into account. Connections one and two of the proposed systems outperform connections three and four in terms of their capacity to accommodate a greater number of 5G users. With an acceptable BER performance of 1e-3, connections three and four can accommodate a maximum of seven 5G users for each 5G BS operating within a bandwidth of 270 [MHz] when assigned distinct time slots. The ultimate goal is to advance next-generation communication technologies for a highly connected society with a manageable number of users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an improved mm-wave communication system by incorporating Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm for feature vector selection and using the firefly algorithm for hyperparameter tuning. The proposed system achieves better performance compared to existing systems, as evidenced by the lower Bit Error Rate (BER), higher throughput, and improved classification metrics. The ABC algorithm enhances feature vector selection, enabling the system to effectively identify and utilize relevant features. The firefly algorithm optimizes the system's parameters, leading to enhanced communication throughput. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed system, highlighting the importance of hyperparameter tuning and swarm intelligence algorithms in mm-wave communication. Experiment results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed system in terms of both qualitative and quantitative parameters. For qualitative parameters analysis, the proposed work has been evaluated in terms of throughput and BER, where the proposed system outperforms by increment in throughput with 10.31% and lower BER over existing system. In terms of quantitative analysis, the proposed algorithm outperforms with the accuracy of 92.03%, precision of 96.30%, Recall of 98.96% and F-measure of 97.61% in comparison to existing work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical analysis of a novel idea which combines Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology enabled millimeter wave (mmW) generation, constant envelope orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, and simple square law device based detection is reported. The analysis considers the Photo Detector (PD) shot noise generated at the transmitter and the impacts of the squaring operation at the receiver side on the signal as well as the additive noise. The results show that signal-noise beating term resulting due to the squaring operation at the receiver side will be a dominant source of interference at the detection stages. Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the signal-noise beating term is derived. Bit Error Rate (BER) performance evaluation in an additive noise environment as well as frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading environment forms part of the reported analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work evaluates the performance of frequency-modulated noise reduction-differential chaos shift keying (FM-NR–DCSK) when using a compound chaotic sequence (CCS) under a multipath fading channel. To construct a more complex and random CCS, the outputs of chaotic maps like the logistic map, tent map, Chebyshev map and Henon map are incorporated. In this scheme, the CCS is first frequency-modulated (FM) to generate a signal with constant energy per bit. This improves the bit error rate (BER) performance of noise reduction-differential chaos shift keying (NR–DCSK). The functionality of the CCS-based FM-NR–DCSK system is being assessed in the presence of both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and alpha–mu (α–µ) fading to determine its efficacy. In conclusion, we analyse the effectiveness of the CCS compared to other existing chaotic maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the challenges encountered in underwater acoustic communication (UWAC) and presents a novel approach for chirp spread spectrum (CSS) communication. CSS is recognized for its ability to adjust to multipath and Doppler dispersion in underwater conditions, despite it usually demands a large bandwidth time product to achieve optimal performance. To address this constraint and improve data rate, the paper proposes a neural network-based receiver for spectral efficient M-ary CSS communication. M-ary communication is accomplished by transmitting chirps with different start and stop frequencies. At the receiver, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) are used for supervised classification. The neural network is trained offline using a comprehensive dataset developed by the BELLHOP ray tracing algorithm, which simulates various underwater acoustic channels. The application of VTRM pre-processing equalization aims to enhance performance. The simulation results illustrate the superior performance of the proposed receiver when compared to a conventional receiver based on a matched filter. The 16-ary chirp spread spectrum 1D CNN and MLP receivers show a gain of 6 and 4 dB, respectively, in a simulated channel after undergoing VTRM pre-processing. Furthermore, the utilization of a 16-ary 1D CNN receiver results in a noticeable 6 dB enhancement in two recorded channels. However, the MLP receiver outperforms the traditional receiver in terms of bit error rate. The article emphasizes the possibility of higher data rates and enhanced performance in underwater communication systems by employing the proposed M-ary CSS neural network-based method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) can significantly improve the safety and traffic management of the vehicular communication. It is considered to be favorable technology for intelligent transportation systems (ITS). However, the fundamental challenge is to address the channel distortions and variation due to high mobile environment. To resolve this issue, an optimization technique that assimilates deep learning into the existing IEEE 802.11p systems is implemented in this work. Deep neural network (DNN) is purely a data-based technique which serves better where channel modelling is difficult. The channel estimation is realized employing DNN which tracks the channel characteristics efficiently. DNN is first trained offline as per channel conditions and finally trained network reconstructs the transmitted data according to the input in testing or online stage. The goal here is to compensate for the error introduced in the pilot-aided channel estimation schemes. This is done by appropriate selection of hyper-parameters of DNN which surges the capacity of the network considerably. The proposed work is compared with existing pilot-aided conventional methods and deep learning-based estimation techniques according to bit error rate (BER) performance. The simulation results demonstrate that the propounded method is more superior to the earlier channel estimation schemes. The proposed method is examined deeply in multiple scenarios to test the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general multiple medical devices orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems, all the interfering medical users are legitimate but will cause disturbance to the desired user. In this work, we evaluate three deep learning (DL) algorithms: fully connected deep neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and long short-term memory neural networks for signal processing and detection in uncoded multiple medical devices OFDM communications systems. The bit error rates (BER) of these DL methods are compared with the conventional linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) detector. Additionally, the relationships between the BER and signal-to-interference ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, the number of interferences, and modulation type are investigated. Numerical results show that DL methods outperform LMMSE under different multiple medical device interference situations and are robust when the wireless channel has high variability. Also, DL methods are proven to have strong anti-interference ability and are useful in multiple medical devices OFDM systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (eOFDM) is one of the promising multicarrier schemes which uses a unique data-dependent pseudorandom (PN) sequence as a guard interval in each OFDM block. The guard interval of eOFDM provides a unique relation between the guard sequence and user data symbols on different subcarriers of the OFDM block, consequently improving the bit error rate (BER) and capacity performances. This paper proposes the eOFDM technique for a multi-hop wireless system and analyzes its performance in Rayleigh fading channel. Precisely, a closed-form expression for the probability density function (PDF) of end-to-end signal to noise ratio (SNR) of a multi-hop system is derived. The system's outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity (EC) are analyzed and closed-form expressions for these performance metrics are derived. The simulation results verify the validity of all theoretical derivations. Performance metrics for each hop are investigated over independent Rayleigh fading channels. It is shown that the sum capacity of multi-hop eOFDM system is greater than the conventional multi-hop OFDM system in Rayleigh fading channel for any value of SNR. Additionally, eOFDM system shows lower outage probability than OFDM system in multi-hop scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to investigate a multipath channel estimation technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems based on least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) in the presence of Gaussian and Impulse noise. Since impulsive noise can considerably affect the performance of communication systems and also due to the time-varying and frequency selectivity of wireless channels, it is unavoidable to have a proper channel estimation and interpolation technique. Therefore, in this contribution, an autoregressive modeled multipath channel was estimated using LSSVR in the presence of impulsive and Gaussian noises. The channel estimation method based on LSSVR contrasts with neural networks, as it does not require real data for training. It benefits from the LS estimator output for training, and due to the lack of need for solving a Quadratic Programming (QP) problem, has lower complexity than standard SVR. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed method outperforms standard SVR, multilayer perceptron neural networks, and cubic-spline interpolated LS in terms of bit error rate (BER) and mean square error (MSE) criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary challenges faced by visible light communication (VLC) systems employing optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This study is dedicated to designing, simulating, and evaluating bit error rate (BER) and PAPR reduction methods tailored for the VLC broadcasting system. The asymmetric clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) scheme is highlighted in this work for its impressive performance. Therefore, the proposed PAPR mitigation methodologies applied to ACO-OFDM. The proposed PAPR reduction strategy involves 5 distinct precoding methodologies. The PAPR was mitigated by 3.485 dB after applying the DST precoding methodology. Still, the WHT precoding methodology can achieve PAPR reduction by 1.131 dB, without BER performance degradation, with respect to the conventional ACO-OFDM system. Furthermore, the work addresses another challenge in VLC systems: the bit error rate (BER). This is accomplished by introducing approaches to Time Domain Noise Cancelation and Frequency Domain Noise Cancelation (FDNC). The BER performance of these 2 receiver models is nearly the same. The simulation results indicate the system performance enhancement after applying noise cancellation approaches by 1.65 dB at the 4-QAM modulation scheme and 2.97 dB at the 1024-QAM modulation scheme. The 16-QAM modulation scheme, after applying DST and WHT methodologies alongside noise cancellation approaches, can enhance both PAPR by 20.83% and 6.76%, but the Eb/N0 performance enhancement by 10.10% and 14.64%, respectively. Additionally, the effectiveness and validity of the proposed schemes are verified by comparing them with relevant literature reviews on PAPR reduction techniques and selecting an optimal choice among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear signal distortions are one of the main reasons limiting the throughput and length of modern fiber-optic communication lines. One of the developed approaches to nonlinear distortion compensation is based on the application of perturbation theory methods to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and allows one to obtain a relationship between transmitted and received symbols. Gradient methods that minimize the standard deviation between symbols are usually used to find the perturbation coefficients. However, the main parameter characterizing the data transmission quality is the bit error rate. We propose a modification of this approach in the form of a two-stage scheme for calculating the perturbation coefficients. At the first stage, the coefficients are calculated using the least squares method by minimizing the standard deviation, and at the second stage, the obtained solution is used as an initial approximation to minimize the error coefficient using the particle swarm method. In a numerical experiment, using the algorithm for compensating for received signal distortions based on the proposed scheme, a 0.9 dB gain in the signal-to-noise ratio is obtained for a multi-span line 20 × 100 km long and a 16QAM signal with a channel rate of 267 Gbit/s. An improvement in the accuracy of the algorithm (compared to a single-stage scheme) is shown, estimates of the computational complexity of the algorithm are obtained, and the relationship between its complexity and accuracy is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing number of mobile stations requires relaying protocols that can efficiently transmit large volumes of data with minimal computational complexity. Systems that combine joint symbol and channel estimation with Amplify-and-Forward Multiway Relay (MWR) systems provide a highly effective solution to this problem. Thus, this study introduces a new Nested PARAFAC-based MWR system model as its primary contribution. Then, a non-iterative semi-blind receiver is designed to allow simultaneous estimation of symbols and channels. This computationally efficient approach is validated using Monte Carlo computational simulations, showing that the proposed receiver can achieve lower bit error rate values at lower computational complexity than some of its state-of-the-art competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and coherence detection are seen as a promising technology that increases the speed of digital data transmission in radio over fiber (RoF) technology. This groundbreaking research combines an OFDM RoF system, coherent optical detection, and a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with external optical modulations. Prior until recently, OFDM RoF used optical sources like Continuous-Wave lasers (CW lasers). A specific modulation peak current selection is used in the design of the proposed OFDM RoF-VCSEL to enhance system performance. Data signals with different bit rates are mapped by M-QAM encoders before being converted to OFDM signals. In the same setup, a CW-laser is utilized in lieu of the VCSEL to compare the transmitted signal characteristics of the two types of VCSELs: the OFDM RoF-based VCSEL and the conventional VCSEL. The proposed system of an OFDM-based VCSEL with 4-QAM effectively allowed transmission lengths of up to 13,000 km with 10 Gbps and 2,000 km with 20 Gbps. The simulation of the constellation points of the OFDM RoF-based VCSEL are still reasonably clear and detectable up to transmission of 13,000 km, in contrast to the OFDM RoF-based CW-laser system, where the constellation points are disturbed, indicating a significant level of signal–noise interference. Furthermore, the modulation peaks current (of the VCSEL-based device) optimal value selection at 3 mA greatly impairs the performance of the recovered signal. It is important to note that the simulation was run using the Optisystem 17 program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater wireless communication stands as a captivating and swiftly progressing domain in recent. To support higher data rate and higher bandwidth applications, there is significant attention towards underwater acoustics along with Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology. Underwater sensor networking serves as the backbone of oceanic exploration efforts. Based on the traffic load and underwater environmental conditions, an appropriate communication link can be selected to achieve higher data rate. Acoustics supports communication over longer distances with lower data rate. Despite offering higher data rates, Visible Light Communication (VLC) faces limitations in terms of communication range, proving to be relatively short compared to other methods. A seamless transition is anticipated during data transmission and reception by employing Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and photo detectors on the optical-acoustic channel, bridging the gap between acoustic and optical communication methods. Utilizing MIMO-based Enhanced Reverse Polarity Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-ERPO-OFDM) in Underwater Optical Communication (UWOC) proves to be a superior approach, achieving a high throughput of 19.9 Mbps and a lower Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10− 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater Visible Light Communication (UVLC) is a promising technology for high-speed data transmission in aquatic environments. However, the performance and reliability of UVLC systems are often challenged by factors such as absorption, scattering, and oceanic turbulence. In this paper, we explore various UVLC modulation techniques, analyzing both Single Carrier Modulation and Multi-Carrier Modulation schemes, including their respective advantages and limitations. Through simulations and experimental evaluations, we investigate the effectiveness of modulation strategies such as Non-Return-to-Zero On-Off Keying, Pulse Position Modulation, and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation-Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation in addressing the inherent challenges of UVLC. Additionally, we examine advanced techniques like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and space-domain index modulation, highlighting their potential to achieve higher data rates and improved reliability in UVLC systems. Our findings underscore the importance of selecting optimal modulation schemes to enhance spectral efficiency, reduce interference, and improve Bit Error Rate performance. Recent experimental advancements have showcased remarkable achievements, such as data rates exceeding 30 Gbps over distances up to 21 m, demonstrating significant progress in system reliability and transmission quality. This paper also identifies potential challenges and open research directions in UVLC, such as the need for efficient channel estimation and system configuration algorithms, contributing to the design and optimization of robust and scalable underwater communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional baseband processing techniques for communication must be adapted to the specificities of terahertz channels. Currently, there is limited research on channel coding applicable to terahertz bands, particularly in terms of performing real-time tests that differentiate them from offline processing. This paper presents a test platform for a 300 GHz wireless communication system based on the PXIe platform. The experiment utilizes a high-performance, low-complexity serial scheduling approach with the Minimum Sum-Log Likelihood Ratio Belief Propagation (MS-LLR-BP) soft decision decoding algorithm to test point-to-point real-time line-of-sight communication for low-density parity-check (LDPC) code communication systems. The results indicate that the implementation of LDPC coding in QPSK terahertz wireless transmission systems results in a performance enhancement of approximately 25–55% in bit error rate (BER), demonstrating the excellent performance of LDPC codes against terahertz channel fading. This highlights their potential in future ultra-high-speed communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the detailed investigation of the bit error rate (BER) over the α - η - μ /Inverse-Gamma composite fading channel is performed.The analysis aimed to explore the error rate characteristics over this channel under the influence of additive Laplacian noise. The findings are presented in the form of a bivariate Fox's H-function, providing a comprehensive representation of the results. Furthermore, the concise and simplified asymptotic expressions of the proposed metrics are provided, enhancing the accessibility and applicability of the results. It is observe that under conditions of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), these simplified statistics demonstrate a remarkable level of agreement with the closed-form results. To validate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed formulations, extensive Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to ensure the reliability and validity of our findings across various scenarios and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a thorough evaluation of satellite downlink performance in a Free Space Optics (FSO) system with a Low-Density-Parity-Check (LDPC) based Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) configuration. Atmospheric turbulence is characterized using a generalized K-distribution and a negative exponential distribution, with specified parameters. Key performance metrics including Bit Error Rate (BER), outage probability, and accuracy are measured. To address pointing-errors (PEs) and atmospheric turbulence (AT), a novel decoding methodology for Non-Recursive Convolutional Polynomial Encoding (NRCPE)-based Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)-Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)-modulated FSO transmissions is introduced, leveraging Support Vector Machines (SVM). The study introduces a sophisticated Meijer-G function for MIMO statistical analysis and proposes a power series-based Probability Density Function (PDF) with non-recursive GMSK modulation. This PDF allows closed-form derivation of BER and Outage Probability expressions, showcasing improved MIMO link performance in the presence of PEs and AT. Simulations validate the models, offering insights into their effectiveness across varying turbulence levels. The findings assist FSO-MIMO designers in minimizing PEs,AT and achieving optimal results.Subsequently, authors perform a suppression to BER, Particularly, the optimum beam width factors for p × q | 1 × 2 × 2 , & 2 × 3 , diversity degrees by a p × q | 1 × 1 , as a reference are 81.24%, 87.32%, and 89.61%, respectively, at ε nj = 4.02 and I o = 10 dBm .The proposed MIMO/FSO provides accuracy and an irradiances gain of 13.34dBm,i.e., ε nj = 5.03 at BER 10 - 9 for downlink satellite transmission over SIMO and SISO FSO links. This study provides a comprehensive framework for optimizing FSO communication systems, considering atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for military as well as civilian applications such as search and rescue operations, disaster management, parcel delivery and agriculture, is becoming increasingly popular, mainly due to their versatile nature and relatively inexpensive operating costs. However, one of the most significant barriers in the widespread adoption of UAVs for the aforementioned applications is the increasing concern for wireless communication security within the network. Unfortunately, the nodes that comprise these networks are extremely constrained in terms of storage space, processing power and battery life, which require light-weight security protocols that align with these limitations. The current standards for message authentication and verification predominantly rely on lightweight cryptographic techniques. However, there is continual scope for improvement, particularly in the realm of computational efficiency, to better align with the constraints inherent to UAVs. This paper explores data hiding in a multi-UAV environment, to form a light-weight message verification scheme to confirm the identity of the transmitting node. First, five venues having the potential to hide data are analyzed. Based on the analysis of bit error rate obtained from the simulated multi-UAV environment, both cyclic prefix and padding bits are selected. Next, a codeword is generated for each transmission and it is embedded along with the unique ID key, κ of the transmitting node into each venue respectively, and the output is transmitted as Hello packets. Subsequently, the receiving node extracts and decodes the codeword in order to verify the authenticity of the transmitting node. An evaluation of the proposed scheme has been conducted by using a simulated UAV environment. In the best case scenario, the proposed authentication scheme can achieve a successful verification rate of at least 80% at a maximum hop-count of 10 hops. Through computational cost analysis, in comparison to the conventional methods, the proposed scheme was found to have a significantly lower total execution time of 1.7 μ s . In addition, the security analysis shows that when the proposed scheme is paired with physical unclonable functions (PUFs), it is able to resist common security attacks, including man-in-the-middle, replay and cloning attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique has drawn considerable attention as a promising solution for advanced wireless communication systems due to its higher data rates, lower latency, and high bandwidth efficiency. The decoding of NOMA signals requires standard successive interference cancellation (SIC) approaches. Due to the propagation delay and fading channels, multipath fading significantly impacts the SIC process and correct signal detection. This article proposes a hybrid approach using deep convolutional neural network-gated recurrent unit-support vector machine (CNN-GRU (CGRU)-SVM) to detect the uplink NOMA users' signals. The proposed deep learning (DL) CGRU-SVM-based receiver executes simultaneous channel estimation, equalization, and demodulation, performing perfect end-to-end operations. The simulation results discuss the bit error rate performance of the proposed CGRU-SVM-based receiver with the conventional least square and minimum mean-square error signal detection methods, along with other DL-based GRU, CNN, and CGRU approaches in uplink NOMA schemes. It provides the efficient extraction of spatiotemporal features with an SVM classifier. Moreover, the proposed model outperforms the other DL-based techniques concerning the accuracy, F1 score, and receiver operating characteristic with the area under the curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competence of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) to provide improved spectrum efficiency, support massive network elements, and low latency services make it attractive to Multiple Access (MA) technology for next-generation wireless networks. Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is an optimal technique in 4G wireless communication to enhance spectrum efficiency and user capacity. The amalgamation of SC-FDMA with NOMA can become a better choice for wireless communication for 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G). Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) have been a better choice for improving the system's performance due to its outstanding orthogonality and spectral confinement characteristics. This study proposes a transceiver architecture that uses joint Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and DWT to outperform existing NOMA systems in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER). The transceiver architecture is symbolized as a joint DFT precoded DWT (JDPD) SC-FDMA NOMA System. Furthermore, we propose a Joint Low Complexity Regularized Zero forcing (JLC RZF) for JDPD SC-FDMA NOMA system to enhance the BER with low complexity. In order to illustrate the superiority of the proposed system over multipath channels, the system performance over a range of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) values and power allocation scenarios are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic interleaved frequency division multiplexing (CIFDM) stands out as a promising solution for enhancing diversity reception over frequency-selective channels. Within the CIFDM framework, cyclic interleaving at the transmitter, followed by multipath detection at the receiver, collaboratively contributes to performance improvement. A recent advancement in this domain is the introduction of CIFDM-successive interference cancellation (CIFDM-SIC) (Anuthirsha and Stuwart in ETRI J, 1--11, 2024), a multipath multistage detection method. However, CIFDM-SIC leaves room for improvement, as it only partially mitigates multipath interference resulting from the semi-orthogonality of codes in CIFDM. To address this limitation, our current approach introduces a CIFDM-decorrelative successive interference cancellation (CIFDM-dSIC) method. In the proposed CIFDM-dSIC, a decorrelation process is employed to effectively eliminate non-orthogonal interference components arising from the cross-correlation of codes in the SIC output stages. Specifically, after the completion of the entire SIC operation, interference at each output stage, except the last one, is eliminated through path-specific decorrelation of the effective spreading codes. We have conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of CIFDM-dSIC under various scenarios, comparing it with both existing CIFDM and traditional interleaved frequency division multiplexing methods. Simulation results unequivocally establish the dominance of the proposed CIFDM-dSIC, affirming its reliability in terms of bit error rate and diversity reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide usage of Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in visible light communication (VLC) systems aids in sharing immense multimedia files. But, an increase in the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) becomes a setback for OFDM. This paper focuses on PAPR reduction and encrypted image transmission in OFDM-based VLC systems using masking approach. The proposed technique generates a mask with the random sequence from a Pi-based coupled chaotic map (PCCM). The ciphering of the transmitted image data involves twofold administration of the PCCM mask. First, the image data is confused using Arnold's Cat Map (ACM), and then the PCCM mask is applied. For the second time, the PCCM masks are applied on the equal-sized blocks of the subdivided image data at the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) mapper stage, hence secures the transmission path. The proposed masking scheme frustrates statistical, brute-force and differential attacks and has a large key space of about 10 340 . The PCCM based masking scheme is able to reduce PAPR from 13.5 dB to 6 dB, with 56% reduction percentile when compared to the normal OFDM system, and the same is validated by Complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). The decryption quality of the PCCM mask based encryption approach is proven better with high correlation coefficient and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. This scheme also maintains the condition of the image shared with a Bit error rate (BER) improvement of ∼ 1.2 to 1.5 dB compared to the normal OFDM system. This proposed technique is evaluated by simulation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the performance of Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) under atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors is enhanced by employing MIMO transceivers and heterodyne BPSK and DPSK modulations. We have derived new closed-form expressions for the bit error rate (BER) of MIMO optical wireless communications based on BPSK and DPSK with heterodyne detection for atmospheric turbulence only, pointing error only, and both effects combined. Numerical simulations reveal that the effect of turbulence and pointing errors increases with Rayleigh variance and normalized jitter variance, while it diminishes with normalized pulse width. The BER values for SISO-BPSK and SISO-DPSK, considering a normalized pulse width of 4, normalized jitter of 2, Rayleigh variance of 2, and SNR of 16 dB, are 7.50 × 10 - 3 and 1.48 × 10 - 2 , respectively. It is evident that the BER of SISO OWC experiences significant degradation for both modulation techniques. However, through the employment of a MIMO transceiver with an increased number of receivers and transmitters, the BER experiences a substantial reduction. The BER values for MIMO-BPSK and MIMO-DPSK under the same conditions are remarkably low, standing at 1.24 × 10 - 12 and 2.38 × 10 - 10 , respectively. These results underscore that, for both SISO and MIMO systems, BPSK outperforms DPSK. The power penalty of SISO-BPSK, for Rayleigh variance and normalized pulse width, is twice that of MIMO-BPSK under the same conditions. The results show that we can use MIMO with heterodyne BPSK to reduce the BER caused by atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light communication (VLC) is a short-range optical wireless communication technology that attempts to achieve communication alongside illumination using existing infrastructure in the band of 430–790 THz. One of the crucial research gaps in VLC is the absence of an experimental evaluation of performance metric parameters like zero frequency (DC) channel gain, received power, bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio at divergent wavelengths and luminous intensities for different optical output power levels. The second research gap is the need for an empirical formulation to estimate the BER for a defined data rate and luminous intensity of the light emitting diode (LED). The objective of this experimental work is to bridge the above two research gaps under a realistic illumination setup. The first gap is addressed by analyzing the impact of divergent output optical power levels of LEDs having different values of luminous intensities and wavelength on QoS parameters. The quality of service (QoS) parameters like transmitted optical power, received optical power, DC gain, quality factor and BER are evaluated and analyzed at a data rate of 1.2 Mbps for a maximum distance of 1 m. The work also evaluates the band of forward LED currents in the range of 12–20 mA to achieve a minimum BER of 10−5–10−7 for a maximum distance of 1 m. The second research gap is worked on by proposing a novel mathematical empirical formulation using fifth-order polynomial curve fitting to estimate the bit error rate (BER) by considering factors of luminous intensity and data rate for a maximal distance of 1 m. The empirical formulation is done using Microsoft EXCEL2010® and MATLAB2023®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate on feasibility analysis of various modulation formats in different seawater types. We have simulated various baseband modulation schemes like Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), Pulse Interval Modulation (PIM) and Dual Header—Pulse Interval modulation (DHPIM) in addition to conventional On–Off Keying (OOK) with data speeds 200Mbps. We have tested these modulation schemes under different seawater types with different downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficients (kd). These simulation results show the performance of the modulation formats in terms of Probability of Error (PoE) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Different seawater types considered in the simulations. All the simulations were carried out up to the range of 30 m to match the practical possibilities. SNR shows variation from 105 to 10 for the range of 1–30 m. Moreover, the difference in SNR values is higher for different seawater types and is significant at longer ranges. The Probability of Error, the indicator for reliability of communication has more dependence on the type of modulation scheme, and DHPIM has shown significant improvement even for long ranges more than 20 m whereas other modulation schemes offer better than 10–6 PoE but are limited to distances less than 15 m. Further, to validate the simulations and to practically verify, a real-time experiment with a 532nm green laser was performed on a UWOC testbed with various modulation schemes, and both the simulations and UWOC testbed experiment results were compared. To correct additional effects of window losses that are inevitable in real-time implementation, additional simulations were carried out and PoE was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music infringement has emerged as a significant concern and the copyright protection of digital music is becoming more important. Most music copyright protection methods use images as watermark information. Hence, the original watermark needs to be embedded in the music multi-times to achieve copyright protection. It cannot guarantee the accuracy of the embedded watermark. And it may also degrade the quality of the watermarked music. In order to solve that issue, a blind music watermarking is proposed to protect the copyright of music. Comparing with the existing music copyright protection methods, the proposed method generates a watermark from the speech of a copyright owner that can ensure the uniqueness of the watermark. When generating the watermark, the multi-band power distribution of speech recording is calculated first. Subsequently, the discrete cosine transformation is applied to the sub-graphs of the multi-band power distribution, and the watermark is generated using the resulting Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) coefficients. After that, the watermark is embedded into the coefficients of Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) using quantization norms. The experiments demonstrate that the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values are higher than 58db between the original music and watermarked music. Meanwhile, the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Normalized Correlation (NC) values are zeros and ones, respectively. In conclusion, the evaluation results show that the proposed method can achieve excellent imperceptibility and robustness. Additionally, it can also effectively resist conventional processing operations such as noise addition, filtering, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for wireless connectivity has grown tremendously over the last few decades. A new perspective of wireless communication will soon be positioned worldwide. In the years beyond, the millimeter-wave spectrum for the mobile communication infrastructure has improved spectral efficiency. The problem of the technical challenges may be detected, identified, and resolved in different designs as traditional solutions involve the software tricks that prevent the modes of operation that trigger the trouble. In this research, we carry out the proposed Millimetre assisted wave technologies using 6G federated learning and high-performance computing for 6G assisted wireless communication systems for voice data optimization. Millimeter-wave technology is a specific part of the radio frequency spectrum, between 24 and 100 GHz. The outcome of this proposed technique will be voice data optimization in the 6G cellular networks for next-generation networks to improve the 6G assisted networks federated learning from existing cellular network technology generation, established on the tool of Flight stack or Autopilot. The observational results express to assess the performance of the device, we acquire theMillimetre assisted wave technologies and federated learning and high-performance computing at various data transmission rates and modulations, including real-time data transfer up to 96 Gbit/s at 420 GHz, with a low bit error rate and good signal-to-noise ratio. With 18 dBm emitted power at 0.4 THz, this method creates and transmits a signal with a 160 Gbits per second net rate across a 15 m distance. This monolithic dual-DFB PIC-based THz generating technique represents an important advancement toward completely integrated, economically viable, and energy-efficient THz transmitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Millimeter-wave and Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output technologies are promising candidates to offer high data rates and system throughputs in the next-generation wireless communication systems. In massive MIMO systems, the precoder plays a leading role to cancel the interference between the data stream and thereby reduce the complexity of the receiver design. In the conventional fully digital precoding scheme, many Radio Frequency chains are essential for every antenna array. Therefore, a hybrid precoder is a feasible solution to reduce the RF chains and improve the antenna array gain by dividing the signal processing into analog and digital precoders. Designing a hybrid precoder is a non-convex optimization problem because the phase shifter in the analog precoder holds hardware constraints. To address this, an intelligent hybrid precoder is designed using deep learning algorithms. In this paper, the Deep Learning framework is incorporated for hybrid precoder as it renovates non-convex problems into a network training process. In this work, the hybrid precoder is based on decomposition techniques such as Uniform Channel Decomposition (UCD) and Generalized Triangular Decomposition method, which is implemented in the training process as it provides equal gain for all subchannels to diminish the inter subchannel interference. The simulation results validate the proposed work is superior in terms of the Bit Error Rate in comparison with other conventional decomposition techniques. The result shows that the deep learning-based hybrid precoder is better than the conventional with a 2 dB improvement between the UCD method and GMD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polarization multiplexing-based long-haul optical communication system using the duo-binary modulation technique is proposed and analysed using numerical simulations. The combination of cascaded dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) and single mode fiber (SMF) is used in the proposed system which effectively minimizes the signal distortion and improves the bit error rate (BER) value and the quality factor (Q-factor) obtained, which indicates the capability of a system to differentiate between the logical 1's and 0's in the receiver section. The system can effectively transmit 10 Gbps data over 120 km SMF along with 24 km DCF as well as 800 m free space optical (FSO) distance for an input power of 10 dBm. The obtained minimum BER value of 3.84 × 10− 10 and the Q-factor of 6.29 proves the efficiency of the system. The obtained results confirm that the nonlinear distortions arising due to increasing the input power are significantly reduced and the optimized result is obtained for 10 dBm input power. The variation of the Q-factor with the effective area of the fiber is also investigated. The achieved BER value of 1.67 × 10− 9 for transmission of 20 Gbps data over a distance of 70 km SMF + 14 km DCF + 800 m FSO proves that the system can be used to transmit high data rate in long-range communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a novel wavelength shift keying (WSK) technique that is combined with the conventional intensity modulation scheme for the transmission of point-to-point bidirectional data at the rate of 10 Gbps in each direction. We observe that WSK technique has not been investigated for implementation in point-to-point free space optical (FSO) links. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first one to perform this investigation. Our proposed link uses WSK in the downlink direction while we re-use the optical carriers for the transmission of uplink data. The use of WSK in the downlink direction enables us to perform balanced detection at the receiver, resulting in 3 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity compared to simple direct detection. We present bit error rate (BER) results for the signals transmitted in both the directions under different turbulence conditions and FSO link lengths. It was observed that the downlink signals generally perform better compared to the uplink due to the use of balanced detection and higher intensity fluctuations induced over the re-used optical carrier transmitted in the uplink direction.Please check and confirm that all the author names (given name, family name) and initials are correctly identified. The author names and initials are CORRECT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-space optical (FSO) communication has become a focus of both study and commercial interest. FSO transfers data between sites in free space, typically the Earth's atmosphere or space, using laser-emitted light beams, in contrast to standard radio frequency (RF) wireless communication. The possibility for high data transmission speeds, the lack of licencing constraints, versatility, affordability, simplicity of deployment, and its environmentally friendly communication method which provides an alternative to crowded radio frequency-based communications are the driving forces behind this growing interest. To determine the feasibility of FSO communication in the cities of Alexandria and Aswan in Egypt, we utilized the micrometeorology model to analyze how weather conditions and atmospheric turbulence impact on FSO linkages based on real-time weather data. In both the winter and summer seasons, we evaluated the bit error rate, beam spreading, scintillation, and transmission range of FSO. Moreover, bit error rate performance was improved by the use of the multi-hop Decode and Forward relay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber dispersion is a severe constraint to be addressed in high speed optical communication, as it restricts the transmission capacity and reach of fiber optics link. This work presents an effective dispersion compensation technique in the optical domain with minimal hardware complexity. Here, we integrated a single linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) with tanh apodization for Chromatic Dispersion (CD) compensation and a second-order optical FIR filter for Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) compensation. Adaptive PMD compensation is obtained by updating the filter parameters using Least Mean Square (LMS) error algorithm, which enables the system to adjust and mitigate PMD effects dynamically, enhancing overall efficiency. The performance of the proposed system with different modulation schemes such as NRZ, RZ, and duo-binary schemes are experimented. A WDM link of 16 channels over 100 km is designed with the proposed model, with each channel transmitting data at 40 Gbps. Simulation results reveal that the presented model performed well with reduced hardware complexity, keeping BER value below 10 - 9 and Q-Factor above 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Internet technology, cyberspace security has become a research hotspot. Network traffic classification is closely related to cyberspace security. In this paper, the problem of classification based on raw traffic data is investigated. This involves the granularity analysis of packets, separating packet headers from payloads, complementing and aligning packet headers, and converting them into structured data, including three representation types: bit, byte, and segmented protocol fields. Based on this, we propose the Rew-LSTM classification model for experiments on publicly available datasets of encrypted traffic, and the results show that excellent results can be obtained when using only the data in packet headers for multiple classification, especially when the data is represented using bit, which outperforms state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we propose a global normalization method, and experimental results show that it outperforms feature-specific normalization methods for both Tor traffic and regular encrypted traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the impact of different types of waveform jamming schemes against remote detonation communication devices based on Long term evolution (LTE) technology. Two main categories of waveform jamming signals (single-carrier and multi-carriers) were used. Also, two jamming scenarios against LTE-based remote detonation devices (jamming the whole LTE frame and jamming the LTE synchronization channel) were investigated. The key point of evaluating the effectiveness of the presented waveform jamming signals is by measuring their ability to successfully cut off the connection between the transmitter and the LTE-based remote detonation device. This is achieved by verifying that the remote detonation device is unable to successfully receive the transmitted information (Deny of Service (DOS) mode). To this end, emulations of these scenarios are held using two Keysight software-defined radio software programs (SystemVue 2015 and VSA 89600). Finally, a real practical experiment of the impact of different waveform jamming schemes against LTE-based remote detonation devices is emulated to present the optimal waveform jamming scheme against these types of devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 6G communications, the Ultra Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (UM-MIMO) systems with Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) assistance are capable since they can efficiently get beyond the limitations of restricted blockage and coverage. However, in the far field, a robust THz channel sparsity is unfavorable to spatial multiplexing, whereas excessive UM-MIMO and IRS dimensions extend the near field region. To address these issues, a hybrid beamforming IRS assisted UM-MIMO THz system with Deep Siamese Capsule Network is designed with the cascaded channel. The near and far field codebook-based beamforming is developed to model the proposed communication channel. The channel estimation is done based on the deep siamese capsule adaptive beluga whale neural network. The simulation results of the bit error rate, Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), spectral efficiency, sum rate, data rate, normalized channel gain, beamforming gain, and array gain loss shows that the proposed system achieves reliable performances compared with existing techniques. The suggested approach also demonstrates the outstanding adaptability to various network configurations and good scalability. The method provides a better channel estimation accuracy and less complexity which shows an NMSE of − 11.2 dB at an SNR of 10 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) technology has emerged as a promising approach to overcome the growing communication constraints present in multi-core systems. Nevertheless, a significant obstacle is presented by WiNoCs' steadily rising energy consumption. In this article, we present a novel method for addressing this issue by combining adaptive joint source coding with low-density parity-check (LDPC) encoding. This strategy is presented as an innovative way to handle the problem. Two key modifications are involved in the implementation of our method: firstly, the accurate tuning of the transform coding threshold in compressive sensing to achieve effective data compression, and secondly, the intelligent control of the number of parity checks in LDPC coding to reduce both energy consumption and latency. These adaptive techniques are tailored to meet the signal-to-noise ratio estimates and the dependability standards unique to the application. Our findings demonstrate a substantial accomplishment, with a remarkable 4.2% reduction in power consumption compared to other methods currently in use. This achievement highlights the vast potential for achieving significant energy savings in real-world applications and is a pioneering contribution to the development of energy-efficient communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of large intelligent surfaces (LIS) with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the capacity and coverage of wireless communication systems. In this study, we analyse the performance of a NOMA network with the assistance of LIS. We propose a system model where a base station (BS) equipped with a LIS serves multiple users. The LIS consists of many passive elements that can influence the wireless channel by adjusting the reflection coefficients. We consider a downlink scenario where the BS transmits to multiple users simultaneously using NOMA, and the LIS helps to improve the signal quality and coverage. We additionally evaluate the efficiency of the suggested LIS-assisted NOMA network. In addition, we evaluate the efficiency of the LIS-assisted NOMA network in comparison to conventional NOMA systems that do not utilize LISs. The findings indicate that the LIS has a notable impact on enhancing the system's performance in terms of diversity gain, probability of error, and pairwise error probability (PEP). Moreover, the suggested LIS-assisted NOMA network is shown to be superior to conventional NOMA systems through comparison. These findings offer useful insights into the performance analysis of LIS-assisted NOMA networks. They also serve as inspiration and motivation for future research and development in this new subject, with the potential to revolutionize wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology stands as a cornerstone in the evolution of 5G networks. Using an abundance of degrees of freedom, MIMO systems exploit complex spatial characteristics to improve performance. Despite its potential, designing effective 5G MIMO communication systems faces major challenges, primarily in system modeling and channel estimation. Dynamic and complex propagation environments present significant obstacles in accurately representing system behaviour and estimating channel parameters. In order to estimate the channel in the wireless network an improved deep learning based Residual recurrent neural network (ResRNN) is implemented in this paper. Firstly, the least square estimator is used to estimate or calculate the historic channel responses of a pilot block. With these collective responses of the channel, we train the responses using the new deep learning based ResRNN, in which the weight of channel parameters are selected optimally using Improved pelican optimization algorithm (IPOA). Using the IPOA-based ResRNN hybrid precoder the present channel responses can be evaluated or estimated. By varying the length of pilot sequence and by varying the size of antennas at the transmitter and receiver, the metrics such as the bit error rate (BER), mean square error and throughput for (signal to noise ratio) SNR are evaluated. Simulation results show the developed method outperforms the conventional methods by attaining a BER of 10–5 with SNR is 30 dB wireless channel access. The performance of the proposed IPOA-DERNN method is compared with the conventional channel estimation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to tackle the problem of reducing the transmission delay of multi-data acquisition source nodes in wireless sensor networks, we propose a cooperative method based on decode-and-forward (DF) and physical-layer network coding. In this proposed method, the two source nodes simultaneously transmit the respective information to the relay node and the data sink node using the orthogonal carriers. The relay node demodulates the received information separately from two source nodes and employs quadrature phase shift keying to modulate these information before forwarding them. The data sink node decodes the information of two source nodes using log likelihood ratio based on the signals received from the direct link and the relay link. Simulation results of bit error rate and system throughput show that the cooperative method can effectively improve the performance of the cooperative system compared with the traditional DF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of free space optical (FSO) communication that incorporates the orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) system with differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) modulation scheme. FSO has become a significant area of research in the optical communication field due to efficient communication systems with higher data transmission rates and lower energy requirements. While transmitting signals through free space, the efficiency of the system is constantly compromised by atmospheric turbulence. In this research, the Gamma-Gamma fading model is considered to incorporate atmospheric turbulence which offers better protection against signal fading and scintillation. Convolutional coding is introduced as the forward error correction (FEC) code with the OFDM technique to ensure better and easier encoding of the signal. The system performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER). All complex calculations and final result are computed with the help of a hyper-geometrical function, Meijer G. Final results are obtained in graphical form with the help of MATLAB software. System performance is analyzed in terms of BER by varying different system's parameters including the number of OFDM sub-carrier and link distance. Significant amount of coding gain almost 32 dB was found at a BER of 10–9, when the system link length is 2000 m and the refractive index structure parameter is 10–14 m−2/3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a crucial modulation method used in contemporary digital communication systems for its significant spectral efficiency, low latency, and robustness in challenging environments. This work examines the novel use of OFDM in quantum communication, an area that offers exceptional security and efficiency in information transfer using quantum mechanics principles. In the rapidly evolving field of quantum computing, understanding, and mitigating quantum bit errors is paramount. This paper presents a rigorous analysis of bit error rates (BER) in quantum circuits, focusing on the impact of the quantum Fourier transform and its inverse, contrasted against quantum circuits employing dynamic gate sequences. Our research methodology encompasses simulations over a diverse set of parameters, including varying qubit counts ranging from 2 to 8 and theta angles (15, 30, 45, and 60°), as well as random theta values, utilizing the advanced capabilities of the Qiskit framework. Our findings indicate that quantum OFDM substantially improves quantum communication, lowering errors and boosting security. The quantum model outperforms the reference model in BER, with further enhancements as qubits increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the future, intelligent transportation systems will rely heavily on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication-based cooperative vehicular networks since they can provide several applications for tackling traffic congestion and road safety. Future 6G and New Radio 5G (NR5G) technology will facilitate improving cellular vehicle to everything (CV2X) communication performance. Cellular-assisted V2V communications, in which cellular evolved Node base stations (eNBs) relay the transmission from one vehicle to another, have lately been proposed to overcome the performance restrictions of conventional dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) protocols (Kimura in IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(4): 3396–3411, 2021. 10.1109/TVT.2021.3063694). These cellular-aided communications have demonstrated the potential for more reliable V2V communications with a larger capacity and longer transmission distances. In this paper, we theoretically examine the effectiveness of cellular vehicle to everything communications, where a vehicle broadcasts a message to its nearby vehicles or user equipment (UEs). It happens in two ways, i.e., direct vehicle to vehicle and via the closest eNB through an uplink. Then the closest eNB forwards the message to the destination vehicle via downlink i.e., vehicle to network (V2N) or vehicle to infrastructure (V2I). To obtain a suitable model for estimating the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Packet Error Rate (PER), we consider the movement of three vehicles are in a straight line on the roadways with different velocities. Using numerical examples, we assess the analytical findings and show how different system factors affect the effectiveness of CV2X communications. A simulation has been carried out in the network (system) level context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further improve the transmission and spectral efficiency of the MC-DCSK system, a novel security system called Joint Mapping Multi-Carrier Differential Chaos Shift Keying (JM-MC-DCSK) is proposed in this paper. A novel joint mapping scheme is designed which consists of two parts: matrix reshaping mapping and combination mapping. Moreover, in order to correctly demodulate the information bits in the index obtained through Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), we propose a new index mapping algorithm to match this joint mapping scheme. The information bits are first mapped into U mutually orthogonal matrices in the matrix reshaping mapping structure. In this structure, we employ segmental shifts of the orthogonal submatrices instead of cyclic shifts to eliminate intra-signal interference, which contributes to the reliability of the system. Then, in the combination mapping structure, the information bits are modulated by N orthogonal carriers after being replicated U times. In each carrier signal, we arbitrarily select two sequences from the U orthogonal chaotic sequences to be superimposed. This scheme can map more information symbols and the randomness of the combination selection provides more flexibility for the mapping algorithm. The Bit Error Rate is derived and analyzed under Additive White Gaussian Noise and Rayleigh Fading Channel by Gaussian approximation method and central limit theorem, and numerical simulations are conducted to verify the correctness of theory. Additionally, the simulation results demonstrate that the system also has lower BER and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, reflecting its significant theoretical and practical engineering value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]