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The productivity of vegetation is influenced by both climate change and human activities. Understanding the specific contributions of these influencing factors is crucial for ecological conservation and regional sustainability. This study utilized a combination of multi-source data to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), China from 1982 to 2020. Additionally, a scenario-based approach was employed to compare Potential NPP (PNPP) with Actual NPP (ANPP) to determine the relative roles of climatic and human factors in NPP changes. The PNPP was estimated using the Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator (LPJ-GUESS) model, while ANPP was evaluated by the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model using different NDVI data sources. Both model simulations revealed that significant greening occurring in the YRB, with a gradual decrease observed from southeast to northwest. According to the LPJ_GUESS model simulations, areas experiencing an increasing trend in NPP accounted for 86.82% of the YRB. When using GIMMS and MODIS NDVI data with CASA model simulations, areas showing an increasing trend in NPP accounted for 71.42% and 97.02%, respectively. Furthermore, both climatic conditions and human factors had positive effects on vegetation restoration; approximated 41.15% of restored vegetation areas were influenced by both climate variation and human activities, while around 31.93% were solely affected by climate variation. However, it was found that human activities served as the principal driving force of vegetation degradation within the YRB, impacting 26.35% of degraded areas solely due to human activities. Therefore, effective management strategies encompassing both human activities and climate change adaptation are imperative for facilitating vegetation restoration within this region. These findings will valuable for enhancing our understanding in NPP changes and its underlying factors, thereby contributing to improved ecological management and the pursuit of regional carbon neutrality in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallholder farmers in the forest-savanna transition zone of mid-Ghana have historically relied on food crop cultivation for their livelihoods. However, cashew production is rapidly gaining prominence due to a combination of climatic and non-climatic factors. This shift raises concerns about competition for resources between cashew and food crops, as dedicating productive land and inputs to tree crops that do not directly contribute to food supplies could jeopardize long-term household food security and sovereignty. To explore these dynamics, this study investigated the effects of cashew cultivation on farmers' incomes, household food security, and food sovereignty in the Jaman North District, a leading cashew-producing area in mid-Ghana. Using surveys of 60 farmers and 26 key informant interviews, the study found that cashew farming has become a crucial strategy for income diversification and climate change adaptation. Significantly more male farmers cultivate more of their lands to cashew than females. Currently, 66% of farmers allocate approximately half of their land to cashew cultivation, with 83% intending to expand this allocation. While cashew income enables farmers to purchase food, low market prices and poor harvests can significantly reduce household income, negatively affecting food purchases and other essential needs. Furthermore, the growing dominance of cashew farming has displaced traditional food crops, altered local ecosystems, and forced previously self-sufficient households to rely on unstable cashew incomes. The findings highlight the urgent need for policy interventions to promote the concurrent cultivation of cashew and food crops. Such measures would help safeguard both food security and sovereignty in rural Ghana, offering a model for similar regions facing the challenges of balancing cash crop expansion with sustainable food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban ecosystems are facing unprecedented challenges due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and climate change, necessitating a deep understanding of resilience strategies for sustainable urban development. In this systematic review, we employ co-occurrence analysis and bibliometric mapping techniques to explore the landscape of urban ecosystem resilience, focusing on key themes, emerging trends, and strategic pathways for future cities. Our analysis encompassed 418 keywords extracted from approximately 100 relevant publications, with a focus on keywords recurring at least three times, revealing critical areas such as sustainability, ecosystem resilience, and ecosystem services as prominent topics. Co-occurrence network maps provided insights into the interconnectedness of these themes, highlighting less-studied areas like urban nature, human well-being, and socio-ecological systems as ripe for further exploration. Furthermore, our bibliometric analysis of co-authorship revealed a robust network of researchers and scholars contributing to the discourse on urban ecosystem resilience and urban sustainability. Factors influencing city resilience and urban sustainability were identified, including population growth, urbanization, land use changes, climatic factors, socio-economic dynamics, ecosystem services, and environmental degradation. These factors interact intricately, impacting the resilience of urban ecosystems and necessitating holistic approaches to urban planning and development. Our findings underscore the urgency of addressing urban challenges through innovative solutions, technological advancements, and policy interventions. Strategies such as green infrastructure, carbon neutrality initiatives, and adaptive urban planning are crucial for enhancing urban ecosystem resilience and mitigating environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in the economics of climate change and the need to quantify a more accurate financial value of the damage caused by every additional metric tonne of greenhouse gas (GHG), known as the social cost of carbon (SCC), is growing. Governments and decision-makers have utilised SCC estimations for more than ten years in benefit-cost analysis, using insights from climate science, economics, demography, and other fields. Malaysia has committed to reduce 45% of its GHG emission intensity by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2030 compared to the 2005 level and achieve net-zero as early as the year 2050. However, current estimations of SCC are high and may negatively impact the Malaysian economy and no longer align with the latest research. To achieve its objective of net-zero emissions, the government of Malaysia must capitalise on the country's potential as a carbon sink by increasing conservation efforts in protected areas and arresting deforestation. It will establish an ideal trajectory for the SCC that aligns with its environmental obligations while supporting sustainability in the face of climate change challenges. A price on GHG emissions can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. This study aims to determine the SCC in Malaysia, fill the gap in the downscaled Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) and develop a new model called the Integrated Climate Model for Malaysia (ICLIM-2024R). The Nordhaus IAM model was downscaled using Malaysian data, including emissions from deforestation and an additional function for carbon sinks. With current policies, the SCC in the business-as-usual scenario (BAU) will be 64 USD/tCO2e in 2025 and 212 USD/tCO2e by 2050. The study recommended pathway is to increase the Totally Protected Area (TPA) of forests, which will yield a lower SCC of 23 USD/tCO2e in 2025 and 152 USD/tCO2e by 2050 compared to BAU, meeting commitments to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) as well as the Paris Agreement. The Malaysian government should urgently leverage its carbon sink potential to set Malaysia's optimal SCC, achieve its net-zero goal, and grow the climate-friendly economy by marketing lower carbon-intensity products. Highlights: • We have tailored the ICLIM-2024R to meet Malaysia's specific needs, focusing on its abundant forest resources. • Using forest resources as a sink in Malaysia can reduce the SCC and enhance the competitiveness of Malaysian products in a low-carbon economy. • By implementing SCC through either an emission trading scheme or carbon tax, Malaysia can successfully achieve net-zero emissions and fulfil its commitments to the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing reserve networks become less suitable as species' ranges shift under climate change and the scarcity and value of habitats change. Reserve sites hence have to be reallocated to reflect these changing values and to remain cost-effective, but restrictions on selling reserve sites limit this adaptation. Under climate change, a novel 'sale' policy that provides resale flexibility by allowing increasingly less cost-effective sites to be sold to free funds for purchasing increasingly cost-effective sites may hence be preferable over a typical 'no sale' policy. Here, we develop a conceptual climate-ecological-economic model to examine under what conditions resale flexibility provides cost-effectiveness advantages. We find that the benefits of resale flexibility provided by the 'sale' policy are particularly high when little funding is available for climate change adaptation. Due to this budget effect, the value of resale flexibility also decreases with increasing interest rates. The value of resale flexibility is particularly high when creating reserves for species that are highly mobile as new reserve sites may then be chosen freely (in comparison to the case that new sites have to be located in the proximity of existing reserve sites). We further examine to what extent the 'sale' policy reduces the permanence of habitat within a specific location ("site habitat permanence"), and identify a new trade-off: 'sale' provides advantages for habitat types that become increasingly rare, while 'no sale' improves site habitat permanence mainly for expanding habitat types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informing and engaging all actors in the land sector, including land-owners and managers, researchers, policy-makers and citizens, on the most effective sustainable land-based solutions and behavioural changes is a key strategy for achieving climate change adaptation and mitigation targets at the global as well as at EU and local level. One requisite to support actors in the land sector is to provide them publicly available, reliable and ready-to-use information related to the implementation of Land-based Adaptation and Mitigation Solutions (LAMS). Here we introduce a LAMS catalogue, a collection of meaningful quantitative and qualitative information on 60 solutions characterised according to a set of specifications (e.g., mitigation and adaptation potential, cost of implementation, suitability factors, synergies and trade-offs, drivers and barriers to the implementation). The catalogue offers a reliable, science-based tool useful for different users' needs, including valuable references for deriving context-specific quantitative inputs to simulate and evaluate the performance of solutions over time using modelling tools, such as Integrated Assessment Models at any scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods in Bangladesh significantly impact rice production, a vital element of food security. While regional flood effects have been extensively studied, the specific impacts on rice, the country's primary staple, remain underexplored. This study assesses the effects of floods on rice production, availability, and prices, alongside identifying household vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies. Using both quantitative and qualitative data from secondary sources and interviews with farmers, we analyzed how floods affect rice cultivation and market dynamics. Our findings showed that floods predominantly affect wet season Aman rice, temporarily disrupting cultivation, national yield, and market prices. However, the adoption of stress-resistant varieties and improved agricultural practices has mitigated these effects. While floods have minimal effects on overall rice production, their consequences significantly increase rice prices at the retail level. Importantly, whereas floods prior to 2007 often resulted in substantial rice shortages, the post-2007 era, despite frequent and severe flooding, has witnessed a surplus in rice production. We estimated that despite five flood events in 2020, the country maintained a surplus of 2.9 million tons with minimal reliance on imports. This resilience is attributed to strategic planning, including the diversification of food sources and stockpiling. The government has strengthened the public food distribution system to address immediate food vulnerabilities and encouraged private imports to ensure a stable supply and market prices. Furthermore, government procurement policies are geared towards guaranteeing fair prices for rice farmers. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating these insights into policy frameworks to enhance flood adaptation strategies in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses significant global challenges, especially in the West African sub-region, with high temperature and precipitation patterns variability, threatening socio-economic stability and ecosystem health. While global factors such as greenhouse gases and oceanic circulations shape regional climates, this study focuses on the understudied role of local climatic variables in influencing near-surface air temperature (NST) in Ghana from 1981 to 2020. Based on ground observations, our findings reveal significant correlations between land surface temperature (LST) and NST before and after the identified breakpoint year of 2001. Additionally, we observe a reduction in precipitation post-2001. We also identify LST as the primary driver of NST and precipitation changes based on cause-effect analysis of multiple factors. Specifically, higher LST leads to decreased precipitation and increased NST, contributing to the increasing trend of NST over the last two decades. The insights are vital for developing targeted adaptation strategies, including integrated land and water management, sustainable agriculture, and effective interventions, directly supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Moreover, the study provides evidence for promoting climate-smart agriculture to ensure food security (SDG 2). By integrating these findings into climate adaptation frameworks, policymakers and stakeholders can better address the unique challenges posed by climate variability in Ghana, ensuring more resilient and sustainable environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage conservation recognizes that losses and damages cannot be entirely prevented, that decisions about what to keep and what to let go are fundamental to maintaining values for future generations; even when what is valued is gone. The heritage principle of curating transformation can advance climate action through pragmatic and participatory management of losses and damages, offering lessons for climate change adaptation and giving people agency over what is lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is jeopardizing the artificial snow making conditions, shortening outdoor ski resorts opening days and increasing operation cost, severely threatening the sustainability of outdoor ski industry. The sustainability of 772 outdoor ski resorts in China under RCP 4.5 climate scenarios in 2030 s and 2050 s had been analyzed. (1) The skiing sports developed prominently during 1996 to 2023 and will boom in China in the coming decades. (2) Accelerated global warming is the main threat to the sustainability of outdoor ski resorts of China. However, snowfall isn't a critical influencing factor in the coming decades. (3) The outdoor ski resorts in south China are facing the most threats and are the most unsustainable resorts. We proposed a nexus of Government-Operator-Skier adaptation framework for adapting climate change threats and advocating the temporal small-scale ski resorts are more adaptive as their high water and energy efficiencies for saving water and electricity resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an integrated framework that combines spatial clustering techniques and multi-source geospatial data to comprehensively assess and understand geological hazards in Hunan Province, China. The research integrates self-organizing map (SOM) and geo-self-organizing map (Geo-SOM) to explore the relationships between environmental factors and the occurrence of various geological hazards, including landslides, slope failures, collapses, ground subsidence, and debris flows. The key findings reveal that annual average precipitation (Pre), profile curvature (Pro_cur), and slope (Slo) are the primary factors influencing the composite geological hazard index (GI) across the province. Importantly, the relationships between these key factors and GI exhibit spatial variability, as evidenced by the random intercept and slope models, highlighting the need for customized mitigation strategies. Additionally, the study demonstrates that land use patterns and stratigraphic stratum lithology significantly impact the cluster-specific relationships between the key factors and GI, emphasizing the importance of natural resource management for effective geological hazard mitigation. The proposed integrated framework provides valuable insights for policymakers and resource managers to develop spatially-aware strategies for geological hazard risk reduction and climate change adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) technologies is vital for achieving sustainable energy solutions in isolated systems. However, A critical challenge that remains is maintaining the sustainability of these systems under the fluctuating conditions of solar irradiance, which is key for isolated energy systems. This study hypothesizes that the sustainability of PV systems can be accurately assessed through a new metric that incorporates performance consistency, variability, and resilience, using real-time energy production data alongside GIS-based solar radiation models. By analyzing fixed PV, concentrated PV (CPV), and dual axis tracking PV (DATPV) systems over a three-year period (2017–2019), The analysis indicates that DATPV systems achieved the highest energy output, with energy ratios exceeding 300% in 2019, though this was accompanied by substantial variability in performance. Fixed PV systems demonstrated the most stable performance, with a consistency term reaching 0.93 and a sustainability score of 0.87 in 2019. CPV systems performed moderately, with a sustainability score of 0.66 in 2017. These results highlight the trade-off between energy capture and operational stability, which is critical for sustainable energy management in isolated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic extremes have historically been seen as univariate; however, recent international reports have highlighted the potential for an increase in compound climate events (e.g., hot and dry events, recurrent flooding). Despite the projected increase in the frequency of compound climate events and the adoption of compound event terminology, few studies identify climate extremes as compound climate events and little evidence exists on the societal impacts of these compound climate events. This scoping review summarizes key findings and knowledge gaps in the current state of empirical studies that focus on the societal impacts of compound climate events. We identified 28 eligible studies published in four databases reporting on the societal impacts of compound climate events in four sectors: agriculture, public health, the built environment, and land use. Overall, we found the need for more research explicitly linking compound climate events to societal impacts, particularly across multiple compound climate events, rather than single case study events. We also noted several key findings, including changes in agricultural productivity, loss of habitat, increased fire risk, poor mental health outcomes, decreased health care access, and destruction of homes and infrastructure from these events. Additional research is needed both globally and locally to understand the implications of compound climate events across different geographic regions and populations to ensure responsive adaptation policies in a compound climate event framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a major disaster known for hundreds of years, but its impact has recently increased due to climate crisis, making it a common concern of the whole society worldwide. There is no clear definition of drought, as many disciplines evaluate it from different perspectives. Utilizing water and reducing the impact of drought are directly related issues. It is essential to determine our rivers' future conditions, reveal the effects of possible changes on drought, and take the necessary precautions against them in advance to prevent possible economic and social crises. In this study, among the 126 flow observation stations whose records were kept in the Western Black Sea Region, 26 observation stations with suitable data between 1984 and 2020 were selected to evaluate the drought effect. The Mann–Kendall Rank Correlation test was used to determine the starting years of the detected trends. In order to detect trends, the Spearman's Rho (SR) test, the Mann–Kendall (MK) test, Sen's Trend Slope (TS) method, Şen's Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) test, and, Mann–Kendall Order Correlation (MKOC) test. According to all analysis methods, decreasing trends were detected at stations D13A014, D1A032, and E13A036. In addition, MKOC test results showed the trend starting in 2001 was at D13A014, 1990 at D13A032, and 1990 at E13A036. However, no significant trend was detected in minimum flows at other stations. It would be appropriate to make such studies on the evaluation of water resources a country policy and to conduct studies on the direction and value of drought in the basin in the future using trend analysis or other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood risk has become the most important problem in urban areas. A pilot study was carried out in the Güzeltepe neighborhood of İzmir Province, located in the west of Turkey, which is an urban regeneration area with poor socio-economic status and insufficient infrastructure services. According to this study, the areas where water collects and the areas where the slope and elevation are low were determined and the rainwater infrastructure system was integrated into the area. Then, the "Low Impact Development" model, which is an effective method for preventing runoff and water pollution, was examined and applied throughout the area. In this context, 8 scenarios were determined according to the characteristics of the area through the mathematical method SWMM 5.2 program and it was determined how much flooding was prevented by which Low Impact Design (LID) tool. According to the study, the runoff rate is significantly high in the absence of LID systems. Without LID interventions, 70% of rainwater is converted to surface runoff. However, the implementation of various LID systems effectively reduces this rate: permeable surfaces decrease runoff by 13%, infiltration trenches by 30%, bio-retention cells by 29%, vegetative swales by 33%, green roofs by 19%, rain gardens by 30%, and rain barrels by 19%. The development of a method to prevent a risky disaster such as flooding by using blue and green infrastructure within the scope of adaptation to climate change in urban regeneration areas with inadequate infrastructure makes this study valuable. The study of integrating blue and green infrastructure systems into the regeneration strategies of unplanned areas in the city makes this study unique. For this reason, the study focuses on the application technique of blue and green infrastructure systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a significant threat to ecosystems and communities, and challenges global sustainability; therefore, more research on climate change adaptations should be conducted. This scientometric study presents databases on global trends in academic research, specific contributions, and thematic evolution of environmental adaptations to climate change. Using the Scopus database of publications, this study focuses on publications between 2009 (January) and 2024 (August), with an emphasis on the interpretation of primary research interests, authors, contributions from countries, and collaborative networks. According to the findings, there has been a shift in focus to more adaptive management in agricultural and biological diversity practices, with more emphasis on the integration of ecological, technological, and social science disciplines. This work also reveals that countries have gaps in regional research, especially in developing countries, and highlights the need to work collectively across the globe. Through citation analysis, thematic evolution, and future research recommendations, this study enriches the knowledge of the line of research on environmental adaptation and underlines its significance in addressing climate change effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livelihoods of small-scale fisheries in South Malang of Indonesia are being notably influenced by ecosystem degradation and climate change. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the vulnerability of small-scale fisheries in South Malang of Indonesia using the livelihood vulnerability index. The livelihood vulnerability was estimated using five major components and 20 sub-components. The data were obtained from small-scale fisheries in South Malang of Indonesia through questionnaires directed to the respondents using simple random sampling. The findings indicate that two main components (livelihood strategy and climate variability and natural disaster) were included in high vulnerability, while another two main components (sociodemographic and social network) were categorized as moderate vulnerability. The sensitivity components, including access to water, electricity, and health) were perceived as low vulnerability. Based on the findings of this study, it recommends that policymakers need to develop policies and campaigns regarding climate awareness and adaptation strategies by small-scale fisheries. Article Highlights: Small-scale fisheries in South Malang of Indonesia face vulnerability in livelihood strategies and climate-related factors Sociodemographic and social network components show moderate vulnerability, while access to basic services has low vulnerability It guides policymakers in identifying vulnerable groups and developing targeted adaptation strategies for small-scale fisheries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional sea level rise has been regarded a key factor in understanding of climate change impact to coastal communities. As a vulnerable island to sea level rise and storm surges, the province of Prince Edward Island (PEI) in Canada lacks sufficient long-term island-wide historic record of sea level data. This has become a major challenge for further studies on coastal environments and climate change adaptation. To overcome this limitation, here we reconstruct a long-term hourly sea level dataset using the existing long-term records of limited permanent tide stations and short-term records of widely-distributed temporary stations. With comprehensive statistical analysis and modeling, the historical sea level records furthest between 1911 and 2023 are reconstructed with an hourly time step. This new dataset significantly extends the availability of long-term sea level data along with the shoreline of PEI, which can be used for further studies on coastal change assessment and coastal hazard adaptation in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove forests thrive along global tropical coasts, acting as a barrier that protects coastlines against storm surges and as nurseries for an entire food web. They are also known for their high carbon sequestration rates and soil carbon stocks. We introduce a new global mangrove canopy height map generated from TanDEM-X spaceborne elevation measurements collected during the 2011–2013 period with a 12-meter spatial resolution and an accuracy of 2.4 meters (RMSE). Height was calibrated and validated using GEDI mission data and independently verified with airborne Lidar. The tallest mangrove stands reach nearly 60 meters in Colombia and Gabon, and potentially other countries. The map captures a broader range of canopy heights with finer spatial details than other available global products that use optical imagery. This new global mangrove height dataset can aid in evaluating mangrove ecosystem services at local and regional scales, improving our understanding of factors controlling mangrove structure, and supporting conservation, climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the first results for the new grape varieties descendants of Monastrell. They are characterisided by having a lower percentage of sugar in their grapes, which will subsequently result in the production of wines with low alcohol content, as will be studied in the second part of this research. The main phenolic compounds in the grapes (anthocyanins, flavonols and tannins) were analysed. The results showed how these new varieties, despite having a lower ºBrix degree compared to Monastrell, reached their phenolic maturity, allowing them to be harvested before periods of torrential rains and reaching very high concentrations of the compounds of interest. In conclusion, these new grape varieties represent an exciting advance in the adaptation to climate change in the wine industry. These grapevines show greater resistance to extreme conditions, allowing winegrowers to continue to produce high quality grapes and exceptional wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme temperature events significantly impact agricultural water, but it is still unclear how changes in agricultural water policies will affect extreme temperature differences. We analyzed the relationship between agricultural water usage and extreme temperature variations across 30 Chinese provinces from 2015 to 2022. Using an innovative grey model approach, we projected temperature variation trends under different agricultural water policy scenarios. Our analysis reveals that moderate increases in agricultural water allocation effectively reduced temperature extremes in most provinces. The impact was particularly pronounced in regions with high grey relation degrees, especially resonant regions where the mitigation effects were the strongest. We found that agricultural water policies have complex, nonlinear effects on temperature variations, with distinct patterns emerging across different provinces. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for regional variations in water use for climate adaptation strategies. Our research provides practical insights for policymakers seeking to balance agricultural sustainability with climate resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the devastating landslides that occurred in the Kencho Schicha Guzdi locality in the Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia, on July 21-22, 2024, resulting in the tragic deaths of 257 people and injuring 12 others. The landslides, triggered by heavy rainfall, buried two villages and have been identified as the deadliest in Ethiopian history. The recurrence of such disasters highlights the urgent need for comprehensive monitoring, research, and preparedness strategies to mitigate the risks posed by climate change-induced extreme weather events. [Extracted from the article]

The climate and thermal comfort of а destination greatly influence the tourism industry. Therefore, this study was focused on researching thermal comfort changes and their impacts on visitors in four highly visited coastal destinations along the eastern Adriatic coast (Pula, Zadar, Split, and Dubrovnik) from 1996 to 2020, using the modified physiologically equivalent temperature index (mPET). The specific objective was to assess how the thermal comfort conditions are distributed spatially and temporally and how they are suitable for beach and sightseeing tourism. Results showed that monthly mean mPET values have increased, except in May. In the summer season, tourists were often exposed to uncomfortable heat stress, especially in the middle of the day. Strong and extreme heat stress frequency significantly increased in all sites except in Pula, particularly in July and August. Prevailing neutral and slightly warm/cold conditions were concentrated in two periods, between April and June and in September and October. The maximum occurrence of optimal climatic conditions for enjoying the beach was in the summer, with a decreasing tendency from May to August. The occurrence of favorable conditions for sightseeing significantly increased in April and November while it decreased from July to September. Although the eastern Adriatic coast is primarily a summer tourist area, a relatively small number of tourists take advantage of the period with optimal thermal comfort. Despite the fact that the number of tourists in the shoulder seasons has increased significantly in the past 25 years, the increasing favorable thermal comfort in the changing climate conditions will make these seasons even more appealing in the future, especially for sightseeing activities. New strategies for adapting to a changing climate are therefore needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine climate significantly influences the spatial morphology of coastal village's streets. However, research on coastal villages lacks spatial parameterization analysis that can cope with the complex climatic environment. Focusing on the coastal village's street in Fuzhou City, China, this paper studies the relationship between street space morphology and the impact of extreme heat and wind conditions. Thermal comfort degree and the average wind speed are main optimization objectives. By using parameterization techniques to establish a dynamic model and conducting multi-objective optimization driven by genetic algorithms, the degree of influence of morphological indicators and climate indicators is revealed. The conclusions of the study indicate that the morphological indicators of the main space have a more significant impact on the climatic environment than the morphological indicators of the interfaces on either side of the street. The influence of thermal comfort indicators on the street space within the climate environment is greater than that of wind speed indicators. This study concludes by proposing a ranking of key morphological indicators along with their optimal intervals for coastal villages adapted to the marine climate. The key morphological indicators, listed in order of importance, include appropriate street widths (2.3–4.3 m), eave height for single-storey buildings (2.0–4.6 m), eave height for double-storey buildings (5.4–7.7 m), eave depth (0.8–1.1 m for brick-timber dwellings and 0.3–0.6 m for masonry dwellings), roof slope (20–28°), entrance space depth (0.8–1.3 m), balcony overhang depth (0.6–0.7 m), colonnade depth (1.5–2.4 m), street orientation (NE-SW) and building depth (3.2–5.0 m). This study provides an empirical reference for climate-adapted village design and renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically examines UNEP's Adaptation Gap Report 2023 (AGR2023) as a foundational source in the narrative that insufficient adaptation finance is the primary barrier to climate change adaptation and, based on this analysis, offers suggestions for future Conference of the Parties (COP) discussions on the adaptation framework. This article identifies key methodological challenges in AGR2023's estimation of the adaptation finance gap. These issues are traced back to deeper systemic issues within the UNFCCC adaptation framework, including the misalignment of national adaptation plans (NAPs) with the UNFCCC mandate and the lack of clear boundaries for adaptation activities. The article calls for more informed and evidence-based COP discussions, which should lead to a fundamental rethinking of the adaptation framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents school climate assemblies, conceived as an innovative educational tool for the co-creation of climate change and sustainability solutions in educational institutions and communities. It describes an intervention research project that builds on previous processes and experiences of climate citizen assemblies which have been organised in different countries across the world. School climate assemblies are conceived of as a tool that promotes the active engagement of pupils and their communities in co-creating climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies towards jointly defining innovative sustainability and climate change solutions. An intervention, piloted in five secondary schools in the Spanish region of Tarragona, is reported, presenting the main phases and steps followed. To test the effectiveness of the intervention, this paper outlines the policy climate change recommendations that emerged from the co-creation process to identify and agree on a set of actions to tackle climate change and sustainability challenges and the degree of student satisfaction with the intervention. A detailed methodology for organising school climate assemblies that can be replicated in other educational institutions, contexts and regions, is presented, enabling the widespread adoption of this innovative approach. The study emphasises the potential of co-creation methods in the educational context and underscores the critical role of education in fostering sustainability in citizens and empowering students to become active change agents in their local communities. The results lead to policy implications for integrating co-creation approaches into school curricula worldwide, aiming to empower students and drive sustainability action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boreal forests, which account for one-third of the world’s forested areas, play a crucial role in global climate regulation and provide significant ecological, economic, and cultural benefits. However, boreal ecosystems face substantial threats from climate change, leading to increased disturbances such as wildfires, insect outbreaks, and disease. In response, reforestation emerges as a vital strategy for maintaining and restoring forest cover. In this perspective paper, we summarize some recent research on plantation establishment in boreal ecosystems of eastern North America and Scandinavia, emphasizing the effectiveness of mechanical site preparation (MSP), species-specific responses, and soil nutrient dynamics. We suggest key areas for future research, including the long-term sustainability of MSP, the development of adaptive strategies to climate variability, species-specific optimization of planting techniques, and integration of technological advances. Addressing these research needs will support the development of adaptive silviculture practices that enhance boreal stands resilience and productivity, helping to meet reforestation objectives and mitigate the impacts of climate change. We aim to stimulate regional, national, and international research initiatives, contributing to the resilience and sustainability of boreal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change-induced extreme meteorological phenomena, such as sudden temperature fluctuations, are raising global concerns. Increasing their adaptation capacity against temperature changes between seasons is becoming a more critical issue. The aim of this paper is to explore the association between surface temperature (ST) during the four seasons and urban geography in the city center of Izmir. The study identifies built environment parameters that impact seasonal land surface temperatures (LST) through spatial and statistical analysis at the local scale. At the same time, QUADRANT analysis revealed the spatial distinction between neighborhoods showing high LST compliance on a local scale (cooler summers and warm winters as well as neighborhoods showing LST sensitivity (hotter summers and colder winters. A spatial distinction is also revealed, showing significant differences in vegetation, number of buildings, building heights, and land use/cover change types. Geographic regression simulations show that the density of vegetation is vital in mitigating seasonal LST values, especially in making summers cooler and winters warmer. At the same time, population and built-up area density also play a role in increasing LST. Findings are consistent for neighborhood-scale analyses. Variables explain 26% in autumn, 31% in winter, 34% in spring, and 43% in summer. The study, which reveals the pressure of population and urbanization on temperatures, also highlights the adaptive character of the environment in adjusting the temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change vulnerability is the biggest threat to ecosystems and economies of the world. Hence, this study aims to assess the vulnerability to climate variability adaptation strategies of rural households in Begemdir District, Northwest Ethiopia. In this study, the cross-sectional research design was used to gain a wider and better understanding of vulnerability to climate variability. Both primary and secondary data were used to triangulate the study to maintain validity. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 120 sample households from the study area. Moreover, climatic data, such as rainfall and temperature data were collected from meteorological stations. The data gathered from primary data sources analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Finally, a logistic regression model was employed to identify the factors that affecting households' decisions to climate adaptation strategies in the study area. The results of the study reveal that the overall IPCC-LVI score is 0.49, and the perceived rainfall has decreased over the last decade. This implies livelihoods of the households are vulnerable to climate variability and low adaptive capacity. The age, sex, education level, extension services, land size, credit access, access to climatic information, access to credit, and extension services affected significantly (p < 0.05) households' vulnerability to climate variability in the study area. Thus, the local governments, policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and farming communities need to consider these variables to realize climate change adaptation strategies in the study area. Moreover, higher focus should be given to enhancing education, expanding access to credit, increasing land management support, as well as strengthening extension services to build long-term sustainable climate-resilient practices and mitigate the impacts of climate change vulnerability to households in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mauritius, an island nation in the Indian Ocean, has been experiencing, during the summer seasons, an increasing frequency and intensity of torrential rainfall events which have the potential to cause severe flooding. The flood problem is further intensified by the topography of the island and the location of most of the infrastructure within the flat plain surrounding the higher elevation regions. Despite the implementation of several flood mitigation measures by the government authorities, the situation remains a challenging one. In response, this study aimed at analysing the perception of communities towards the national flood measures and their efficiency and to identify those characteristics of the community which enable them to come up with adaptation measures. A field survey was conducted, taking a more holistic approach through a systematic screening, survey, focus groups discussions and data analysis. This research also focused on the adaptation to climate change from the point of view of different generations. The findings suggest that the engagement of the communities is a key element in adapting to flood events, and therefore, the governing bodies should consider this factor to enhance the coping capacity of communities, as climate-related disasters have now grown beyond the capacity of national authorities. This research provides insights for devising flood mitigation and management strategies that are inclusive of community perceptions and adaptation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the climate continues to change, forestry jurisdictions that have implemented assisted migration are looking to ever-warmer locations to find tree seed sources that are climatically adapted to their reforestation sites. This may result in having to procure seed from neighbouring jurisdictions, with whom seed and seed transfer systems are not typically shared. Using recent literature on institutional response to climate change and taking British Columbia's need for seed from the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) as a case study, we survey stakeholders to examine barriers to interjurisdictional seed movement, and address more broadly the ability of institutions to respond to climate change. We detected no significant institutional or informational barriers to increased seed procurement from the PNW. Nonetheless, risk and change aversion associated with new tools, actors, and practices may constrain implementation efforts. Reduced jurisdictional isolation could create significant opportunities and efficiencies in the seed supply chain and could help locate the best adapted species or seed source for each plantation. Our findings suggest climate change adaptation across multiple actors and geographies is possible. Placing more emphasis on the human elements of the system - the actors, their interests, and incentives - may help improve our capacity to deliver effective climate change adaptation actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the impact of climate change and human activities on water resource vulnerability in agricultural watersheds is vital for developing climate adaptation strategies and ensuring food security. This study integrates a physically-based hydrological model with an improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) to evaluate how climate change and human activities affect water balance and pollution loads, guiding adaptation measures for specific regions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool plus (SWAT +) is employed to simulate water and nutrient balances in the Mishui River Basin (MRB) in southeastern China. Future environmental changes for three periods (2023–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100) are predicted relative to a baseline (1997–2022). A multi-model ensemble approach, combining data from five Global Climate Models (GCMs) under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), is used to reduce biases. The IAHP incorporates eight variables related to climate change, human activities, and pollution loads into the water resource vulnerability assessment. Results indicate a continuous decline in blue water (BW) and green water storage (GWS) in the MRB over time, while total nitrogen load consistently increases. Water resources are more vulnerable under SSP5-8.5, with BW decreasing by up to 41.9% and pollution load increasing by 71.1%, negatively impacting municipal water supply and irrigation. The IAHP analysis identifies nine high-priority sub-basins within the MRB with higher water resource vulnerability. In resource-limited scenarios, authorities can prioritize these areas for implementing water-related climate adaptation measures to ensure water security, food security, and ecological safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GLOFs, driven by climate change-induced glacier melt, present a serious threat to downstream communities in mountainous regions. The present study addresses this pressing issue by employing a systematic methodology to analyze scientific literature on GLOF risk management and hazard mitigation. The research synthesizes key insights through thematic analysis, focusing on GLOF hazard mitigation, hazard and risk mapping, and the development of a methodological framework for managing GLOF hazards and risks. It evaluates structural measures such as spillways and diversion canals, and non-structural measures, including strategic land-use planning and community-based strategies. The study highlights the importance of Early Warning Systems (EWS), GLOF risk management skills, and knowledge transfer, emphasizing integration with climate change adaptation. It also discusses facilitating factors like policy legislation, institutional support, and addressing knowledge disparities. While the physical aspects of GLOFs have been widely explored, research on their social impacts is relatively limited, leaving a crucial gap in understanding the full extent of these disasters. The findings of the study offer a comprehensive resource for policymakers, planners, and disaster management professionals, providing a holistic approach to mitigating GLOF risks and enhancing resilience in vulnerable regions. This research is poised to significantly contribute to effective GLOF hazard mitigation and climate change adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tibetan Plateau is home to numerous glaciers that are important for freshwater supply and climate regulation. These glaciers, which are highly sensitive to climatic variations, serve as vital indicators of climate change. Understanding glacier-fed hydrological systems is essential for predicting water availability and formulating climate adaptation strategies. This study investigated the dynamic fluctuations in the water level of the Blue Moon Lake Valley (BMLV), supplied by meltwater from Baishui River Glacier No. 1 on Yulong Snow Mountain. We focused on the lake pulse phenomenon—subtle yet significant water level fluctuations that have often been overlooked in prior research. By employing fast Fourier transform (FFT), multivariate regression (MVR), and random forest (RF) models, we examined the interactions among glacier melt dynamics, climatic variables, and hydrological responses. Our analysis indicates that the rate of change (ROC) in the water level fluctuates between − 0.006 and 0.01 m/min, with a median ROC of − 7.24E−06 m/min, highlighting the significant variability influenced by glacier melt and precipitation. The maximum cumulative sum (CS) value of 0.09 m suggests a net increase in the water level, predominantly due to increased precipitation, decreased evaporation, and increased glacier melting. We demonstrate that temperature critically influences glacier melt rates and water level variations, alongside solar radiation, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed. The ROC of Baishui River Glacier No. 1 melt ranges from − 0.0016 to 0.0015 m/min, reflecting substantial variation with significant downstream implications for water availability during dry seasons. The mean interval between consecutive glacier melt peaks is approximately 2.87 h, with a strong positive linear trend R2 = 0.99, indicating frequent melt events. Conversely, water level peaks occur approximately every 6.5 h, with a strong positive trend R2 = 0.99, indicating a slower recurrence rate. The transit time for meltwater from Baishui River Glacier No. 1 to BMLV is estimated at approximately 4.16 h. Additionally, we quantify the water flux from BMLV across various timescales, highlighting the substantial contribution of glacial meltwater. This novel study systematically examines the hydrological dynamics of BMLV. This study has the potential to reveal broader implications for water resource management, ecosystem dynamics, and climate change adaptation in regions dependent on glacier-fed lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assessed aridity and humidity conditions in Bačka (north Serbia) in the period 1949–2018. The assessment was based on the analysis of air temperature and total precipitation from 5 meteorological stations. Spatio-temporal changes were determined based on aridity indices, statistical and interpolation procedures. The Mann–Kendall indicates no statistical significance in aridity trends at most stations. The annual value of the Lobova index indicates arid conditions. Monthly values of the De Martonne index (IDM) do not show a statistically significant positive or negative trend, except for May, September to December. The annual values of the IDM indicate diversity of aridity conditions with a statistically significant positive trend on annual level only at one station (Sombor). Dry and wet years are equally distributed based on Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI). The 2010 belongs to extremely wet category while the 2000 stands out as extremely dry. Statistically significant positive aridity trend was observed for RAI on annual level for two stations (Palić and Sombor). According to interpolation technique, annual and seasonal values of the IDM belong to humid and semi-humid conditions. The spatial variability of the RAI is between normal and slightly dry. The Lobova index shows different patterns of aridity. This study provides insight into the dynamics of aridity, and its results can be used in planning and implementing climate change adaptation measures. Since agricultural productivity is highly dependent on aridity and drought conditions, agricultural activities face numerous challenges. Therefore, the presented results can provide a solid basis for designing and implementing adaptation strategies and interventions on a regional scale in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change and aridity on agricultural production in the studied region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal populations are susceptible to relative sea-level (RSL) rise and accurate local projections are necessary for coastal adaptation. Local RSL rise may deviate from global mean sea-level rise because of processes such as geoid change, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and vertical land motion (VLM). Amongst all factors, the VLM is often inadequately estimated. Here, we estimated the VLM for the Oka estuary, northern Spain and compared it to the VLM component of sea-level projections in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) and the Spanish National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP). To estimate VLM, we updated Holocene RSL data from the Atlantic coast of Europe and compared it with two 3D GIA models. Both models fit well with RSL data except in the Oka estuary. We derived a VLM rate of − 0.88 ± 0.03 mm/yr for the Oka estuary using the residuals of GIA misfits. Comparable VLM rates of − 0.85 ± 0.14 mm/yr and − 0.80 ± 0.32 mm/yr are estimated based on a nearby Global Navigation Satellite Systems station and differenced altimetry-tide gauge technique, respectively. Incorporating the updated late Holocene estimate of VLM in IPCC AR6 RSL projections under a moderate emissions scenario increased the rate of RSL rise by 15% by 2030, 11% by 2050, and 9% by 2150 compared to the original IPCC AR6 projections, and also increased the magnitude of RSL rise by over 40% by 2035 and 2090 compared with projections from the Spanish NCCAP. Our study demonstrates the importance of accurate VLM estimates for local sea-level projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how local media in Japan report on the risks of climate change through the lens of a cultural tradition, focusing on the Shinto ritual of omiwatari in Nagano Prefecture. Omiwatari celebrates ice ridges on Lake Suwa that are believed to be the footprints of a local deity, but are increasingly threatened by warming winters. By analyzing online news articles from Japanese and international media, supplemented by fieldwork and interviews with local journalists, the research highlights contrasting media frames. International media emphasize the disappearance of the ice ridges as a symbol of global climate change, aiming to promote broader awareness and mitigation efforts. In contrast, Japanese national and local media focus their coverage on the observations of the shrine community and predict the formation of the ridges without framing these changes in the context of climate change. Despite this divergence, the resilience of omiwatari storytelling offers opportunities to adapt the tradition to changing environmental challenges, preserving cultural continuity even as its iconic ice ridges fade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kelps are vital for marine ecosystems, yet the genetic diversity underlying their capacity to adapt to climate change remains unknown. In this study, we focused on the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera a species critical to coastal habitats. We developed a protocol to evaluate heat stress response in 204 Macrocystis pyrifera genotypes subjected to heat stress treatments ranging from 21 °C to 27 °C. Here we show that haploid gametophytes exhibiting a heat-stress tolerant (HST) phenotype also produced greater biomass as genetically similar diploid sporophytes in a warm-water ocean farm. HST was measured as chlorophyll autofluorescence per genotype, presented here as fluorescent intensity values. This correlation suggests a predictive relationship between the growth performance of the early microscopic gametophyte stage HST and the later macroscopic sporophyte stage, indicating the potential for selecting resilient kelp strains under warmer ocean temperatures. However, HST kelps showed reduced genetic variation, underscoring the importance of integrating heat tolerance genes into a broader genetic pool to maintain the adaptability of kelp populations in the face of climate change. 204 Macrocystis pyrifera genotypes were screened and a panel of heat-stress tolerant (HST) gametophytes were identified. A subsequent analysis revealed a correlation between the HST strains and increased sporophyte biomass under warmer ocean conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate variability and change pose a major challenge to rain-fed agriculture in Africa. Extreme weather events are projected to continue affecting African drylands. Thus, it is essential to assess how rural farming communities in marginal environments are adapting to environmental changes. Specifically, there is need to assess local adaptations that can help enhance the resilience of socio-economic and environmental systems. This study identifies the current status, main challenges and opportunities of pasture farming for climate change adaptation among smallholder farmers in a semi-arid dryland in Kenya. It combines household and key informant interviews and participatory methods. Agropastoral farmers in the studied area are establishing native perennial pastures, where species selection is largely influenced by its forage value. Although agropastoral farmers have adopted pasture farming, they still face multiple challenges including climatic factors, lack of sufficient knowledge and information, limited access to markets, high cost and low availability of native grass seed, destruction of grazing herbivores and seed predation. Adopting strategies like low cost irrigation systems and agricultural technologies, cooperatives development and policy formulation to facilitate easy access of inputs and relevant markets has great potential to increase local resilience to environmental change and contribute to achieving wider development goals. Thus, policy makers should prioritize formulating climate adaptation policies and programmes that will promote diversification of livelihoods and support local climate adaptation strategies among farming communities in African drylands. Article Highlights: Forage value is a key factor in selecting grass species for pasture farming Agropastoral farmers have an in-depth knowledge of the native grasses Pasture farming a pathway to sustainable forage production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate disruption today represents a threat to the environment and sustainable development. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an appropriate adaptation approach to climate change. It allows producers to improve their production and act on their food security, despite the conditions of climate change while limiting the causes arising from agriculture. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of CSA, through the use of harvest residues in cassava fields, on the income and food security of cassava producing households in Savalou. The three-stage sampling method made it possible to draw a random sample of 360 cassava producers including 180 users of pigeon pea, mucuna and peanut harvest residues. The average income from cassava production during the last 12 months (until July 2023) is 366,400 FCFA with 387,340 FCFA for beneficiaries compared to 322,060 FCFA for non-beneficiaries. The impact analysis was done with the matching method based on propensity scores. The results of this impact study showed that this adoption contributes to improving income from cassava production by 35,135 FCFA and household food security by 0.10 points, on average per household per year. It would therefore be useful to promote and improve this type of agriculture, in order to ensure sustainable development of the agricultural sector and improve food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the Generalized Analog Regression Downscaling method Large Ensemble (GARD-LENS) dataset, comprised of daily precipitation, mean temperature, and temperature range over the Contiguous U.S., Alaska, and Hawaii at 12-km, 4-km, and 1-km resolutions, respectively. GARD-LENS statistically downscales three CMIP6 global climate model large ensembles, CESM2, CanESM5, and EC-Earth3, totaling 200 ensemble members. GARD-LENS is the first downscaled SMILE (single model initial-condition large ensemble), providing information about the role of internal climate variability at high resolutions. The 150-year record of this large ensemble dataset provides ample data for assessing trends and extremes and allows users to robustly assess internal variability, forced climate signals, and time of emergence at high resolutions. As the need for high resolution, robust climate datasets continues to grow, GARD-LENS will be a valuable tool for scientists and practitioners who wish to account for internal variability in their future climate analyses and adaptation plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses significant threats to African countries, with increasing temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events impacting ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, and human livelihoods. Artificial intelligence (AI) may offer valuable support in climate change adaptation efforts in the field of agriculture. However, considerable constraints also need to be addressed to maximise AI's effectiveness. Against this background, this article outlines the potentials and risks of deploying AI in agriculture, as well as the need for clear regulatory frameworks for AI deployment, establishing guidelines that promote innovation while addressing ethical and legal concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the multifaceted aspects of indoor environmental sciences, this review paper critically investigates the optimization of thermal comfort and the development of heat-resilient indoor environments. Drawing on knowledge from a wide range of disciplines, such as chemistry, microbiology, public health, psychology, epidemiology, engineering, and toxicology, among others, it provides an extensive overview of recent study findings. The paper examines solutions targeted at reducing the negative impacts of heat stress while improving thermal comfort levels indoors, highlighting the complex link between indoor environment, human health, and comfort. Using both theoretical frameworks and actual data, the study assesses a variety of cutting-edge methods, such as behavioral interventions, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, passive design strategies, and adaptable building materials. The statement underscores the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation in tackling the intricate problems related to interior thermal comfort and resistance to heat waves. The review attempts to offer practical insights for practitioners and researchers looking to optimize interior settings for human health and well-being by looking at the synergistic impacts of several treatments. Additionally, the research emphasizes how crucial it is to consider the larger context of climate change and its effects on interior spaces. To improve our understanding of thermal comfort optimization and heat-resilient design techniques, it suggests new research directions and knowledge gaps and advocates for ongoing interdisciplinary inquiry. In the end, the review adds to the continuing conversation about designing livable, sustainable, and healthful interior spaces in the face of changing weather patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An international workshop on "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change and Air Pollution" took place at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, during 23–27 October, 2023. Experts working in various multi-disciplinary areas of agroecosystem and environmental research gathered for academic communication and discussions. Two discussion groups focused on "agriculture under air pollution and climate change: current challenges and priorities for the future" and "adapting agriculture to air pollution and climate change: current status and next steps." Insights derived from the discussions are summarized in this article and include opinions about current issues, knowledge gaps' identification, and potential priorities and actions that could be taken. The first discussion mainly addresses ozone impact estimates; ozone metrics for impact and risk assessments; ozone monitoring; air pollution impacts and policy; and the pivotal role of agriculture and consumer choices. The second discussion covers adaptation and mitigation; greenhouse gases and energy efficiency; concerns about the link between adaptation and mitigation; local food, planetary-health diets and carbon footprint; irrigation and climate change adaptation; scientific evidence and policy-making; air pollution and crop adaptation; machine learning and crop modeling; and challenges faced by smallholder farmers and large-scale enterprises. Hence, this report could be useful for research, educational, and policy purposes, collating opinions of experts working in diverse research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the theoretical and practical issues of hydroclimatic mapping. Hydroclimatic mapping is an important part of solving of environmental and water management problems, environmental management issues, and the adaptation of the population to climate change. Hydrological and climatic maps included in atlases of the Baikal region (Irkutsk Region: Ecological Conditions of Development (2004), Ecological Atlas of the Lake Baikal Basin (2015), and Baikal Region: Society and Nature (2021)) are presented. The authors consider the methodological approaches of hydroclimatic mapping. The limitations in using the traditional method of isolines are shown. The advantages of the basin method, landscape–hydroclimatic and structural–hydrographic approaches using zoning tools and along channel diagrams are substantiated. The article presents the methodology of flood-risk zoning, water protection, and recreational zoning of the Baikal coast and cartographic modeling of processes in the delta of the Selenga River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread spring vegetation greening (inferred by LAI) in the Northern Hemisphere leads to additional summer soil moisture (SM) deficits through increasing transpiration. Meanwhile, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) has also been rising, which can increase atmospheric evaporative demand. However, the extent and magnitude of influence of these two factors on SM changes have not been elucidated. Here, based on the state-of-the-art reanalysis and remote sensing data, we use three statistical methods to quantify the contributions of spring LAI and summer VPD to summer SM deficit. The results show that summer VPD contributes more to SM change than spring LAI in the southwestern and northern regions of North America, northeastern Europe, and central and southeastern Asia, covering 13.4% of the vegetated areas despite of the certain influence of spring vegetation greening on summer soil drying. The results are of great significance for climate change adaptation and the enhancement of surface water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive framework for climate change assessment is a prerequisite for managing multiple risks related to climate extremes, such as droughts, floods, or compound extreme events. It is also useful for addressing the diverging interests of stakeholders in finding regional adaptation solutions. Here, we design such a framework and a general methodology to assess the evolution of regional climate. Both mean values and extreme event characteristics of surface air temperature and soil moisture are analysed, including the likelihood of compound hot-dry, hot-wet, cold-dry, and cold-wet extreme conditions. These analyses are conducted for each month to investigate a variety of climate change impacts. The methodology is designed to be generic and easily applicable to any region of the world. It provides a foundational basis for initiating dialogue with local decision-makers, which will subsequently allow for further refinement of climatic impact-driver indices and analyses to produce tailored climate services. This work reports an application to Southwestern France, a region vulnerable to both floods and droughts with severe impacts on natural ecosystems and human societies. Drying and warming are expected throughout the year, with more pronounced effects in summer. This study highlights the complexity of designing adaptation solutions and the need for in-depth and comprehensive analyses of the evolution of local climate conditions. Specifically, Southwestern France is expected to experience an increase in drought frequency and intensity, while the region might still have to cope with the opposite phenomenon, floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the limitations of commonly used household definitions in research studies and proposes a protocol for creating a more flexible and inclusive approach to identifying and describing households. The document presents two case studies, one focusing on mobility in Peru and the other on polygamy in Senegal, to illustrate how these household structures are often overlooked and how this can impact data collection and analysis. The proposed protocol includes considerations for household composition, distribution and movement, and resource sharing and ownership. The document emphasizes the need for researchers to explicitly incorporate these complexities in order to accurately capture households' interactions with their environment and resource management behaviors. The protocol aims to improve the transparency and credibility of environmental social science scholarship that uses household data. [Extracted from the article]

The future food industry is facing urgent challenges that need to be addressed, mainly providing sufficient quantity and quality of food to meet the growing population, reducing environmental pollution, improving production and processing conditions to adapt to climate change, protecting biodiversity, and improving food resource utilization. The global per-capita protein demand and consumption continue to grow, making it difficult for traditional protein supply channels to provide sufficient quantity and quality of protein. Ensuring a high-quality protein supply is an important task for future food processing, and the development trend of future food processing is mainly reflected in sustainable development, health, globalization, energy conservation and emission reduction, nutrition, technology, intelligence, and automation. These factors make the development and application of alternative proteins of great practical significance. Alternative proteins are still in the development stage; the relevant research focuses on the flavor, nutrition, safety, and consumer acceptance of the products. Different drying processes need to adapt to different types and applications of alternative proteins, and the drying process will have a significant impact on the recovery rate, recovery quality, and amino acid composition of proteins. This article provides a brief and comprehensive review of the development background, significance, types, applications, challenges, and solutions of alternative proteins based on the classification criteria of animal and plant derived from the perspective of alternative proteins. Some new drying technologies that can be used for alternative proteins are also introduced, including spray drying (pre-treatment, post-treatment, and optimization of process parameters), vacuum microwave drying, and other combined drying technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the journal "Surveys in Geophysics" focuses on the Earth's changing water and energy cycle, emphasizing the role of atmospheric radiative processes in shaping the climate. It discusses the importance of feedback mechanisms, particularly those involving the hydrological cycle and radiative processes, in predicting climate sensitivity to radiative changes. The article highlights the significance of satellite observations in understanding the Earth's water-energy cycle and emphasizes the need for continued advancements in observational datasets and numerical simulations to address uncertainties in climate projections. [Extracted from the article]