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The ecological and economical concerns have given rise to the application of solar photovoltaic (PV) system in the community to meet the increased load demands on its own. Owing to the varying output of solar PV modules depending on the weather conditions, the efficiency of system is degraded and thus requires using maximum power point (MPP) tracking technique for utmost power extraction. The MPP methods can be realized both mechanically or electrically using suitable converter topology and appropriate tracking algorithm. However, the mechanical tracker in contrast to electrical circuit is immoderate and inefficient and conversely necessitates to exercise effective and promising power tracking algorithm. This research proposes to implement the perturb and observe (P and O) algorithm for MPPT in charge controller using buck–boost converter to attain desired and optimized results. The use of buck–boost DC–DC converter helps in stepping up/down the voltage level as per requirements under the control of P and O algorithm. Having optimized tracker designed, its performance has been tested at different levels of irradiance and temperature principally with load and battery. Further, the results obtained from simulated scenarios are compared with real-time experiments, which confirm the robustness and effectiveness of proposed MPPT method in solar PV system using P and O algorithm and buck–boost converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the evolution of smart grid system (SGS), many issues associated with traditional grid network, i.e., power system security, monitoring and control, energy efficiency and aging of system's equipment are resolved. The smart system is flexible enough to integrate many DGs without violating its hosting capacity. However, during and after the integration of DGs into SGS, still many other technical problems exist in the system especially islanding and stability of system. This research proposes a modified Thevenien Equivalent model for voltage stability analysis of smart grid system. With the help of phasor measurement units (PMUs), the data is collected globally and thus voltage stability margin is determined. The dS/dV algorithm is then used to determine voltage stability at all the system nodes. The proposed scheme also provides online monitoring and control of voltage stability of Smart Grid System and results in a new efficient and economical anti-islanding technique based on WSNs. Since, WSNs are already being distributed along the entire structure of Smart Grid Systems for effective communication but can also be used as sensor nodes to record the changes in system voltage and its angle, called sag calculations. The data from sensor nodes, with the help of routing nodes will be then transferred to SCADA center for operating respective circuit breaker of affected DG wirelessly. Power-Hardware-In-Loop setup is used to validate the efficacy of propositions. The analysis is carried for normal as well as for faulty conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]