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In this study, blackcurrant fruit and leaf samples from four main cultivation regions of China were collected to analyze their carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope compositions in order to develop an approach for tracing geographic origins of blackcurrant fruits and juice concentrates. The stable isotope compositions of the soils from these locations were also analyzed to link blackcurrant leaves and fruits with the environmental conditions they grew under. In most cases, there were significant differences in the nitrogen isotope ratios of organic matter in fruits, leaves, and topsoil as well as the hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of water in blackcurrant fruits and topsoil among blackcurrant from four sampling sites; thus, the four main cultivation regions of blackcurrant fruits in China could be discriminated through the combination of the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. However, carbon isotope ratio did not offer any clue for blackcurrant geographic origin. In addition, there were positive correlations of nitrogen isotope signature between blackcurrant fruits and leaves or the topsoil (0-10 cm); thus, the isotope signature of blackcurrant leaves and the topsoil of the cropland could be good indicators of the isotope compositions of blackcurrant fruits when tracing potential geographic origins of blackcurrant fruit concentrated juices or their juice produces. Therefore, stable isotope signatures of blackcurrant materials offer great potentials for tracing geographic origins of blackcurrant fruits or their related produce in China or other cultivation regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a comparison of potential allergenicity in a mouse model. Balb/C mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injections (administered in three doses) of skimmed milk, casein, and whey protein from cow or yak milk. After 4 weeks, the mice were challenged and killed, sera were collected, and the spleens removed for analysis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the specific antibodies (IgG and IgE) and cytokine. The number of mice with diarrhea was higher in the cow milk protein-sensitized group than in the yak milk protein-sensitized group. Serum (IgG, IgE) antibodies and histamine levels were also higher in cow milk protein-sensitized mice. Cytokine production by spleen-derived T cells showed high levels of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 production and low levels of interferon-γ in cow milk protein and yak milk protein-sensitized mice. Lymphocyte proliferation ratio induced by yak milk protein was lower than cow milk protein. All results indicated that Maiwa yak milk protein may less allergenic than cow milk protein in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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