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Purpose: This study aims to introduce the coefficient of spatial variance of choroidal thickness to describe the choroidal variation and investigate its associated factors in healthy eyes. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 1031 eyes from 1031 subjects who received a swept-source optical coherence tomography examination. The mean choroidal thickness in the macular 6 × 6 mm region and 900 subregions of 0.2 × 0.2 mm were computed using the embedded algorithm. Before analysis, potential segmentation and magnification errors were corrected. The coefficient of spatial variance was defined as the standard deviation divided by the mean (multiplied by 100%) of the choroidal thicknesses across 900 grids. Potential factors associated with the coefficient of spatial variance were assessed using multiple linear regression. Results: The mean choroidal thickness of the entire 6 × 6 mm macular region was 204.50 ± 72.88 μm. The mean coefficient of spatial variance was 26.58 ± 8.24%, ranging from 11.00 to 61.58%. Statistical analysis revealed that the means choroidal thickness (β = − 0.08, R2 = 0.42, p < 0.001) and anterior chamber depth (β = − 2.39, R2 = 0.05, p = 0.06) were associated with the coefficient of spatial variance. Conclusion: Our study first incorporated the coefficient of spatial variance to represent the spatial variation of the choroidal thickness and observed that the greater thinning of the choroid is correlated with a more pronounced spatial variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although various surgical procedures are available for osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT), there is still no consensus on its best treatment. The purposes of this study were to describe a new surgical technique to treat OLT and to analyze its preliminary clinical results. Methods: Eight patients were enrolled in this retrospective study between March 2019 and May 2022 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. All patients were treated by synthetic bone grafting with preserved cartilage flap via a medial malleolus osteotomy approach. The patients' characteristics, operative time, and estimated blood loss were evaluated. Intraoperative photos, preoperative and postoperative X-ray and MRI imaging were recorded. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and visual analog scale (VAS) score were also recorded before surgery and at each follow-up. Results: At six months after the operation, all patients showed bone ingrowth and remodeling according to X-ray and MRI. No obvious defects or ladder was found on the cartilage surface of all patients according to MRI. The AOFAS score improved from 61.63 ± 8.85 (range, 49–74) to 91.13 ± 4.49 (range, 83–97) (p < 0.001) and VAS score improved from 5.50 ± 1.60 (range, 4–8) before surgery to 1.88 ± 0.83 (range, 1–3) (p < 0.001) at latest follow-up. In all eight patients, no wound infection, skin necrosis, or delayed healing of osteotomy was found. Conclusion: We proposed a simple and effective technique that restored the shape of the cartilage surface by preserving the cartilage flap and restoring the natural congruency of the subchondral bone by synthetic bone grafting. We found satisfying clinical outcomes in short-term follow-up. Our new technique might be a new surgical option for the treatment of OLT and its effectiveness should be further evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to identify the risk factors in peripheral retinal changes (PRC) associated with high myopes among children and adolescents. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on children and adolescents diagnosed with high myopia. The subjects involved underwent a series of ocular examinations, including the dilated fundus examination for PRC and the swept-source optical coherence tomography for foveal retinal, choroidal and scleral thickness measurement. Then, the variables were compared among the eyes with high risk, low risk, and no PRC. Spearman correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship between the parameters and the extent of PRC. Logistic regression was performed to identify the potential risk factors. Results: A total of 117 eyes from 117 subjects were recruited. The prevalence of PRC was 57.3% (67 eyes), while that of high-risk PRC was 22.2% (26 eyes). Significant differences were found in the mean subfoveal scleral thickness, spherical equivalent refraction, and axial length among the eyes with high-risk, low-risk, and no PRC (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.048, respectively). Compared with spherical equivalent (r = 0.32, p < 0.01) and axial length (r = 0.18, p = 0.05), subfoveal scleral thickness exhibited higher correlation coefficient with PRC (r = − 0.38, p < 0.01). Subfoveal scleral thickness and spherical equivalent refraction were identified as the independent risk factors for PRC and high-risk PRC. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that there was a correlation between subfoveal scleral thickness and PRC. The eyes with thinner subfoveal scleral thickness carried a higher risk of PRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the spatial relationship between macular superficial vessel density (SVD) and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and to investigate diagnostic abilities of macular SVD and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 38 PACG patients (38 eyes) and 25 healthy subjects (25 eyes). Macular region was imaged using a 1050-nm-wavelength swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) system (DRI OCT Triton, TOPCON). Vessel density of the macular region was quantified by ImageJ software. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thicknesses and macular GCIPL thickness were obtained by swept-source OCT. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the spatial positional relationship between macular SVD and macular GCIPL thickness. At the same time, the correlation between macular SVD and pRNFL thickness was evaluated. Areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUCs) of OCT, OCTA and FAZ measurement metrics were calculated to assess the diagnostic ability for glaucoma. Results: Macular GCIPL thickness had a moderate correlation with the macular SVD in the inferonasal sector (r = 0.426, P = 0.008). In addition, there was a strong correlation between inferonasal sector of macular vessel density and 5,6,7,8 clock-hour regions of the pRNFL thicknesses (all r > 0.5). Inferoinferior sector of macular SVD and 6,7 clock-hour regions of pRNFL thicknesses also had strong correlation (all r > 0.5). The AUCs of macular SVD ranged between 0.61 (superonasal sector) and 0.76 (inferoinferior sector). The FAZ circularity index showed the highest diagnostic power (AUC = 0.94;95% CI, 0.85–0.99), followed by superotemporal sector of macular GCIPL thicknesses (0.93;95% CI,0.83–0.98). Conclusions: Sector of macular SVD not only had a spatial positional correlation with corresponding macular GCIPL thickness, but also with clock-hour regional pRNFL thicknesses in PACG eyes. FAZ circulation index might be a useful diagnostic parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let k be a positive integer, { f n (z) } be a family of functions meromorphic on a domain D, whose zeros all have multiplicity at least k + 2, and let h (z) (≢ 0) be a function holomorphic on D. Suppose f n (k) (z) ≠ h (z) on D, and no subsequence of { f n } is normal at some z 0 ∈ D . In this paper, we prove that the limit function f (k) (z) of { f n (k) (z) } is equal to the exceptional function h(z) of derivatives f n (k) (z) , and some characteristics of the subsequence of { f n (z) } are obtained near the nor-normal point z 0 . As applications of this result, some quasinormal criteria are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In proving his theorem on global maximizers for the sphere adjoint Fourier restriction inequality, D. Foschi studied some quadratic functional and determined its optimal bound. In this note we extend to higher-dimensional spheres his results on this quadratic functional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study some normality relationships between two families of meromorphic functions concerning shared values, and obtain some normality criteria, which improve and generalize the related results of Liu–Li–Pang and Chang, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]