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The non-toxic copper oxide superconductor, (Cu,C)Ba2Ca3Cu4O11+δ or (Cu,C)-1234, exhibits the highest irreversibility magnetic field among superconducting materials in the liquid nitrogen temperature range and can achieve a superconducting transition temperature of 117 K, providing a new sample system for physical studies of copper oxide high-temperature superconductors. This article examines the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the high critical transition temperature, high critical current density, and notable irreversibility field properties observed in superconductors based on (Cu,C)-1234 copper. It also investigates the recent advancements made in the methods employed for the fabrication of bulks and thin films of this superconductor. Additionally, a comparison is made between the performance parameters of (Cu,C)-1234 superconductors and other superconducting materials that possess critical temperatures surpassing 100 K. This comparison highlights the distinctive characteristics and advantages of (Cu,C)-1234. Finally, we present potential future applications in the fields of energy transmission, magnetic levitation, and scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let be the real general linear group. By employing Borel's lemma and Schwartz inductions for Nash groups, we give an upper bound for the weights of the Jacquet module of the principal series representations of . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug discovery for a protein target is a laborious and costly process. Deep learning (DL) methods have been applied to drug discovery and successfully generated novel molecular structures, and they can substantially reduce development time and costs. However, most of them rely on prior knowledge, either by drawing on the structure and properties of known molecules to generate similar candidate molecules or extracting information on the binding sites of protein pockets to obtain molecules that can bind to them. In this paper, DeepTarget, an end-to-end DL model, was proposed to generate novel molecules solely relying on the amino acid sequence of the target protein to reduce the heavy reliance on prior knowledge. DeepTarget includes three modules: Amino Acid Sequence Embedding (AASE), Structural Feature Inference (SFI), and Molecule Generation (MG). AASE generates embeddings from the amino acid sequence of the target protein. SFI inferences the potential structural features of the synthesized molecule, and MG seeks to construct the eventual molecule. The validity of the generated molecules was demonstrated by a benchmark platform of molecular generation models. The interaction between the generated molecules and the target proteins was also verified on the basis of two metrics, drug–target affinity and molecular docking. The results of the experiments indicated the efficacy of the model for direct molecule generation solely conditioned on amino acid sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whipped cream is popular among consumers due to its smooth texture and delectable taste. In recent years, it has also attracted increasing attention from producers and researchers and has been widely developed in the food industry. However, whipped cream systems are complex and unstable, and additives are applied to the system to obtain a more stable and excellent whipped cream product. Additionally, the high-fat content in whipped cream has a potential health risk to consumers, so the concept of low-fat whipped cream has been gradually developed as a strategy. However, the sensory and whipping properties of low-fat whipped cream need to be improved. This paper systematically discusses the effects of five types of additives (hydrocolloids, proteins, emulsifiers, carbohydrates, and lipid compounds) applied to improve the whipping, rheological, electrostatic, sensory, and nutritional properties of whipped cream. There are limited studies about nutritional properties, which should be the focus of future work, and the strategy of functional whipped cream is also a new direction. Further, this paper provides information on standards and regulations for additives, aiming to avoid the risks associated with the inappropriate application of additives by researchers and traders. The ultimate objective is to provide a healthy whipped cream with exceptional sensory properties and heightened nutritional value.Graphical Abstract: Whipped cream is popular among consumers due to its smooth texture and delectable taste. In recent years, it has also attracted increasing attention from producers and researchers and has been widely developed in the food industry. However, whipped cream systems are complex and unstable, and additives are applied to the system to obtain a more stable and excellent whipped cream product. Additionally, the high-fat content in whipped cream has a potential health risk to consumers, so the concept of low-fat whipped cream has been gradually developed as a strategy. However, the sensory and whipping properties of low-fat whipped cream need to be improved. This paper systematically discusses the effects of five types of additives (hydrocolloids, proteins, emulsifiers, carbohydrates, and lipid compounds) applied to improve the whipping, rheological, electrostatic, sensory, and nutritional properties of whipped cream. There are limited studies about nutritional properties, which should be the focus of future work, and the strategy of functional whipped cream is also a new direction. Further, this paper provides information on standards and regulations for additives, aiming to avoid the risks associated with the inappropriate application of additives by researchers and traders. The ultimate objective is to provide a healthy whipped cream with exceptional sensory properties and heightened nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is primarily characterized by hyperglycemia, and its high incidence is often very costly to patients, their families, and national economies. Unsurprisingly, the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) decrease in patients resulting in diabetic wound non-healing. As precursors of endothelial cells (ECs), these cells were discovered in 1997 and found to play an essential role in wound healing. Their function, number, and role in wound healing has been widely investigated. Hitherto, a lot of complex molecular mechanisms have been discovered. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of how hyperglycemia affects the function and number of EPCs and how the affected cells impact wound healing. We aim to provide a complete summary of the relationship between diabetic hyperglycosemia, EPCs, and wound healing, as well as a better comprehensive platform for subsequent related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange juice shows browning issue during storage which seriously affects its quality. Based on our previous study demonstrating the inhibition of browning of concentrated orange juice (COJ) by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and L-cysteine (L-cys), this study evaluated the effect of ultrasonic-vacuum combined with high-pressure CO2 on browning. Ultrasonic-vacuum can reduce the dissolved oxygen content in COJ more effectively than ultrasonic and also minimize the loss of ascorbic acid. The lowest dissolved oxygen content and ascorbic acid loss in COJ were achieved by ultrasonic-vacuum at 900 W and 15.6 min for COJ sample of 50.0 g. Ultrasonic-vacuum effectively removes most of the dissolved oxygen from COJ, and high-pressure CO2 reduces oxygen in the headspace of the container. This reduction in oxygen content effectively reduces aerobic acid degradation and inhibits browning caused by ascorbic acid degradation. In addition, the results showed that although ultrasonic-vacuum combined with high-pressure CO2 had a significant effect on delaying ascorbic acid degradation and reduced the loss by 35.01%, it has little effect on browning caused by Maillard reaction. Finally, it is concluded that ultrasonic-vacuum combined with high-pressure CO2 based on EGCG and L-cys has the best inhibitory effect on browning of COJ during storage, inhibiting 69.8% of the increase in BI values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the preparation of gold nanoparticles functionalized with resveratrol (Res-AuNPs) in a single step and by integrating synthesis and modification. By using Res-AuNPs, we have established a colorimetric method for the determination of fibrillar islet amyloid polypeptides (IAPP) and its inhibitors. It is based on the specific recognition of resveratrol by IAPP fibrils. This results in a decrease in the concentration of Res-AuNPs in the supernatant and a corresponding reduction in absorbance at 537 nm. This finding was exploited to design a simple and sensitive colorimetric assay for IAPP fibrils. The analytical range extends from 30 to 400 μM, and the limit of detection is as low as 1.2 μM. In addition, the inhibitory effects of caffeic acid and caffein on the formation of fibrillar IAPP were evaluated. The method is simple and effective, and therefore is perceived to represent a promising scheme for determination of fibrillar IAPPs and their inhibitors. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic wave mitigation covering multiple broad bands is highly demanded for modern applications in wave control. Here, we report both theoretically and experimentally on the complete investigation of a series of dynamic phononic crystal beams integrated with circuit networks decorated with both spatial and temporal modulation. They are capable of practicing multi-band flexural wave mitigation with convenient tunability and broadband operability. The electromechanical interaction through piezoelectric shunts allows for energy exchange between electrical and mechanical modes and gives rise to Bragg forbidden bands. The key contribution of this work lies in the inclusion of spatial and temporal modulation that is applied solely in circuit networks and improves wave mitigation abilities in terms of operable frequency range. Specifically, the spatial modulation of circuit network effectively broadens the wave attenuation band by creating space-Bragg forbidden bands for electrical modes and thus extending the electromechanical coupling range. The temporal modulation, on the other hand, generates time-Bragg band gaps by linearly translating the fundamental electromechanical mode in terms of frequency. More importantly, both seemingly complicated approaches are simply based on the convenient tuning of a single resistor in the circuit network. This advantage later facilitates the experimental evidences of the transmission characteristics of the spatially and temporally modulated configurations. We believe the dynamic phononic crystals are highly promising for the next-generation applications such as tunable multi-band filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic multi-objective optimization problem (DMOP) is quite challenging and it dues to that there are multiple conflicting objects changing over with time or environment. In this paper, a novel cooperative coevolutionary dynamic multi-objective optimization algorithm (PNSCCDMO) is proposed. The main idea of a new cooperative coevolution based on non-dominated sorting is that it allows the decomposition process of the optimization problem according to the search space of decision variables, and each species subcomponents will cooperate to evolve for better solutions. This way derives from nature and can improve convergence significantly. A modified linear regression prediction strategy is used to make rapid response to the new changes in the environment. The effectiveness of PNSCCDMO is validated against various of DMOPs compared with the other four algorithms, and the experimental result indicates PNSCCDMO has a good capability to track the Pareto front as it is changed with time in dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changjiang Estuary, the largest estuary in China, encompasses a wide range of nutrient loading and trophic levels from the rivers to the sea, providing an ideal natural environment to explore relationships between functional diversity, physical/chemical complexity, and ecosystem function. In this study, molecular biological techniques were used to analyze the community structure and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in the sediments of Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters in East China Sea. The amoA gene (encoding ammonia monooxygenase subunit A) libraries analysis revealed extensive diversity within the β-Proteobacteria group of AOB, which were grouped into Nitrosospira-like and Nitrosomonas-like lineages. The majority of amoA gene sequences fell within Nitrosospira-like clade, and only a few sequences were clustered with the Nitrosomonas-like clade, indicating that Nitrosospira-like lineage may be more adaptable than Nitrosomonas-like lineage in this area. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the spatial distribution of the sedimentary β-Proteobacterial amoA genotype assemblages correlated significantly with nitrate, nitrite, and salinity. The vertical profile of amoA gene copies in gravity cores showed that intense sediment resuspension led to a deeper mixing layer. The horizontal distribution pattern of amoA gene copies was nearly correlated with the clayey mud belt in Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area in East China Sea, where higher β-Proteobacteria phylogenetic diversity was observed. Meanwhile, those areas with high amoA copies in the surface sediments nearly matched those with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonium in the bottom water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lipase-based electrochemical biosensor has been fabricated for the quantitative determination of target DNA. It is based on a stem-loop nucleic acid probe labeled with ferrocene containing a butanoate ester that is hydrolyzed by lipase. The other end of the probe DNA is linked, via carboxy groups, to magnetic nanoparticles. The binding of target DNA transforms the hairpin structure of the probe DNA and causes the exposure of ester bonds. This results in the release of electro-active ferrocene after hydrolysis of the ester bonds, and in an observable electrochemical response. The quantity of target DNA in the concentration range between 1 × 10 mol·L and 1 × 10 mol·L can be determined by measuring the electrochemical current. The method can detect target DNA with rapid response (30 min) and low interference. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of similar efficacy and safety in pilot studies, compared with the contemporary durable polymer drug-eluting stent (DP-DES), the bioabsorbable polymer drug-eluting stent (BP-DES) may be more superior in promoting blood vessel healing. We sought to compare the safety and efficacy of everolimus-eluting BP-DES (BP-EES) with contemporary DP-DES through a meta-analysis. We performed this meta-analysis to provide further evidence of the safety and efficacy of BP-EES. Medline, Embase and the Cochrane library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing clinical efficacy and safety of BP-EES versus contemporary DP-DES. Fifteen RCTs with a total of 15,572 patients were selected. The rate of MACE was 9.4% in patients receiving BP-EES and 7.3% receiving DP-EES (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99–1.29, p = 0.05; I2 = 46%). TLF and MI were also similar in both groups. Based on the available data, this review demonstrates that BP-EES displays a clinically comparable efficacy and safety profile to that of contemporary DP-DES at years of follow-up in patients undergoing PCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the progression of various cancers. The VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy was shown to significantly improve progression-free survival in certain cancers. However, repeated administration is necessary for effective suppression of VEGF, thereby making the therapy expensive and cumbersome. Thus, it is urgent to develop alternative reagents such as VEGF vaccines. Here we report that DTT-VEGF, a VEGF-based antigen consisting of the receptor-binding domain of VEGF and diphtheria toxin T domain (DTT), not only stimulated neutralizing antibody response, but also induced type 1 immune response as well as anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice when administered with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The antibodies triggered by DTT-VEGF immunization inhibited the binding of VEGF to VEGF receptor and downregulated the serum VEGF levels in tumor-bearing mice. VEGF-specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies as well as type 1 cytokines were stimulated by DTT-VEGF vaccination. The splenocytes from DTT-VEGF-immunized mice showed cytotoxic activity against B16-F10 cells expressing VEGF. Extensive necrosis with severe hemorrhage and enhanced CD8 T cell infiltration were observed in tumors from DTT-VEGF-immunized mice. The percentages of CD31 vascular areas in the tumor sections from DTT-VEGF-immunized mice were significantly lower than those of control mice. DTT-VEGF significantly inhibited tumor growth in preventive and therapeutic vaccination settings in mouse models. Our data suggest that DTT is an effective antigen carrier to break immune self-tolerance and our vaccine design has potential to be used for human cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is a natural non-protein amino acid involved in stress, signal transmission, carbon and nitrogen balance, and other physiological processes in plants. In the human body, GABA has the effects of lowering blood pressure, anti-aging, and activating the liver and kidneys. However, there are few studies on the molecular regulation mechanism of genes in the metabolic pathways of GABA during grain development of giant embryo rice with high GABA content. In this study, three glant embryo (ge) mutants of different embryo sizes were obtained by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, and it was found that GABA, protein, crude fat, and various mineral contents of the ge mutants were significantly increased. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis showed that in the GABA shunt and polyamine degradation pathways, the expression levels of most of the genes encoding enzymes promoting GABA accumulation were significantly upregulated in the ge-1 mutant, whereas, the expression levels of most of the genes encoding enzymes involved GABA degradation were significantly downregulated in the ge-1 mutant. This is most likely responsible for the significant increase in GABA content of the ge mutant. These results help reveal the molecular regulatory network of GABA metabolism in giant embryo rice and provide a theoretical basis for the study of its development mechanisms, which is conducive to the rapid cultivation of GABA-rich rice varieties, promoting human nutrition, and ensuring health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactivity of proteins is evaluated to test the adverse effects of nanoparticles interjected into biological systems. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy detects binding affinity that is normally related to biological activity. Utilizing SPR spectroscopy, a concise testing matrix is established by investigating the adsorption level of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and anti-BSA on the surface covered with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA); magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), respectively. The immunoactivity of BSA on MNPs and SWCNT decreased by 18 % and 5 %, respectively, compared to that on the gold film modified with MUA. This indicates that MNPs cause a considerable loss of biological activity of adsorbed protein. This effect can be utilized for practical applications on detailed biophysical research and nanotoxicity studies. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports our efforts to enhance the performance and uniformity for the long tapes of metal–organic deposition YBa2Cu3O7−x (MOD-YBCO) layer on ion-beam-assisted deposition MgO (IBAD-MgO) template. Reflection High-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is employed to realize the in-situ growth monitor of IBAD-MgO, as well as the correlation between the quantitative RHEED peaks and in-plane texture of Epi-MgO identified by XRD, which is an effective guide to improve the uniformity and performance of long YBCO tapes. In addition, the surface of the LMO layer during the magnetron sputtering process is improved via controlling the O2 flux, and then the critical-current density (Jc) of YBCO films has been improved. By optimizing the texture of the MgO layer and precisely controlling the LMO layer growth conditions, the performance and uniformity of YBCO-coated conductors grown by metal–organic deposition (MOD) have been greatly enhanced. The superconducting current-carrying capacities of 12-mm-wide tapes have upgraded steadily from 400–500 A to 500–550 A in past 3 years. The laminated CC tapes with current-carrying capacities of 150–170 A per 4-mm width show good uniformity and high quality along 500-m length, implying being promising for various commercial power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joint-free superconducting annular disks and their stacks, obtained by cutting REBCO (REBa2Cu3O7–δ, RE: rare earth) wide tapes, are proposed as promising passive magnetic shields in this paper. The shielding properties of the disks have been numerically studied using the finite element method. The shielding factor (SF), defined as the ratio between the applied field and the central field, had a frequency-independent value when the magnetic field is much lower than the full penetration field. It appears to have a linear relationship with the ratio of the outer and inner diameter of the disk. Furthermore, various architectures with stacked disks were studied. High shielding factors (SF > 104) under enhanced full penetration fields of above 100 mT can be obtained in the configuration of more disks and proper disk distance (the distance between the disks on each layer). Two stacked disks were designed. In a 1-mT, 1-Hz applied field, the SF of the 4-mm inner diameter discrete stack is 1.21 × 107 (140 dB), and the SF of the 20-mm inner diameter split stack reaches 3.44 × 104 (90 dB). It implies that the stacked REBCO disks have great potential for the application of high-efficiency magnetic shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oceanic squids are typical species that sensitive to the environment change. Previous studies on oceanic squids mainly focus on its annually fluctuated abundance under the background of climate change. The changes of individual morphological sizes, including body and beak, have been observed in recent years. In this study, Ommastrephes bartramii, an important cephalopod species in North Pacific Ocean, has been selected to analyze the annual morphological changes of body and beak under different scales of climate events. Geometric morphometrics was used to analyze the shape variations of both upper beak and lower beak. The possible phenotypic plasticity of body and beak was also discussed in different aspects. Body size showed different variations among different climatic years. The size at the maturity stage in 2015 (El Niño year) was much smaller than that in other years for both sexes. The centroid size representing the beak size showed the significant difference between two types of Pacific Decadal Oscillation phases. The shapes of upper and lower beaks showed significant differences between small-scale climatic patterns in which El Niño or La Niña event occurred, displaying different growth patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) has become more widespread, thus attracting global attention. The vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is currently used in China, being included in planned immunisation regimes. Although ZIKV and JEV are closely related mosquito-borne Flaviviruses, and a complex cross-immune response within flaviviruses has been demonstrated, the effect of JEV vaccination on ZIKV infection has not been well described. Thus, this study aimed to explore the impact of different titres of anti-JEV antibodies (Abs) against ZIKV infection using sera from healthy human donors in Guangzhou and anti-JEV rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) in vitro and vivo. Human anti-JEV Ab titres were tested at decreasing concentrations as the age increased. A neutralising effect on ZIKV infection was observed when anti-JEV Ab titres in human sera or rabbit pAbs were high (the corresponding age was under 30 years). Even though a lower titre in human sera showed no apparent effect, whereas rabbit pAbs had an antibody-dependent enhancement(ADE)effect, we proved an ADE effect in vivo for the first time. This study suggests that individuals over 60 years of age are at high risk for JEV and ZIKV infection, and screening this age group for infection should strengthen. Furthermore, a deep exploration of the relationship between anti-JEV Abs and ZIKV infection is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a mathematical model that can reflect the relationship between temperature increase and thermal error during machining is the core of thermal error compensation technology for CNC machine tools. The collinearity between temperature-sensitive points and the correlation between temperature-sensitive points and thermal errors are important factors affecting the prediction accuracy and robustness of the thermal error compensation model. Based on the thermal error measurement experiments of the Leaderway-V450 CNC machine tool in different periods of the year, the principal component regression (PCR) modelling algorithm, which can eliminate the collinearity effect, is proposed to establish the thermal error compensation model of the machine tool on the basis of selecting the temperature-sensitive points by using the correlation coefficient. It is compared with the newly proposed ridge regression thermal error compensation modelling algorithm. The results show that the thermal error compensation modelling method proposed in this paper can basically control the Z-direction thermal error of the CNC machine tool spindle within 10 μm with only two temperature sensors and has higher engineering practicability. It is found that the thermal error compensation model of machine tools has a jump interval affected by the ambient temperature. This interval is called the temperature-sensitive interval, and a temperature-sensitive interval subsection point selection algorithm is proposed to build a subsection model on both sides of the segment point. The results show that the Z-direction thermal error of the spindle of CNC machine tools can be basically controlled within 5 μm with only two temperature sensors and that the model is highly robust and has great engineering application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octopus is the most abundant genus in the family Octopodidae and accounts for more than half of the total cephalopod landing in neritic fisheries. A taxonomic problem still exists due to synonymous scientific names and limited genetic information. The cephalopod beak is a stable structure that allows an effective solution to the problem of the species and stock identification. Beak shape variation has been more widely considered than beak measurements in recent years. In this study, with the beak as the experimental material, we combined geometric morphometrics (GM) with machine learning methods and compared the discrimination results obtained by traditional and GM methods in four Chinese neritic octopus species (Amphioctopus fangsiao, Amphioctopus ovulum, Octopus minor and Octopus sinensis). According to our analyses, Octopus sinensis has the larger beak size [both upper beak (UB) and lower beak (LB)] than other species. The results of ANOVA showed that all beak measurements differed significantly among the four species. Significant differences in both UB and LB shapes among four species were identified in MANOVA analysis based on the GM method. The results of GM-based discriminant analysis were better than those of traditional measurements, and machine learning methods also showed the higher correct classification rates than linear discriminant analysis. GM is a useful method to reconstruct the shape cephalopod beak and can also effectively distinguish different species. We should improve classification accuracy with machine learning methods for determining species structure in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a facile strategy for preparing Ag nanoparticles with a carbon shell by hydrothermal method, and the effect of Ag source concentration on the resultant stability and sphere sizes was investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscopy and field emission transmission electron microscopy show that the sphere sizes range from 130 nm to 2 μm with the gradual increase of Ag core and carbon shell simultaneously, energy dispersive spectrometry confirms the composition of core-shell-structured Ag@carbon, the face-centered cubic Ag phase is presented by X-ray diffraction analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates that the conductivity of Ag@carbon changes with its sizes. Thereafter, a series of different sized Ag@carbon catalysts are used for the electrochemical sensing of bisphenol A (BPA). The results show that Ag@carbon sphere with a diameter of about 220 nm is a very effective and stable sensing material for the determination of BPA, which shows good prospects for sensor application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WS soft-coated tools were produced by medium-frequency magnetron sputtering, multi-arc ion plating, and ion beam-assisted deposition technique on the cemented carbide YT15 (WC + 15 % TiC + 6 % Co) substrates. The thickness, microhardness, surface morphologies, crystallization, and coating/substrate critical load of the coatings were tested and investigated. Dry turning tests on no. 45 quenched and tempered steel were carried out with the coated tool and uncoated YT15 tool. Cutting forces and cutting temperatures were tested, respectively. The result shows that the cutting force of WS soft-coated tool was decreased by 30-35 %, and the cutting temperature was reduced by 10-15 % in comparison with the uncoated YT15 tool. Through cutting force and cutting temperature theoretical analysis, the lower average shear strength of WS soft coating at the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces leads to the decrease of cutting force and cutting temperature during cutting process. The advantage in cutting force and cutting temperature is obvious in relatively high-speed and high-temperature conditions may be because of the high temperature resistance and the oxidation resistance of WS soft coating which is not sensitive to high cutting temperature and high cutting speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]