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The total growth duration (TGD), the days from emergence to maturation of the soybean, can be divided into vegetative period (VP) and reproductive period (RP). The ratio of RP to VP (R/V) is an index to investigate evolutionary trends and understand the relationships between different growth periods. To increase our understanding of growth period traits with emphasis on R/V, four generation segregated populations, including P, P, F, F, and F were constructed. Joint segregation analysis revealed that R/V was controlled through major genes plus polygenes. QTL mapping result showed that a total of 22 QTLs were associated with growth period traits. One major effect QTL for R/V, qR/V-1, was mapped on the C2 linkage group, and accounted for 46.90 and 33.72 % of the phenotypic variance under spring and summer sowing season conditions, respectively. The parent bands of the major gene were ubiquitous in the soybean germplasms. The chromosome adjacent interval of qR/V-1 was proved to be associated with VP, TGD, RP, and photo-thermal sensitivity of R/V. However, the QTL showed different effects on different growth period traits. In addition, the 2 minor-effect QTLs for R/V could not be detected repeatedly for others growth period traits. These results indicated that the R/V were controlled through differential pathways with other growth period traits, although one major effect QTL was mapped to the same region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive period (RP) is an important trait of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] It is closely related to yield, quality and tolerances to environmental stresses. To investigate the inheritance and photoperiod response of RP in soybean, the F, F, and F populations derived from nine crosses were developed. The inheritance of RP was analyzed through the joint segregation analysis. It was shown that the RP was controlled by one major gene plus polygenes. 181 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from the cross of Xuyong Hongdou × Baohexuan 3 were further used for QTL mapping of RP under normal conditions across 3 environments, using 127 SSR markers. Four QTLs, designated qRP-c-1, qRP-g-1, qRP-m-1 and qRP-m-2, were mapped on C1, G and M linkage groups, respectively. The QTL qRP-c-1 on the linkage group C1 showed stable effect across environments and explained 25.6, 27.5 and 21.4% of the phenotypic variance in Nanjing 2002, Beijing 2003 and Beijing 2004, respectively. Under photoperiod-controlled conditions, qRP-c-1, and two different QTLs designated qRP-l-1 and qRP-o-1, respectively, were mapped on the linkage groups L and O. qRP-o-1 was detected under SD condition and can explained 10.70% of the phenotypic variance. qRP-c-1 and qRP-l-1 were detected under LD condition and for photoperiod sensitivity. The two major-effect QTLs can explain 19.03 and 19.00% of the phenotypic variance, respectively, under LD condition and 16.25 and 14.12%, respectively, for photoperiod sensitivity. Comparative mapping suggested that the two major-effect QTLs, qRP-c-1 and qRP-l-1, might associate with E8 or GmCRY1a and the maturity gene E3 or GmPhyA3, respectively. These results could facilitate our understanding of the inheritance of RP and provide information on marker-assisted breeding for high yield and wide adaptation in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown spot (BS) is a destructive foliar disease in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and is caused by Alternaria alternata. BS poses a serious threat to tobacco production worldwide. To develop molecular markers that are tightly linked to BS resistance for marker-assisted selection (MAS), F2, F2:3 and BC3F2:3 populations were developed from a cross between a source of BS resistance Jingyehuang (JYH) and a BS susceptible flue-cured variety NC82. One hundred eighty-one F2 individuals, 180 F2:3 lines and 256 BC3F2:3 lines were evaluated for field resistance under different environments and quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified by linkage mapping. A major QTL was mapped on chromosome15; this QTL explained 8.6-18.0% of the phenotypic variation under different conditions. Furthermore, 219 accessions were evaluated for their responses to BS at two sites, and association mapping (AM) was used to verify the chromosomal region harboring the major QTL. The AM results showed that six significant marker-trait associations were detected at two sites. Among these markers, the marker Indel53 within the specific chromosomal region exhibited the most significant association with resistance to BS and explained 20.0 and 21.5% of the phenotypic variation at the two sites, respectively. An approximately 2-Mb physical interval at the locus of marker Indel53 contained 31 predicted genes; quantitative real-time PCR results suggested that two of these genes (Nitab 4.5_0000264g0050.1 and Nitab 4.5_0000264g0130.1) were probable candidate genes for resistance to BS. In summary, our results suggested that the novel major QTL from tobacco variety JYH for resistance to BS provided partial effective resistance against A. alternata and was useful for MAS of resistance to BS in tobacco breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora nicotianae is highly pathogenic to Solanaceous crops and is a major problem in tobacco production. The tobacco cultivar Beihart1000-1 (BH) is resistant, whereas the Xiaohuangjin 1025 (XHJ) cultivar is susceptible to infection. Here, BH and XHJ were used as models to identify resistant and susceptible genes using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Roots were sampled at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 60 h post infection. In total, 23,753 and 25,187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in BH and XHJ, respectively. By mapping upregulated DEGs to the KEGG database, changes of the rich factor of "plant pathogen interaction pathway" were corresponded to the infection process. Of all the DEGs in this pathway, 38 were specifically regulated in BH. These genes included 11 disease-resistance proteins, 3 pathogenesis-related proteins, 4 RLP/RLKs, 2 CNGCs, 7 calcium-dependent protein kinases, 4 calcium-binding proteins, 1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, 1 protein EDS1L, 2 WRKY transcription factors, 1 mannosyltransferase, and 1 calmodulin-like protein. By combining the analysis of reported susceptible (S) gene homologs and DEGs in XHJ, 9 S gene homologs were identified, which included 1 calmodulin-binding transcription activator, 1 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel, 1 protein trichome birefringence-like protein, 1 plant UBX domain-containing protein, 1 ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein, 2 callose synthases, and 2 cellulose synthase A catalytic subunits. qRT-PCR was used to validate the RNA-seq data. The comprehensive transcriptome dataset described here, including candidate resistant and susceptible genes, will provide a valuable resource for breeding tobacco plants resistant to P. nicotianae infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) caused serious loss in yield and quality of tobacco every year. It is a long-term goal to improve the tobacco resistance against TMV by tobacco breeding. N gene was the firstly reported TMV-resistant gene, which showed resistance against all Tobamoviruses except the Ob stain and belonged to the toll-interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat class of plant resistance (R) genes. At present, N gene had already been widely used in tobacco conventional breeding, but there is rare available molecular maker used in marker-assisted selection of TMV resistance. In this study, we designed a pair of primers that specific amplify N gene fragment based on the sequence of N gene intron III, named N-marker. Then, we identified TMV resistance by two selecting methods, PCR with N-marker and inoculated with the TMV-C strain. Results from the two method showed that (1) 13 varieties among 67 tobacco varieties displayed hypersensitive reaction when inoculated with the TMV-C strain, also contained N gene fragments screened by PCR with N-marker; (2) 105 strains of 200 BC1 strains showed resistance against TMV when inoculated with TMV-C strain, meanwhile, 103 of the 105 strains contained N gene fragment verified by PCR with N-marker. Therefore, the N-marker is reliable for high throughput screening of germplasm resources and tobacco breeding materials in selection of N-mediated TMV resistance. Our study not only developed a molecular marker for tobacco breeding, but also identified new germplasm resources that are resistant to TMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]