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Medical textiles have become increasingly important and extend the strong protection role in the healthcare industry. The goal of this study was to improve conventional cotton gauze into advanced biomedical specifications with antimicrobial activity. The cotton gauze fabrics were modified by in situ wet chemical precipitation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NP) with Calotropis procera and Wrightia tinctoria plant latex serum extract. The developed nanoparticles were initially examined by UV–visible spectrophotometer with maximum absorbance peak at 274 nm for Calotropis procera and 286 nm for Wrightia tinctoria. To determine the lattice formation and average crystal size, X-ray diffraction (XRD) study was done and the size was observed as 31.13 μm and 29.18 μm for Calotropis procera and Wrightia tinctoria serum extract hydroxyapatite nanoparticles respectively. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of functional groups such as the carbonate and phosphate group in both the developed nanoparticle as they are the important agents for forming Hap. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) result confirms the developed nanoparticle was hexagonal in shape with polycrystalline morphology. Deposition of Calotropis procera and Wrightia tinctoria HAp NP onto cotton gauze fabrics resulted in significant antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Hence, the present work highlighted the development of plant extract-mediated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles having excellent antibacterial properties and it can be recommended for medical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community is becoming increasingly interested in the production of activated carbon (AC) using pyrolyzed biomass wastes as potential sustainable precursors. Both chemical and physical methods may have a significant impact on the chemical and physical properties of AC, making it suitable for a variety of applications such as water pollution treatment, CO2 capture, dye, and heavy metal (HM) removal, and energy storage. The properties of AC are significantly influenced by feedstock composition, pyrolysis conditions, and carbon activation parameters. In comparison to traditional AC, activated biochar appears to be a new potentially cost-effective, and environmentally friendly carbon material with a wide range of applications. Walnut is a well-known member of the Juglandaceae family. Walnut Shell (WS) is extremely tough and degrades very slowly, and the multiple synthesis procedures employ the shell to prepare AC. In this review article, a detailed list of products and different applications of AC from the WS is provided. The cited results explain the optimal conditions for an adsorption process, which include pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, agitation speed, contact time, efficiency, adsorption capacity, fitting model, kinetics, and thermodynamics. In addition, it also describes the removal of a few organic compounds, and energy storage applications using parameters such as BET, different electrolytes, and specific capacitance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsteady two immiscible MHD free convective flow of Casson liquid through a vertical channel, with a porous medium, is studied numerically in this investigation. Using a double perturbation approach, the governing flow equations are reduced to a system of connected partial differential equations, which are then solved using the 4th-order numerical Runge–Kutta method coupled with the shooting approach in Mathematica. The velocity and thermal slip conditions have been accommodated in this model. The interaction of permeability of the porous medium, energy dissipation, Joule heating, and thermal radiation are taken into consideration. The computational upshot is also described explicitly to examine the consequences of pertinent parameters. The computational results are analyzed to investigate the effects associated with pertinent parameters which include the Hartmann number of two regions, Darcy number, a ratio of Porous medium permeability, Grashof number, Radiation parameter, heat source, and Prandtl number. The characteristics of the essential regulating parameters on flow frameworks of velocity, temperature, Entropy generation, Bejan number, and heat transfer rate are analyzed correctly via plots, and skin friction and flow rate are given in tabular form. As the radiation parameter rises both velocity and temperature of the Casson fluid decreases. The rate of entropy generation falls with a rise in the magnetic field. The Bejan number escalates as it moves forward from the lower wall to the channel's center. In the later part of the channel, the Bejan number starts to drastically fall and reaches a minimum at the upper wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a novel investigation into optimizing the milling process of S-GFRP composites using a combination of spindle speed, cutting depth, and feed rate. The study utilizes the Taguchi method and a unique Orthogonal Array L9 design to examine the impact of different parameter combinations on cutting force, surface roughness, and delamination. The results of this study are further analyzed through a combination of Grey Relational Analysis and ANOVA to determine the significance of each input parameter. The findings of this work demonstrate that the speed of the spindle is the most influential factor with largest contribution of 66.64% on all three responses, followed by feed with 26.12% contribution and cutting depth contribution 5.78%. this research provides a valuable insights for the optimization of end milling processes in S-GFRP composite materials. The findings can be used to improve the performance and quality of machined S-GFRP composite parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiogenesis is one of the most important steps during pregnancy for placental and fetal development. Based on the hypothesis that vascular insufficiency and altered angiogenesis may lead to early pregnancy loss, the present study was aimed to understand the role of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and Placental growth factor (PLGF) gene expression in placental angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Gene expression analysis of VEGFA and PLGF was carried out in the placental tissue collected from 30 women with recurrent pregnancy loss and compared with the placenta obtained from 16 women with medically terminated pregnancy. The mRNA expression of both VEGFA and PLGF genes were significantly downregulated in the placenta of recurrent pregnancy loss in comparison to the placenta of medically terminated pregnancies. In conclusion the results of the present study suggest that altered expression of VEGFA and PLGF genes in placenta disturb the angiogenesis and contribute to the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption has proven to be a cost-effective option for treating wastewater containing dyes and other pollutants, as it is a simple and low-cost technique. In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted from sugarcane bagasse using the acid hydrolysis technique and used as an effective adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye. The chemistry behind the segregation of cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse and its adsorption of methylene blue dye from textile wastewater has been discussed. The obtained nanocrystals were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA). The dye solution was subjected to extracted CNC, observed the dye absorption capacity, and found that the absorbance of the dye solution after treatment was decreased compared to the stock solution. With an increase in treatment time from 30 to 90 min, there was a rapid decrease in absorbency values obtained through UV spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, the utilization of a large number of vehicles has led to congested traffic conditions and an increase in accidents. These issues are considered primary problems in the transportation field. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop a novel method for monitoring traffic. To address this, we propose a new model called the residual faster recurrent convolutional (RFRC) algorithm. While the proposed model achieves good detection accuracy, it must also meet the demands of real-life scenarios. In this approach, the ResNet-50 model is combined with the faster recurrent-based convolutional neural network (FRCNN) to enable the detection of autonomous vehicles. We utilize the dung beetle optimizer (DBO) with a crossover strategy for feature selection, focusing on selecting relevant features for analysis. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed RFRC method, we conduct experiments using two datasets: the KITTI dataset and the COCO2017 dataset. The evaluation of the RFRC model is performed using various measures, including f1-score, precision, recall, accuracy, and specificity, on both datasets. The proposed RFRC model outperforms both datasets and attains better results in autonomous vehicle detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological breakthroughs of Internet of thing (IoT) applications in various sectors are nowadays contributing to the development of smart mobile IoT (SM-IoT). Lack of authentication and encryption schemes make SM-IoT more susceptible to major security and privacy issues. Signcryption has evolved as a new paradigm in recent years that provides better authenticity and security to the messages and minimizes both computation cost and communication costs simultaneously. To secure the communicated message on the sender and receiver sides, this paper proposes an efficient and secure decentralized communication system to offer personalized service for the users. The proposed network framework comprises four key entities namely trusted service providers, gateways, resource senders, and receivers. The master private keys are generated at the initial setup phase. Then, the optimal partial private keys are extracted and broadcasted through the channel by the key extraction process utilizing the fuzzy whale sine cosine levy algorithm. The ciphertext is generated for the sender on signcryption using a modified Identity-based Cryptography approach. The signcryption ciphertext generated is broadcasted via gateways to the receiver by measuring verification parameters. Finally, the designcryption process is performed using the certificateless hybrid signcryption scheme to retrieve the plaintext message. The proposed secure communication network is evaluated using performance metrics such as bilinear pairing time, modular experimentation time, pairing-based experimentation time, elliptic curve (EC) scalar point multiplication time, map-to-point hash function time, and EC point addition time. The experimental results revealed the effectiveness of the proposed secure communication framework on both the sender and receiver sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung malignancy represents a group of diseases that affect people worldwide. According to the reports, 1.69 million people died in 2015. Presymptomatic work raises patient ability and boosts treatment success. The accuracy of disease detection, velocities, and computer technology standards are used to calculate CAD systems. This study investigated the malignant tumor detection method over a few currently used structures. This article discusses lung carcinoma segmentation and the classification of methods. The five steps of the computer-assisted workflow are image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. It focuses on the edge-segmentation process, which is becoming more popular for effective image segmentation in regions. Moreover, the key attributes can be deduced from feature resemblance and transmitted to the classification technique. The lung cancer image's area features are classified using a clustering technique. The lung cancer image's cancer field has been removed using CNN. Moreover, the histogram and adaptive median filter are applied to enhance segmentation performance. The experimental studies utilized basic images acquired from the database and existing health data obtained from the patient. The results demonstrated that the proposed statistical method's performance, which can produce better results than other existing predictions, is superior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of L-2-aminobutyric acid D-methionine (LABADM) with optical activity have been grown by the slow evaporation method from a solution of L-2-aminobutyric acid D-methionine and water. The thermal stability and melting point of the crystal grown were ascertained via TGDTA analysis. In this investigation, the Fourier transform infrared spectra of LABADM in its solid form were recorded and analysed. The ab initio Hartree–Fock and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) methods were employed to conduct theoretical calculations on the optimised molecular structure, HOMO–LUMO, molecular electrostatic potential surfaces, nonlinear optical Mulliken charges, and vibrational studies for LABADM. These calculations were carried out using the 6–311+G(d,p) basis set. The density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) methods with a 6–311+G(d,p) basis set were employed to carry out UV‒Vis analysis for LABADM. The potential for charge transfer within the molecule is indicated by the small HOMO–LUMO energy gap. NBO analysis confirmed the presence of intermolecular O–N…H hydrogen bonds resulting from the interaction between the lone pair of oxygen and the antibonding orbital. The non-covalent interaction revealed charge transfer between LABA and DM. The density of states (DOS) provided for the charge transfer behavior of electrons in the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dl-2-Aminobutanoate tartrate (D2ABT) single crystal was grown by the slow evaporation solution method at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction was conducted to confirm the crystal structure of the grown crystal. FT-IR and FT-Raman studies were performed to identify functional groups within the crystal structure. The optical quality of the grown crystals was analysed by UV–Vis and NIR spectral analysis. The obtained result exhibits between the 410 and 1100 nm range, which is good optical transparency. The thermal behaviour of grown crystals has been studied using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG-DTA). Hydrogen and carbon in the surrounding areas of the crystal were analysed using an FT NMR spectrum. A scanning electron microscope observed the surface morphology of a single crystal. Density functional theory has been used to investigate grown crystals’ Hirshfeld surface analysis properties. The outstanding physicochemical properties of grown single crystals (D2ABT) will be useful for optical and various biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water saving technology for lowland rice cultivation was very crucial because of in the future irrigation water become scarce and competed with other sectors. The lowering of the availability of irrigation water had the impact for sustainability of rice production. The study revealed that treatment I1 attributed by the highest total water use (1646 mm) and the lowest Water productivity (0.46 kg m−3) produced the highest grain yield (7.56 t/ha). Treatment I5 and I6, on the contrary, gave the second highest yield (7.21 and 7.05 t/ha) and consequently the second highest water productivity (0.65 and 0.59 kgm−3) indicating quite a large water saving (26.6 and 35%) compared to treatment I1. The yields in treatments I4 (6.0 t/ha) and I8 (6.30 t/ha) were significantly lower at 5% level of significance compared to that of treatment I1. No significant effect was found for the AWD irrigation regimes on the post-harvest soil nutrient status. Reduced plant height, leaf area index, plant nutrient uptake, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were found with the increasing water stress. The study emphasized that rice crop can be successfully grown by adopting an appropriate AWD irrigation regime without any significant yield decline under sandy clay soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-phase magnetoelectric multiferroic materials with good coupling coefficients are very few and have wide applications. Numerous structural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic studies have been conducted in iron–vanadium-based double perovskites. With this, the current work focuses on magnetoelectric coupling of iron–vanadium-based double perovskite material Ba2FeVO6. The sample is prepared through conventional solid-state reaction route and X-ray diffraction confirms multiphase structure—orthorhombic structure (86.62%) with Bb21m space group and an R-centered trigonal structure (13.38%) with a space group of R-3m. Presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions is inferred from X-ray photon spectroscopy analysis. Room-temperature ferromagnetism of the sample is detected from M–H loop and ferroelectric nature from P–E loop analysis. Temperature-dependent magnetization shows that material has a high Curie temperature of 745.9 K. Moreover, magnetoelectric coupling measurement shows that the material has the property of magnetoelectric multiferroicity. The observed coupling coefficient is 6.9 mVcm−1Oe−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different energy interaction parameters such as Slater–Condon (Fk), Racah (Ek) factor, Lande (ξ4f) parameter, nephelauxetic ratio (β), bonding parameter (b1/2), and percent covalency parameter () were evaluated for the 4f–4f transition spectra of free and complexed Nd3+ ion with the amino acid ligands namely L-tryptophan and L-isoleucine. The experiment was conducted in different aquated organic solvents (dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, and methanol) in the presence/absence of Mg2+, which was extended further at different pH (2, 4, and 6) in dimethylformamide medium. The calculated values of the energy interaction parameters could indicate the detailed fashion of binding of the ligand with the metal including its possible coordination number theoretically. The complexation was found to be most favorable in DMF solvent and also at pH 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this game theoretic proposed work, non-cooperative game is considered in heterogeneous network (Hetnet), and each base station is treated as a competitive player in the game, where all base station compete selfishly to transmit at higher power. The solution of this game theoretic approach is mathematically derived to find out the optimal point through Nash equilibrium (NE). It leads to enhancing the overall performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency and power consumption, through the vicinity of constraints such as load, small cell density and unnecessary blockage. The reward function is designed to provide each player with the desired transmission power by taking into account their power consumption, base station density and the risk of blockage. For the proposed approach, the existence of the Nash equilibrium is proved, and a next-generation heterogeneous network is suggested with an optimal cost solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the structural, dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetoelectric coupling properties of (1−x) LiNbO3 − (x) La0.9Na0.1MnO3 with x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 nanocomposites. The composite of ferroelectric material LiNbO3 (LNB) and magnetic material La0.9Na0.1MnO3 (LNMO) was synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction method. The X-ray diffraction study confirms the formation of the perovskite samples. The crystalline sizes of the samples increased with an increase in x. The improved properties of these composites by the addition of LNMO were investigated through various analysis methods. The composite with x = 0.3 exhibits the highest enhanced values of dielectric permittivity (ε′) and a.c. conductivity with the lowest activation energy Ea = 1.41 eV. The highest magnetoelectric coupling property is also observed for this concentration. This material has wide application in sensors, data storage devices and in pyroelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-season agricultural drought is frequent over South Asian region due to delayed or deficient monsoon rainfall. These drought events often cause delay in sowing and can even result in crop failure. The present study focuses on monitoring early-season agricultural drought in a semi-arid region of India over 5-year period (2016–2020). It utilizes hydro-climatic and biophysical variables to develop a combined drought index (CDI), which integrates anomalies in soil moisture conditions, rainfall, and crop-sown area progression. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)–based soil moisture index (SMI) represents in situ measured soil moisture with reasonable accuracy (r=0.68). Based on the highest F1-score, SAR backscatter in VH (vertical transmit-horizontal receive) polarization with specific values for parameter threshold (−18.63 dB) and slope threshold (−0.072) is selected to determine the start of season (SoS) with a validation accuracy of 73.53%. The CDI approach is used to monitor early-season agricultural drought and identified drought conditions during June–July in 2019 and during July in 2018. Conversely, 2020 experienced consistently wet conditions, while 2016 and 2017 had near-normal conditions. Overall, the study highlights the use of SAR data for early-season agricultural drought monitoring, which is mainly governed by soil moisture–driven crop-sowing progression. The proposed methodology holds potential for effective monitoring, management, and decision-making in early-season agricultural drought scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiferroic composites offer promising prospects for low-power multifunctional devices. Here, we report the structural, electrical, dielectric, magnetic, and magnetodielectric properties of the multiferroic composite material (1 − x)LiNbO3–xLa0.9Na0.1MnO3 (where x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3). Ferroelectric and magnetic phases were synthesized using citrate gel method and the conventional solid-state reaction method was used for the preparation of multiferroic composite material with different mixing percentage values of x. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the crystalline purity and the crystal structure of the material. The microstructural and elemental composition analyses were done by FE-SEM, X-ray photon spectroscopic (XPS), and EDAX techniques. Dielectric studies and impedance analysis imply the dynamic behavior of charge carriers inside the composites. The maximum value of dielectric constant (5000) was obtained at x = 0.3 for xLa0.9Na0.1MnO3 phase. From impedance analysis method, the equivalent circuit of (1 − x)LiNbO3–xLa0.9Na0.1MnO3 (where x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) composite was found out. The P–E hysteresis loop reveals the ferroelectric nature of the composite. Sample with x = 0.1 of xLa0.9Na0.1MnO3 phase gives the highest values for maximum polarization and remnant polarization. The enhanced magnetic properties of the composite material were substantiated with M–H hysteresis loop measurements. The magnetodielectric and magnetoelectric coupling measurements revealed the presence of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic coupling nature of the composite material. From all these analyses, the multiferroic composites with the composition x = 0.3(La0.9Na0.1MnO3) yields the maximum ferroelectric and magnetic coupling behavior. So, this composite material has wide applications in multifunctional nano devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies on genetically susceptible individuals and animal models revealed the potential role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) through complex interactions with the immune system. T1D incidence has been increasing exponentially with modern lifestyle altering normal microbiota composition, causing dysbiosis characterized by an imbalance in the gut microbial community. Dysbiosis has been suggested to be a potential contributing factor in T1D. Moreover, several studies have shown the potential role of probiotics in regulating T1D through various mechanisms. Current T1D therapies target curative measures; however, preventive therapeutics are yet to be proven. This review highlights immune microbiota interaction and the immense role of probiotics and postbiotics as important immunological interventions for reducing the risk of T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a retraction note for an article titled "Speech to speech interaction system using Multimedia Tools and Partially Observable Markov Decision Process for visually impaired students." The article has been retracted by the publisher due to concerns regarding compromised editorial handling and peer review process, inappropriate or irrelevant references, and not being in scope of the journal or guest-edited issue. The authors have not responded to correspondence regarding this retraction. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

This work states triband meander line base antenna with asymmetric Co-planar wave guide feed applicable for Wi-MAX, North American Public safety and Satellite Applications across the operating frequency of (5.3 GHz, 6.6 GHz, and 8.1 GHz). The proposed antenna with a compact size of 25 × 25 × 1.6 mm3 is designed using Ansys electronics desktop software over an FR-4 epoxy substrate. Coplanar Wave guide (CPW) is printed on either side of the antenna to the meander-type patch. To minimize the S-parameters of the antenna, slots are placed in the CPW. The antenna performance was evaluated based on return loss, operational bandwidth, gain, VSWR and radiation pattern characteristics. During measurement, return loss was measured by reading the S(1,1) port reflection constant parameter, which was found to be < −10 dB. As a result, the proposed antenna shows an efficiency value of > 80% across the operating frequency. The presented antenna results are analyzed experimentally through ANRITSU-MS2037C combinational analyzer. It is observed that the measured results are confirmed with the simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are engineered environments designed to utilise natural processes to treat urban or industrial wastewater, with the core driver of the bioremediation process provided by the microorganisms present within. This study isolated 32 bacterial strains from sediment across the Sardar Bherry CW to find candidates with remediation properties and to understand how the physiochemical gradient from wastewater input influences the functional properties of the bacteria present. Bacterial isolates recovered closer to the wastewater effluence were more likely to be pathogenic, with increased haemolytic activity, causing high rates of fish mortality. In contrast, isolates recovered further from the wastewater source were observed to be non-pathogenic and have increased inhibitory effect against pathogenic strains. Extracellular proteins extracted from non-pathogenic isolates also appeared to be effective at inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains. Non-pathogenic isolates recovered across all sampling sites displayed the ability to reduce high levels of ammonia in solution during laboratory testing. Antibiogram assays of the recovered isolates showed a relatively high rate of multidrug resistant or marginally resistant bacteria across all sampling sites, highlighting a potential limitation within the CW bioremediation process in mitigating antibiotic resistant strains. This isolate based study provided an avenue to understand the influence of spatial succession from wastewater effluence on bacterial characteristics, as well as obtain candidates that can be further investigated for optimisation in bioremediation efforts. The cultured isolates can supplement future environmental sequencing studies by providing wet lab specimens to compare (meta)genomic information discovered within the CW ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate whether scale inhibitors' performance vary with operational conditions and if so, how to develop a methodology for the same. Commonly used internal water treatment additive ingredients, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) were used and effect of temperature and presence of magnesium ions were taken to consideration for the optimization studies. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was synthesized from calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution by addition of sodium carbonate in the presence of NTA, HEDP and magnesium ions (Mg2+) between 60 and 100 °C. The samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM techniques. The study revealed HEDP is most effective in scale inhibition at 80–100 °C when 5 ml Mg2+ ion solution was used. The mechanism of inhibitor's interaction on the crystallization revealed that the formation of CaCO3 when its ionic product reach solubility product resulted in the stabilization and depletion of Ca2+ ions. This can result into liberation of more inhibitor into the system that can complex with the Mg2+. If the ionic product of Mg2+ and CO32− ions reaches its solubility product formation of MgCO3 initiates. This is a critical point as the further formation of CaCO3 causes depletion in CO32− ions and this initiates the dissolution of MgCO3. This facilitated a positive synergistic effect on the stabilization of vaterite at 80–100 °C when 5 ml of Mg2+ solution was present in HEDP systems. The data also showed that it is essential to have an empirical investigation to ascertain the efficacy of internal treatment formulation for various operational conditions and feed water parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have theoretically investigated the sensing and detection mechanism of refractive index of various samples containing extracellular vesicles by using the conventional and mirror image 1D defective photonic crystal designs. The transfer matrix method has been used to analyze the transmission properties of both structures at normal incidence. The performance of the proposed designs has been examined by measuring the shift in the position of the defect mode inside PBGs of respective structures depending upon the corresponding change in refractive index of various EV samples. The comparison between the observed data with the experimentally available standard data may be used to find out refractive index of unknown EV samples. Moreover, mirror image 1D defective PC design can be used as an alternative of one-dimensional annular photonic crystal without defect with air core in which propagation of electromagnetic waves is only along the radial direction. Finally, we have compared the sensing and detection features of both the designs made up of a conventional and mirror image 1D defective PCs. It has been noticed that the mirror image defective structure provides a narrow transmission peak of unit transmittance inside the PBG. This remarkable feature of mirror image one-dimensional defective photonic crystal design may be utilized to develop various highly sensitive sensors. The figure of merit and quality factor values of the proposed design are high and low, respectively. Such high performance bio-sensor with better sensing capabilities may be very useful in chemical and biological sample detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI), the most promising device is multi gate Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET), as it offers reduced leakage current and better short channel performance. Modern design methodologies for 5 nm node NMOS FinFET transistors are examined in this paper to realize low power and low off state current (Ioff) needs. Changing the punch through stop implant dose, source and drain junction placement, gate work function, Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), and sub-threshold slope in combination with cut-in voltage yields the Ioff and Ion (on state current). Source drain expansion design, Fin doping concentration, and gate work function selection are exploited such that a FinFET device provides the requirements of low power and ultra-low power transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we describe systematic studies on multiferroic composites (1−x) Bi Fe0.9Mn0.1O3/xLa0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) synthesized via solid-state reaction route. Structural, dielectric, impedance, magnetic, magnetoelectric (ME), and optical properties were investigated at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show peaks corresponding to both Bi Fe0.9Mn0.1O3 (BMFO) and La 0.7Sr 0.3MnO3 (LSMO) phases and confirms the formation of composites. The frequency responses of dielectric constant and AC conductivity of the samples enhances with increasing content of LSMO and Nyquist plots have been investigated at room temperature. M–H loops at room temperature show enhancement in magnetization values on the addition of LSMO. Furthermore, the ME responses of the samples were analyzed and ME coupling coefficients were calculated for all the samples. Optical band gap and luminescence properties of the materials suggest their applications in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wireless network (WN) has become an integral part of the living habits of human beings. Most of the crypto chips are broadly utilized in WN application to assure the security of information. The functional correctness of cryptographic devices should be verified to authenticate the precision of the secrecy of the information. In the IC industry correctness of the wireless sensing device can be verified by scan design-based testing. The scan chain-based testing is the most popularly used testing technique due to its increased fault coverage and improved test quality. It also acts as a hacking tool and recovers sensitive data through side-channel attacks like power, time, or hamming distance. This paper presents the state-of-art-of secure mechanism to protect the scan chain from the side-channel attack using the obfuscation technique and logic locking Scheme. The proposed methodology provides direct access to internal data to the authorized test engineer. Although, the security synthesis creates a controllable confusion between the reverse-engineered netlist and the original design. The proposed secure design protects the design from a hamming distance-based attack, brute force attack, and hill-climbing attack. Then evaluate the security and overhead of the suggested approach using ISCAS'89 and ITC'99 test circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we delineate the complexation of Pr3+ with L-phenylalanine in the presence/absence of Mg2+ by computing the absorption spectral parameters, such as the energy interaction parameters: Slater–Condon factor (Fk), Lande spin–orbit interaction (ξ4f), Racah (Ek), percent covalency (δ), bonding parameter (b1/2), and nephelauxetic ratio (β), as well as the intensity parameters: oscillator strength (P) and Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters Tλ (λ = 2, 4, 6) in various aqueous solutions of CH3CN, DMF, CH3OH, and C4H8O2 at pH 4. The results of the interaction of metal with ligand, studied through 4f–4f transition spectra, were clearly shown by the variations in the calculated values of the intensity as well as energy interaction parameters. Pre-exponential factor (A), activation energy (Ea), rate constant (k), and thermodynamic parameters: ΔSº, ΔGº, and ΔHº have been computed to analyze the reaction strategies as well as the thermodynamic properties of the complexation process of the metal (Pr3+) with ligands (L-phenylalanine and Mg2+). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the constant increase in power dissipation of nanoscale transistors, the almost four-decade-old cycle of performance advancement in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology is in danger of being disrupted. As revealed in the first study, negative capacitance states in an isolated ferroelectric capacitor can be identified almost instantly when the capacitor is switched on. Increasing ferroelectric volume fraction depolarization, as demonstrated by phase-field modelling, results in rapid expansion of domain walls, which results in a negative capacitance signature. One must understand how the ferroelectric material is connected to the interfacial oxide and semiconductor, as well as how negative capacitance values can be achieved, in order to obtain amplification and margin of error. If one can adhere to these guidelines, your design will be optimized and free of hysteresis issues. The negative capacitance effect of ferroelectric oxides, according to our research, can be leveraged to drastically minimize power dissipation in nanoscale semiconductor transistors. The SS can be reduced to less than 60 mV/dec by using FETs with negative capacitance, such as FE-FETs and other comparable devices. These FETs' gate dielectric is comprised of an unstable substance, making them unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed palynological and organic geochemical analysis of middle Eocene marlstones from the Siju Formation, Garo Hills of Meghalaya, were undertaken. All marl samples contained abundant organic wall dinoflagellate cysts and a few number of spores-pollen grains, foraminiferal linings and calcareous foraminifera. The palynological assemblage consists of 21 genera and 35 species with fungal remains. The occurrence of palynofloral assemblage indicates the prevalence of tropical–subtropical with humid climatic conditions. The deposition environment of the Siju Formation has been interpreted as the neritic setting. Organic matter is thermally immature representing type III–type IV kerogen with low total organic carbon (<0.72%). The biomarkers suggest microbial degradation of both reworked and terrestrial organic matter. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicate charred biomass transported from the land. Research Highlights: An integrated study of palynology and organic geochemistry was carried out in the middle Eocene of the Siju Formation of Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Dinoflagellate cysts and spores, and pollen grains suggested that the Siju Formation has tropical-subtropical and neritic settings. The biomarkers indicated microbial degradation of both reworked and terrestrial organic matter. Rock-Eval pyrolysis and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis suggested the thermal maturity and type of kerogen [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the approaches adopted for the extraction of earthquake-induced features from ionospheric irregularities like spread F and sporadic E are discussed. For this purpose, a few Japan earthquakes (EQ) with magnitude M > 7 are selected. The selection procedures for identifying earthquake-induced effects in these irregularity parameters are discussed, and the EQ time signature in these irregularities is then defined as enhancement in fxI and foEs prior to an earthquake. The analysis output shows that the critical frequency of spread F index increases by 16–83%, 3–5 days prior to the earthquakes and the critical frequency of sporadic E increases by 50–110%, 2–4 days prior to the EQ. In case of May 30, 2015, Japan EQ with M = 7.8, the critical frequency of sporadic E increased up to 18 MHz prior to an EQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation technique where water is applied to the field a number of days after disappearance of ponded water. This is in contrast to the traditional irrigation practice of continuous flooding (i.e., never letting the ponded water disappear). This means that the rice fields are not kept continuously submerged but are allowed to dry intermittently during the rice growing stage. The number of days where the field is allowed to be "non-flooded" before irrigation is applied can vary from 1 to more than 10. The underlying premise behind this irrigation technique is that the roots of the rice plant are still adequately supplied with water for some period (due to the initial flooding) even if there is currently no observable ponded water in the field. There is a specific form of AWD called "Safe AWD" that has been developed to potentially reduce water inputs by about 30%, while maintaining yields at the level of flooded rice. In Safe AWD, the ponded water on the field (also called "perched water") is allowed to drop to 10–15 cm below the soil surface before irrigation is applied. The depth of perched water is monitored using a perforated or punctured water tube embedded in the soil. With the threshold of 10–15 cm, roots are still able to extract water from the perched water table and no stress to the plants develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model of immobilized enzyme system in a porous planar, cylindrical, and spherical particle is discussed. The model is based on a nonlinear factor associated with reversible Michaelis–Menten kinetics of the enzyme process. The reliable semi-analytical is a special case of Akbari-Ganji method is used to solve the nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation in the immobilized enzymes system. Hence, closed-form approximate analytic expressions for the concentration and effectiveness factors profile are derived. The effect of various parameters on the governing equation is analytically studied. The accuracy of the derived analytical results is validated by direct comparison with MATLAB-generated numerical simulations, where significant agreement between the numerical and analytical expressions is noted. The proposed method is extendable to various nonlinear reaction–diffusion models that emerge in immobilized enzyme systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic study of room temperature magnetoelectric properties of lead-free (1 − x) Bi0.9La0.1FeO3/xLa0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) composites synthesized via solid-state reaction route. We investigated the crystal structure, morphology, elemental presence, dielectric parameters, and electric polarization properties. Magnetization versus field study shows an enhancement in magnetization values as we add La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) to the Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 (BLFO) samples. The magnetoelectric (ME) coupling coefficient increases from 10.21 to 23.16 mVcm−1Oe−1 as the concentration of LSMO varies from x = 0 to 0.2. The observed linear dependence of voltage generation with modulating AC field point toward the direct application of the material in a variety of next-generation low power consuming memory devices, spintronics, sensors, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the optical and magnetodielectric properties of Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 (BLFO) and its composite (0.9) Bi0.9La0.1FeO3/(0.1) La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (BLFO 10) at room temperature. Crystal structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern and W–H plots were used to explore the strain developed in the samples. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) confirmed the presence of metal–oxygen bonds in the samples. The optical absorption spectra indicate an enhancement in the band gap energy of the composite on the addition of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO). The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum reveals that the recombination of electron–hole pairs was suppressed in composites and the chromaticity coordinates were found to be nearly close to the white light region. The multiferroic behavior analyzed through magnetodielectric (MD) analysis shows 4.44% MD effect in BLFO and − 0.45% in BLFO 10 at 1 kHz frequency. By analyzing the thermodynamic equation, the existence of magnetoelectric coupling in BLFO and BLFO 10 was confirmed and magnetodielectric interaction coefficients were also calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth in the world population and fast developing industrialization have resulted in the acceleration of environmental pollution due to inadequate treatment methods accompanied by depletion of freshwater. The current research focused on the batch treatment of slaughter house wastewater (SWW) using the sequential three-step electro-coagulation (EC)–electro-oxidation (EO)–adsorption column (AC) processes and to compare the optimized values with the Omani National Standards for the application in irrigation purpose. The characterization of SWW before and after treatment was carried out by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4–N) and conductivity. The optimization of the treatment processes was performed by response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design. The maximum response obtained using EC unit was 99% with an operating cost of 2.78 USD/m3. The optimum treatment conditions in EC method were found to be 4.0 pH, electrolysis time of 30 min and electrolyte dosage of 5 g/L, with a current density of 18.11 mA/cm2. The maximum reduction in COD was 97% with an operating cost 0.32 USD/m3. The optimum COD reduction in EO method was 84.5% with an operating cost of 6.87 USD/m3. The optimum process parameters in the EO process were observed at 5.0 pH, 56.22 min electrolysis time with 5 g/L electrolyte dosage and a current density of 5 mA/cm2. The response shows 56.27% reduction in COD with an operating cost of 0.088 USD/m3. The study demonstrates that both EC and EO processes for the reduction of COD have a significant effect on the current density. Using adsorption column (AC) studies, the maximum reduction in COD was 76.8% with negligible operating cost. The optimum pH in the case of AC was 7.5, with an effluent flow rate of 8.63 mL/min, and the responses were found to be 76.067%, which indicates both pH and flow rate have significant effect on the % removal of COD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model of an amperometric biosensor response for uncompetitive inhibition detection is discussed. The model is based on a system of reaction–diffusion equations containing a nonlinear term related to Michaelis–Menten kinetics of the enzymatic reaction. Two highly accurate and easily accessible analytical methods are used to solve the nonlinear differential equations that describe the diffusion coupled with a reaction term. Semi-analytical expressions for the concentrations of substrate, inhibitor, and product in addition to the corresponding current response are derived. The effects of various parameters such as layer thickness, bulk substrate concentration, Michaelis–Menten constant, maximum reaction velocity on current, and the sensitivity and resistance of a biosensor are investigated. A direct comparison with a numerical solution of the governing system is presented to confirm the accuracy of the derived approximate analytical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of precursor solution volume on the structural, morphological, compositional, optical, and electrical properties of In2S3 films. Thin films of In2S3 were deposited by a nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates with varying precursor solution volumes (4 mL, 8 mL, 12 mL, and 16 mL). X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of the tetragonal phase and the compositional studies using energy-dispersive x-ray spectra showed the presence of only indium and sulfur. The energy bandgap of the films was found to be in the range of 2.51–2.4 eV. The I-V characteristics and photoresponses of the photodetectors including photosensitivity, responsivity, and detectivity were evaluated under visible light illumination. Enhanced photo-responsivity was observed with an increase in the precursor solution volume, with a maximum value of 0.213 AW−1 observed for the thin film coated with 12 mL precursor solution volume. For the thin film coated with a volume of 12 mL precursor solution, external quantum efficiency of 69% and detectivity of 20 × 109 Jones were observed. This In2S3 thin film may find application in the fabrication of efficient and cost-effective photodetector devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context-aware recommender systems (CARS) are a vital module of many corporate, especially within the online commerce domain, where consumers are provided with recommendations about products potentially relevant for them. A traditional CARS, which utilizes deep learning models considers that user's preferences can be predicted by ratings, reviews, demographics, etc. However, the feedback given by the users is often conflicting when comparing the rating score and the sentiment behind the reviews. Therefore, a model that utilizes either ratings or reviews for predicting items for top-N recommendation may generate unsatisfactory recommendations in many cases. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes an effective context-specific sentiment based stacked autoencoder (CSSAE) to learn the concrete preference of the user by merging the rating and reviews for a context-specific item into a stacked autoencoder. Hence, the user's preferences are consistently predicted to enhance the Top-N recommendation quality, by adapting the recommended list to the exact context where an active user is operating. Experiments on four Amazon (5-core) datasets demonstrated that the proposed CSSAE model persistently outperforms state-of-the-art top-N recommendation methods on various effectiveness metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To (1) examine the communication difficulties nurses experience when providing end-of-life (EOL) care, (2) establish the correlation between communication difficulties across various stakeholders and (3) determine the impact sociodemographic factors has on the communication difficulties experienced. Methods: 124/178 (69.7%) nurses from oncology wards of a tertiary hospital were recruited. Sociodemographic survey and three validated subscales: Communication with Patient and Family (CPF), Explanation to Family (EF) and Reassessment of Current Treatment and Nursing Care (RCTNC) were used to collect the data. Data were analysed with Independent Samples T test, One-Way Analysis of Variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Mean score was highest for CPF (8.75 ± 2.24) and lowest for RCTNC (6.32 ± 2.26). Positive correlations were found between CPF with EF (r = 0.613, p < 0.001), CPF with RCTNC (r = 0.243, p = 0.007) and EF with RCTNC (r = 0.370, p < 0.001). Age (p = 0.048), years of experience (p = 0.001), religion (p = 0.034) and EOL care training received (p = 0.040) were significant factors for CPF subscale while age (p = 0.011), years of experience (p = 0.001), educational qualification (p = 0.003) and EOL care training received (p = 0.026) were the significant factors for EF subscale. Conclusion: Nurses experienced more communication difficulties with patients and families than with the healthcare team. When nurses experience communication difficulties with the healthcare team, they also tend to experience communication difficulties with patients and families and when providing explanations to families. Nurses experienced greater communication difficulties when they are younger, are non-graduates, have less years of experience, adopted a religion or did not receive training in EOL care. Trial registration: Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: 2019/00680 (Domain Specific Review Board) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetoelectric multiferroic materials have attracted great attention due to their applicability in multifunctional low power consuming devices. We report structural, ferroelectric, ferromagnetic and magneto dielectric properties of multiferroic Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3 (BSFO) and its composite (0.9) Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3/(0.1) La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (BSFO 10) ceramics synthesized via solid-state reaction route. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples were analyzed by Rietveld refinement for the affirmation of crystal structure, lattice parameters, strain, etc. The polarization versus electric field (P–E) loops, observed for BSFO shows maximum polarization value of 1.9μC/cm2 and it increases to 3.83μC/cm2 in composite BSFO 10. The magnetization versus field study (M–H) shows that the saturation magnetization enhances from 0.13 to 5.61 emu/g on the addition of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) in BSFO. Magneto dielectric (MD) analysis reveals 3.83% MD effect in BSFO and 0.26% in BSFO10 at 1 kHz frequency. Interestingly at higher frequency (1 MHz), the MD effect observed for BSFO and BSFO 10 are 0.28% and 0.39% respectively. The magneto electric interaction observed through MD effect by analyzing the thermodynamic equation reveals the existence of room temperature magneto electric coupling in both samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrum handoff has an undesirable effect in utilizing the space for Secondary user (SU) in the spectrum, which causes a handoff delay in cognitive radio network. The SU frequently faces the problem of handoff process which is likely to interrupt the service and substantial delay over the quality of service during the transmission. It struggles towards identifying the channel during the handoff by occupying a major role in today's era. Based on this research, an effectual spectrum handoff scheme is anticipated using Spectrum Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (SpecBPSO) algorithm and M/G/1 queuing model. Towards improving the efficiency of SU and reducing the congestion over channel, Cluster Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CBCSS) is used. The cluster head is selected dynamically based on the sensing signal of the SU. The cluster head is associated with the SU base station to report the active and inactive channel in the spectrum and later decision report is generated by the fusion center. In this proposed method, SpecBPSO uses the Boolean variable to reduce the total service time for handoff to find the optimal global value using bitwise and mutation operator format. This study work also presents an outline to observe the outcome of primary user's activity and the delay performance of spectrum handoff with the possible interruptions in a CR network. The simulation setup of the proposed work is compared with spectrum particle swarm optimization (SpecPSO), binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) and ant colony optimization that provide a better tradeoff over the delay achievement, maximize the SNR with the three benchmark functions and optimal handoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite failures account for heavy, irreparable damages, especially when associated with the Power System which is the heart of a satellite. Anomalies in Satellite Power System (SPS) can lead to complete failure of the mission. This demands the need to understand the causes of power system related failures. Huge number of sensors installed in a satellite system conveys information regarding the health of the system. The conventional manual level checking of sensors can be augmented with data driven fault diagnosis approach to reduce the false alarm and burden on operating personnel. The latter has the advantage of exploiting the interrelationship between sensor measurements for fault diagnosis. In this work, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is trained on satellite telemetry data for sensor fault detection in SPS. Various processing schemes in time and frequency domains were explored to process the input data to CNN. Promising results were obtained with combination of Stockwell transform (S-transform) and CNN for data processing and classification, respectively. Advanced Diagnostics and Prognostics Testbed (ADAPT), a publicly-available dataset was analysed and used for validating the proposed algorithm, yielding an accuracy as high as 96.7%, precisison of 0.9, F1 score of 0.95 and AUC equal to 0.976. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photo-conducting CdS films were coated on glass at 450 °C using cadmium chloride and thiourea as Cd and S sources, respectively, with different concentrations. The sprayed CdS films are crystallized in the hexagonal structure and orienting along (0 0 2) plane with good adherence. All the films have high optical absorption in the visible region showing optical bandgap values in the range of 2.39–2.43 eV. The variation of precursor alters the surface morphology of the films. The formed grains are uniformly spread over the substrate and highly agglomerated at 0.15 M concentration. Band to band emission and defect-related emission are reported using photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The CdS device shows relatively high photosensitivity of 0.4 A/W, detectivity of 8.46 × 1010 Jones, external quantum efficiency (EQE of 140%) with a rise time about 0.2 s and decay time about 0.3 s. These results propose that the CdS thin films are potential candidates for the visible photo-detector applications prepared using an easy and low-cost fabrication method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical collaborative filtering based recommendation system has become the most essential one in cloud computing environment. The recommender system which has been depends on collaborative filtering easily identify the user references and allow to learn relationship items—past users from the user group who exhibit similar preferences. Hence, the recommendation system has been considered as the most powerful tool for cloud providers and users. This paper proposed the clustering recommendation system executed in cloud environment. The accuracy of the system reduced when irrelevant features presents in data. So that in this proposed scheme, an effective feature selection approach named as modified LDA has been utilized for acquiring the relevant information only. The LDA technique defined as Linear Discriminant Analysis which decreased features numbers to expected value before classification process. DBSCAN is utilized as a clustering approach which provides better quality in terms of segregating the number of movies. Based on the genre, the similar movies are clustered together with the user ratings. DBSCAN elaborated as Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise termed as famous method of learning or clustering which detached the high density clusters from low density clusters. The LDA technique has been utilized to accomplish the appropriate user reviews with categorized ratings. In this paper, the main challenge described as to analyze the reviews of the user with ratings using best clustering approach. The evaluation results proved the highest accuracy of 92.56% when compared with various methods of accuracy. This proposed method also has minimum execution time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the hysteresis of the enzyme-substrate due to enzyme flow calorimetry is presented based on the mathematical modeling of an immobilized enzyme using kinetic and diffusion parameters. The model is represented by ordinary differential equations containing a nonlinear term representing the substrate inhibition kinetics of the enzymatic reaction. In this paper, analytical expressions of substrate concentration for planar, cylindrical, and spherical particles at steady state condition are derived using a new analytical method. To confirm the validity and accuracy of the proposed method, the results will be compared with those obtained by the well-established homotopy perturbation method and the numerical results obtained by the highly-reputed fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Also, the results of the proposed method will be used to conduct a sensitivity analysis to understand the effect of parameters on concentration profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unfavorable climatic changes have led to an increased threat of several biotic and abiotic stresses over the past few years. Looking at the massive damage caused by these stresses, we undertook a study to develop high yielding climate-resilient rice, using genes conferring resistance against blast (Pi9), bacterial leaf blight (BLB) (Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21), brown planthopper (BPH) (Bph3, Bph17), gall midge (GM) (Gm4, Gm8) and QTLs for drought tolerance (qDTY1.1 and qDTY3.1) through marker-assisted forward breeding (MAFB) approach. Result: Seven introgression lines (ILs) possessing a combination of seven to ten genes/QTLs for different biotic and abiotic stresses have been developed using marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding method in the background of Swarna with drought QTLs. These ILs were superior to the respective recurrent parent in agronomic performance and also possess preferred grain quality with intermediate to high amylose content (AC) (23–26%). Out of these, three ILs viz., IL1 (Pi9+ Xa4+ xa5+ Xa21+ Bph17+ Gm8+ qDTY1.1+ qDTY3.1), IL6 (Pi9+ Xa4+ xa5+ Xa21+ Bph3+ Bph17+ Gm4+ Gm8+ qDTY1.1+ qDTY3.1) and IL7 (Pi9+ Xa4+ xa5+ Bph3+ Gm4+ qDTY1.1+ qDTY3.1) had shown resistance\tolerance for multiple biotic and abiotic stresses both in the field and glasshouse conditions. Overall, the ILs were high yielding under various stresses and importantly they also performed well in non-stress conditions without any yield penalty. Conclusion: The current study clearly illustrated the success of MAS in combining tolerance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses while maintaining higher yield potential and preferred grain quality. Developed ILs with seven to ten genes in the current study showed superiority to recurrent parent Swarna+drought for multiple-biotic stresses (blast, BLB, BPH and GM) together with yield advantages of 1.0 t ha− 1 under drought condition, without adverse effect on grain quality traits under non-stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of intrusion detection and prevention scheme for improving MANET security, with considered energy efficiency, detection rate, delay, and false positive rate are major research issues. Most of the existing solutions have suffered to obtain accurate detection rate in minimal time execution and energy consumption. In this work we proposed a Smart approach for intrusion detection and prevention system (SA-IDPS) to mitigate attacks in MANET by machine learning methods. Initially, mobile users are registered in Trusted Authority using One Way Hash Chain Function. Each mobile user submits their following information to verify authentication: finger vein biometric, user id, and latitude and longitude. Intrusion detection is executed using four entities: Packet Analyzer, Preprocessing Unit, Feature Extraction Unit and Classification Unit. In packet analyzer, we verify whether any attack pattern is found or not. It is implemented using Type 2 Fuzzy Controller which considers information from packet header. In preprocessing unit, logarithmic normalization and encoding schemes are considered, which is time series and suitable for any application. In feature extraction unit, Mutual Information is used where we extracts optimum set of features for packets classification. In classification unit, Bootstrapped Optimistic Algorithm for Tree Construction with Artificial Neural Network is used for packets classification, which classifies packets five classes: DoS, Probe, U2R, R2L, and Anomaly, and then Association Rule Tree are used to classify whether the attack is Frequent or Rare. In this case, historical table is used for packets classification. Finally, experiments are conducted and tested for evaluating the performance of proposed SA-IDPS scheme in terms of Detection Rate (%), False Positive Rate (%), Detection Delay (s), and Energy Consumption (J). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]