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Detergents are used as a part of our daily life routine. Though they are widely used but their active ingredients which are highly toxic and persist in the environment for long are an important cause of environmental pollution. In our current work, we have studied the harmful effects of a combination of some commonly used detergents which find their way into the water bodies especially the pond ecosystem through everyday activities like washing clothes, utensils, and bathing in water. This water is the home to many flora and fauna especially the fishes like Cirrhinus mrigala. In our work, we have analysed the levels of the hepatic enzymes Alanine Transaminase and Aspartate Aminotransferase as well as the histology of gill and liver tissues. We have also analysed the presence of micronucleus in the fish blood. It was observed that the presence of detergents has increased the enzyme level as well as resulted in destruction of gill and liver tissue morphology. Detergents also increased the presence of micronucleus in fish blood. These results are indicators of deterioration of fish health due to detergent pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdered laundry detergents, encompassing a diverse blend of organic and inorganic compounds, are crucial in efficiently removing dirt in household cleaning. This study investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of commonly used powdered laundry detergents in Sri Lanka using the Allium cepa bioassay. Five detergents (four branded A, B, C, and D, and one non-branded E) were selected for assessment. Toxicity evaluations were conducted across a range of predetermined aqueous detergent concentrations (0–2500 mg/L) using the A. cepa bioassay, with all experiments being triplicated and following standard protocols. Exposure to detergent concentrations up to 500 mg/L resulted in mitosis suppression, nuclear aberrations, and chromosomal abnormalities in A. cepa, indicating concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Condensed nuclei were notably prevalent among nuclear abnormalities, while vagrant chromosomes and chromosomal adherence were the most frequent chromosomal aberrations observed. At higher concentrations (> 500 mg/L), the selected detergents induced necrotic cell death in A. cepa root meristematic cells. This study warns to avoid the unnecessary use of detergents as they cause significant ecological risks and advocates for further research to comprehensively assess detergent toxicity across diverse organisms within ecosystems to safeguard ecosystem health effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acellular nerve grafts (ANGs) are a promising therapeutic for patients with nerve defects caused by injuries. Conventional decellularization methods utilize a variety of detergents and enzymes. However, these methods have disadvantages, such as long processing times and the presence of detergents that remain on the graft. In this study, we aimed to reduce process time and minimize the risks associated with residual detergents by replacing them with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and compared the effectiveness to Hudson's decellularization method, which uses several detergents. The dsDNA and the expression of MHC1 and 2 were significantly reduced in both decellularized groups, which confirmed the effective removal of cellular debris. The extracellular matrix proteins and various factors were found to be better preserved in the scCO2 ANGs compared to the detergent-ANGs. We conducted behavioral tests and histological analyses to assess the impact of scCO2 ANGs on peripheral nerve regeneration in animal models. Compared with Hudson's method, the scCO2 method effectively improved the efficacy of peripheral nerve regeneration. Therefore, the decellularization method using scCO2 is not only beneficial for ANG synthesis, but it may also be helpful for therapeutics by enhancing the efficacy of peripheral nerve regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triterpenoid saponins, which are glycosidic derivatives of oleanolic acid, demonstrate numerous pharmacological properties. The hairy root cultures of marigold accumulate these phytoanticipins mainly in vacuoles, which may contain up to 40% of the triterpene glycosides synthesized in the cytoplasm. Dimethyl sulfoxide, Tween 20 (T20), Tween 80 (T80), and Triton X-100 (Tx100) were used as potential surfactants, allowing for an increase in the release of saponin into the culture medium. T20 at concentrations of 0.3–1.0% (v/v) caused a higher saponin content in the liquid medium, from 52 to 61 times for CH9, 15 to 22 times higher for CC16, and seven to twelve times higher for CH2, compared to the respective control cultures. DMSO was efficient toward the CC16 line, providing a 3–7 times higher saponin content for 0.5% and 1.0% (v/v) surfactant concentrations, respectively. The suitability of Triton X-100 for triterpenoid saponin could not be determined with the method used in this experiment, and there was a serious contamination of the analyzed samples. The ultrasound method accelerated surfactant action, and only for the CH9 line did it result in an increase in the secretion of glycosides to almost three-fold in the case of T80 and over two-fold in the case of T20. The conditions that were least harmful for the roots were: ultrasound, Tween 80, and T80 interacting with US. The permeabilized cultures, after 30 days of growth in the new medium, obtained fresh biomasses similar to the control or a reduction by the maximum of one-fifth for CH9. For the second line (CC16), the growth parameters were reduced twice. Polyoxoethylene sorbitan monolaurate was found to be the most powerful surfactant, and a proposed concentration and time of action allowed for culture viability only for the CC16 line. The young parts of the root tips generated a new culture, with the growth being reduced by 77% (FW) and 82% (DW).Key message: Polysorbates and ultrasounds allow to increase by 22-61 times triterpenic saponins content in medium of marigold hairy root cultures. Tween20 was powerful, while Tween80 did not weaken cultures regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Detergent packets are common household products; however, they pose a risk of injuries and poisonings, especially among children. This study examined the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric injuries and poisonings related to all types of detergent packets in Canada using emergency department (ED) data from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) database. Methods: The CHIRPP database was searched for ED visit records for injuries and poisonings related to all types of detergent packets between April 1, 2011 and October 12, 2023 (N = 2,021,814) using variable codes and narratives. Data for individuals aged 17 years and younger were analyzed descriptively. Temporal trends in the number of detergent packet-related injuries and poisonings per 100,000 CHIRPP cases were assessed using Joinpoint regression and annual percent change (APC). A proportion ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to compare the proportion of detergent packet-related cases in CHIRPP during two 34-months periods, pre-COVID-19 pandemic and after the beginning of the pandemic. Results: There were 904 detergent packet-related cases among children and youth aged 17 years and younger identified in CHIRPP between April 1, 2011 and October 12, 2023, representing 59.9 cases per 100,000 CHIRPP cases. The majority (86.5%) of cases were among children aged 4 years and younger. Poisonings (58.8%) and eye injuries (30.6%) were the most frequent primary diagnoses. Unintentional ingestion (56.9%) and squeezing/breaking a detergent packet (32.3%) were the most frequent exposure mechanisms. Sixty-five patients (7.2%) were admitted to hospital. The number of detergent packet-related cases per 100,000 CHIRPP cases increased by 5.0% (95% CI 0.8, 10.2) annually between 2012 and 2022. The number of detergent packet-related poisonings per 100,000 CHIRPP cases decreased by 15.3% (95% CI − 22.3, − 10.6) annually between 2015 and 2022, whereas eye injuries showed an average annual percent increase of 16.6% (95% CI 11.2, 23.0) between 2012 and 2022. The proportion of detergent packet-related cases in CHIRPP after the beginning of the pandemic (79.9/100,000 CHIRPP cases) was 1.43 (95% CI 1.20, 1.71) times greater than pre-pandemic (55.7/100,000 CHIRPP cases). Conclusions: Detergent packet-related injuries and poisonings are a persisting issue. Continued surveillance and prevention efforts are needed to reduce detergent packet-related injuries and poisonings in Canada, particularly among children and youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases are important biocatalysts and ubiquitous in plants, animals, and microorganisms. The high growth rates of microorganisms with low production costs have enabled the wide application of microbial lipases in detergent, food, and cosmetic industries. Herein, a novel lipase from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 (Lac-Rh) was isolated and its activity analyzed under a range of reaction conditions to evaluate its potential industrial application. The isolated Lac-Rh showed a molecular weight of 24 kDa and a maximum activity of 3438.5 ± 1.8 U/mg protein at 60 °C and pH 8. Additionally, Lac-Rh retained activity in alkaline conditions and in 10% v/v concentrations of organic solvents, including glycerol and acetone. Interestingly, after pre-incubation in the presence of multiple commercial detergents, Lac-Rh maintained over 80% of its activity and the stains from cotton were successfully removed under a simulated laundry setting. Overall, the purified lipase from L. rhamnosus IDCC 3201 has potential for use as a detergent in industrial applications. Key points: • A novel lipase (Lac-Rh) was isolated from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 • Purified Lac-Rh exhibited its highest activity at a temperature of 60 °C and a pH of 8, respectively • Lac-Rh remains stable in commercial laundry detergent and enhances washing performance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to decellularized caprine pericardium tissue with varied non-ionic surfactant and anionic detergent concentrations. Methods: Protocol A consists of 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Protocol B uses 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25% (w/v) Triton X-100. Protocol C comprised 0.5% SDS + 0.5% Triton X-100, 0.5% + 0.25%, and 0.25% SDS + 0.5% Triton X-100. Results: Protocol B left a few countable cells in the pericardium tissue, but treatments A and C removed all cells. DNA quantification also demonstrated that protocol B had the most leftover DNA after decellularization. The pericardium tissue treated with an equal combination of anionic detergent and non-ionic surfactant preserves the matrix. However, changing the anionic detergent-non-ionic surfactant ratio disrupted the microstructure. Protocol A decreased pericardium tissue secant modulus (p < 0.05). Protocol B-treated pericardium tissue matched native tissue secant modulus and ultimate tensile stress. Protocol C strengthened pericardium tissue. Conclusion: The intact extracellular matrix and biomechanical properties like native tissues require optimal chemical doses and combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In flaviviruses such as Dengue or Zika, non-structural (NS) NS4A protein forms homo-oligomers, participates in membrane remodelling and is critical for virulence. In both viruses, mature NS4A has the same length and three predicted hydrophobic domains. The oligomers formed by Dengue NS4A are reported to be small (n = 2, 3), based on denaturing SDS gels, but no high-resolution structure of a flavivirus NS4A protein is available, and the size of the oligomer in lipid membranes is not known. Herein we show that crosslinking Zika NS4A protein in lipid membranes results in oligomers at least up to hexamers. Further, sedimentation velocity shows that NS4A in mild detergent C14-betaine appears to be in fast equilibrium between at least two species, where one is smaller, and the other larger, than a trimer or a tetramer. Consistently, sedimentation equilibrium data was best fitted to a model involving an equilibrium between dimers (n = 2) and hexamers (n = 6). Overall, the large, at least hexameric, oligomers obtained herein in liposomes and in mild detergent are more likely to represent the forms of NS4A present in cell membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detergents are highly produced pollutants with environmental problems like foam generation and toxic effects in biota. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are efficient, economical, and versatile surfactants, used in detergents for more than 40 years due to their detergency capacity. In the environment, NPE biodegrades into the metabolite nonylphenol (NP), classified as an endocrine disruptor. The identification and quantification of 4-NP in a designed detergent and 30 commercially available detergents were performed to prove the degradation of NPE into 4-NP during storage time. This investigation introduces the first evidence of NPE degradation during storage in commercially available detergents, demonstrating a novel exposure pathway in humans that has not been explored before, representing potential human health risks. Therefore, simple, easy, low-cost, and available approaches to remove and substitute NP is paramount. Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) was assessed as a substitute, and the feasibility of this substitution was proven according to physical and chemical properties, cleaning performance, and antimicrobial properties. NPE substitution in detergents is demonstrated as a viable strategy to minimize exposure risks in humans and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed rail has been operating in more than 25 countries (mainly in Asia, Europe and North America), and has become an important part of global economic development. However, the cleaning and maintenance of high-speed rail is a comprehensive task, which may easily cause environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze and improve the sustainability of the formulation and production process of a concentrated complex enzyme detergent used as the maintenance agent for high-speed trains via the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The eFootprint software system with built-in China, European and Swiss Ecoinvent databases was used to establish the LCA model with the system boundary being from cradle to gate. The LCA model showed that the production of 1 kg of concentrated detergent generates the global warming potential of 2.53 kg CO2 eq, and other environmental emissions including acidification potential of 0.01 kg SO2 eq, eutrophication potential of 3.76E-03 kg PO43−eq, inhalable inorganic matter of 3.17E-03 kg PM2.5 eq, ozone depletion potential of 5.3E-06 kg CFC-11 eq, photochemical ozone formation potential of 3.44E-03 kg NMVOC eq, primary energy demand of 3.17 MJ, abiotic depletion potential of 4.97E-6 kg antimony eq, and water use of 0.84 kg. LCA results are not strongly dependent to the assumptions of the research, and the uncertainties of LCA results are between 8 and 16%, which is mainly due to the regional differences in technology sources, the year of technical data collection, and the representativeness of technology collection companies. Carbon footprint analysis showed that the production processes of enzyme stabilizer (glycerol) and surfactants contributed the most, while changes in power consumption during production and transportation distance of raw materials had limited effect on total carbon emissions. Therefore, the formulation of the concentrated complex enzymatic detergent was improved based on the LCA results. The new formulations with less enzyme stabilizer showed similar detergency to the original formulation. The new formulations could reduce carbon emissions by 5,500–9,200 tons per year and save between $4.4 and $7.4 million in annual production of 10,000 tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of the Oddy test in 1973, many museums and cultural institutions have put the method in use, developing their own versions and protocols. Currently the 3-in-1 version, temperature at 60 ºC and 2 g of tested material are set as common practice; however, other variables of the test are not standardized. The purpose of this study is to examine current versions of the Oddy test, to identify differences in the results derived from variations in the procedures, and ultimately raising awareness within the conservation community to work together towards a standardized protocol. In this article, we review the available information on the methodological differences in Oddy test protocols published in the literature related to glassware cleaning, coupon preparation, reaction vessel setup and rating of materials. Based on the review, and to highlight the many variables that could affect the results of the test, seven European cultural institutions working under the H2020 IPERION HS project performed a comparative 3-in-1 Oddy test by blindly evaluating the same ten materials. Each institution used its own test methodology but some guidelines were advised: (1) Detergents as a cleaning procedure for glassware, (2) P600 sandpaper or micromesh pad close to 1500 to prepare metal coupons and (3) 1:100 as water–air ratio. Despite this, differences between institutions' results were still observed. Some of them are due to the differences in the coupons preparation, either in the sanding pattern or in the edge area. In order to separate the contribution of the experimental setup and the subjectivity of the evaluation in the discrepancies, coupons from all institutions have been rated by a single team of judges with experience in the Oddy Test. Results show that differences in the evaluation criteria play a relevant role in the discrepancies of the results, especially for institutions with less experience in the test. These results highlight the need to further standardize the methodology and criteria for visual assessment. Nevertheless, the Oddy test has been found to be reliable for the identification of materials that produce emissions hazardous for the conservation of cultural assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR), a class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), reconstituted in n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM)/‌‌‌‌‌cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) mixed micelles, previous 19F-NMR studies revealed the presence of multiple simultaneously populated conformational states. Here, we study the influence of a different detergent, lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG) in mixed micelles with CHS, and of lipid bilayer nanodiscs on these conformational equilibria. The populations of locally different substates are pronouncedly different in DDM/‌‌‌‌‌CHS and LMNG/‌‌‌‌‌CHS micelles, whereas the A2AAR conformational manifold in LMNG/‌‌‌‌‌CHS micelles is closely similar to that in the lipid bilayer nanodiscs. Considering that nanodiscs represent a closer match of the natural lipid bilayer membrane, these observations support that LMNG/‌‌‌‌‌CHS micelles are a good choice for reconstitution trials of class A GPCRs for NMR studies in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tendon injuries repair is a significant burden for orthopaedic surgeons. Finding a proper graft material to repair tendon is one of the main challenges in orthopaedics, for which the requirement of substitute for tendon repair would be different for each clinical application. Among biological scaffolds, the use of decellularized tendon increasingly represents an interesting approach to treat tendon injuries and several articles have investigated the approaches of tendon decellularization. To understand the outcomes of the the approaches of tendon decellularization on effect of tendon transplantation, a literature review was performed. This review was conducted by searching in Pubmed and Embase and 64 studies were included in this study. The findings revealed that the common approaches to decellularize tendon include chemical, physical, and enzymatic decellularization methods or their combination. With the development of tissue engineering, researchers also put forward new theories such as automatic acellular machine, 3D printing technology to manufacture acellular scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patch-clamp technique has revolutionized neurophysiology by allowing to study single neuronal excitability, synaptic connectivity, morphology, and the transcriptomic profile. However, the throughput in recordings is limited because of the manual replacement of patch-pipettes after each attempt which are often also unsuccessful. This has been overcome by automated cleaning the tips in detergent solutions, allowing to reuse the pipette for further recordings. Here, we developed a novel method of automated cleaning by sonicating the tips within the bath solution wherein the cells are placed, reducing the risk of contaminating the bath solution or internal solution of the recording pipette by any detergent and avoiding the necessity of a separate chamber for cleaning. We showed that the patch-pipettes can be used consecutively at least ten times and that the cleaning process does not negatively impact neither the brain slices nor other patched neurons. This method, combined with automated patch-clamp, highly improves the throughput for single and especially multiple recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of synthetic surfactants in wastewater can exceed 30 g/L. The hazard posed by these substances needs to be demonstrated. E Color powder laundry detergent exhibited stronger toxicity toward Vigna radiata seedlings than Arau liquid laundry detergent at all the concentrations tested. The incubation in all Petri dishes lasted for 96 h. Arau caused no toxic effect at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.5 g/L; E Color produced toxic effects at these concentrations. The new data show that Vigna radiata is applicable for assessing the hazard of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decontaminating power that Vybor technical detergents (Vybor-K, Vybor-KS) produced by Kembrin Sole Proprietorship (Perm) exhibit in washing of facing and structural materials to remove α- and β-emitting nuclides in combination with ultrasonic treatment and without it was studied. The corrosion action of the detergent solutions on stainless and carbon steels was evaluated. The results of laboratory studies and semicommercial trials on washing of the process equipment of a radiochemical plant are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific conjugation of decyl β-D-maltoside (DM) or dodecyl β-D-maltoside (DDM) detergent micelles is accomplished between pH 7.0–8.5 in the presence of an amphiphilic analog of the amino acid histidine, bound to a 10-carbon hydrocarbon chain (His1-C10) and Ni2+ ions. Following addition of 10–15 wt% PEG-6000 as precipitant, phase separation in the form of oil-rich globules (30–600 µm) is observed by light microscopy. Other divalent cations: Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ lead to dark precipitates rather than colorless globules; while Mg2+, Ca2+ do not promote any phase separation at all. Even in the absence of precipitant, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements demonstrate that DM micelles (hydrodynamic size ~ 6 nm) or DDM micelles (8 nm) self-associate into larger particles (9 nm and 411 nm for DM; 10 nm and 982 nm for DDM) in the presence of His1-C10 and nickel ions. Micellar conjugation is partially reversible in the presence of water soluble 50 mM EDTA, histidine or imidazole chelators. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) imaging revealed the formation of non-uniformly dense detergent aggregates for both DM and DDM micelles in the presence of precipitant. The possible utility of such His1-tagged DM or DDM micelles for promoting crystallization of integral membrane proteins is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms have long captivated researchers for their potential to produce enzymes with diverse industrial applications. Efficient production of proteases from new strains is crucial as these enzymes play a vital role in breaking down protein bonds, enabling their use in industrial applications. Therefore, a novel Exiguobacterium indicum 1.2.3 was isolated (Istanbul, Turkiye) and characterized in this study. This strain produced alkaline serine protease, which works in lower temperatures (20–40 °C) with casein as a specific substrate. The protease was utterly stable for 3 h at 30 °C. The enzyme was also highly stable in the pH range of 8–11. The optimum activity was obtained at pH 10. The crude enzyme activity was enhanced by various metal ions and retained 147%, 125%, 124%, and 117% of its activity within 1 mM Ca2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, and Mg2+, respectively. The crude enzyme was inactive with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, indicating a serine residue on the active side. The enzyme exhibited a significant proteolytic effect in the presence of surfactants and oxidizing agents. The addition of Tween 80, Triton X-100, and sodium perborate improved enzymatic activity up to 135%, 109%, and 105%, respectively. According to the washing results, the crude enzyme effectively removed the blood on different types of standard pre-stained textiles at 30 °C. In conclusion, Exiguobacterium indicum 1.2.3 is a promising candidate for protease production, with its diverse applications spanning various industrial sectors, particularly detergents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discharge of raw industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastes leads to an increase in heavy metal (HM) burden and detergents in aquatic environs, which can have destructive effects on aquatic organisms. Agarophyte Gracilaria corticata, a major component of seaweed flora of the southern coast of Iran (Bushehr) that contains agar and red pigments, is one of the economically valuable red marine algae. Agar is one of the important polysaccharides with high economic value, widely used in pharmaceutical, medicinal, and cosmetic product manufacturing industries. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of 5 HMs and two common surfactants in household and industrial detergents on the agar yield, appearance color, and the red algae's phycoremediation potential against HMs. The metal ions were Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Cr(VI), and the surfactants were HEDP and CAPB. The analysis results of samples cultured for 60 days in seawater and polluted environments showed that G. corticata can accumulate copper and nickel. In the presence of detergents without HMs, the amount of extracted agar significantly increased compared to the control sample with no change in algae color. But with increasing concentration of HMs, the amount of agar in seaweed samples decreased significantly, and the algae discolored from red to dark green or yellowish-green color (signs of death in the algae). These results show that increasing of HM pollution and detergents can lead to toxicological effects and reduce the species diversity of red seaweeds in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study demonstrates the maximum production of lipase via solid-state fermentation (SSF) by a novel strain of Chaetomium globosum, through lignocellulosic biomass valorization. After lignocellulosic biomass screening, Vachellia nilotica (babul) yielded the maximum lipase (53.1 ± 0.2 U/mL) activity after 72 h. Different bioprocess parameters, including pH, temperature, moisture content, inoculum size, and time periods, were optimized by the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum lipase yield (52.48 ± 5.3 U/mL) was achieved at pH 9.0, moisture 70%, incubation time 24 h, inoculum mass 1 mL, and temperature 30 °C. F-value 26.21 and p-value 0.00 by the analysis of variance indicate the significance of the proposed model. The coefficient of determination (R2) 95.60% was used to check the goodness of fit of the model, having a value of which indicates the model accuracy. Lipase was precipitated and purified with 80% ammonium sulfate followed by Sephadex G-100 column with 305.8 U/mg specific activity. The molecular weight of purified lipase was 60 kDa, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimally purified lipase was immobilized on chitosan (natural biopolymer) using different lipase concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mL) to check the beads constancy. It was observed that lipase (0.5 mL) adsorbed on chitosan result in the highest activity compared to the free lipase. Chitosan-immobilized lipase showed high thermal stability at 40 °C for 5 h. It also exhibited stability for up to 7 reuse cycles. Furthermore, lipase showed its good effect in the detergent industry by demonstrating compatibility with the Sufi detergent brand. In conclusion, the recently produced lipase from the lignocellulosic biomass has a great potential to be used as an additive in the detergent industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detergents enable the investigation of membrane proteins by mass spectrometry. Detergent designers aim to improve underlying methodologies and are confronted with the challenge to design detergents with optimal solution and gas-phase properties. Herein, we review literature related to the optimization of detergent chemistry and handling and identify an emerging research direction: the optimization of mass spectrometry detergents for individual applications in mass spectrometry–based membrane proteomics. We provide an overview about qualitative design aspects including their relevance for the optimization of detergents in bottom-up proteomics, top-down proteomics, native mass spectrometry, and Nativeomics. In addition to established design aspects, such as charge, concentration, degradability, detergent removal, and detergent exchange, it becomes apparent that detergent heterogeneity is a promising key driver for innovation. We anticipate that rationalizing the role of detergent structures in membrane proteomics will serve as an enabling step for the analysis of challenging biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detergent products are a formulated mixture of ingredients with a washing or cleaning power. The most active compounds involved in the cleaning process are the so-called surfactants; amphiphilic compounds with polar head and an-polar teal. They have the property to lower the surface tension (ST) of water, to adsorb to the interface and to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between two immiscible liquid. Then, they are very good at liberating dirt and to eliminate impurities. However, owing their chemical nature, they are characterized by their high toxicity and low biodegradability causing serious risks to natural ecosystems. Therefore, an urgent need was developed for the production of environment friendly detergent. Thus, developing eco-friendly, nonirritant, low-toxic, and high-efficient surface active ingredients for detergents is an ongoing challenge in the detergent field. To know, biosurfactants (BioS) or microbial surfactants are amphiphilic compounds having the ability to reduce the surface and interfacial tension. They are characterized by their higher biodegradability, low toxicity and eco-friendly. Thus, they can be the best substitutes of chemical surfactants in detergent formulation permitting the development of eco-friendly bio-based detergent formula. With this aim, we will discuss in the first part of the presented review detergent formula and surfactants as the base ingredients; their physic-chemical properties and higher toxicity. In the second part of the review paper, BioS as emerging ingredients for detergent formulation will be presented; their classification, physic-chemical and functional properties along with their potential application in detergent formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is one of the top 5 risks causing chronic diseases according to WHO and airborne transmitted pathogens infection is a huge challenge in the current era. Long living pathogens and small size aerosols are not effectively dealt with by the available indoor air purifiers. In this work, a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) based portable cold-plasma detergent in environment device is reported and its disinfection efficiency has been analyzed in the indoor environment of sizes up to 3 × 2.4 × 2.4 m3. The deactivation efficiency of total microbial counts (TMCs) and total fungal counts (TFCs) is found to be more than 99% in 90 min of continuous operation of the device at the optimized parameters. The complete inactivation of MS2 phage and Escherichia coli bacteria with more than 5 log reduction (99.999%) has also been achieved in 30 min and 90 min of operation of the device in an enclosed environment. The device is able to produce negative ions predominantly dominated by natural plasma detergent along with positive ions in the environment similar to mother nature. The device comprises a coaxial DBD geometry plasma source with a specially designed wire mesh electrode of mild steel with a thickness of 1 mm. The need for feed gas, pellets and/or differential pressure has been eliminated from the DBD discharge source for efficient air purification. The existence of negative ions for more than 25 s on average is the key advantage, which can also deactivate long living pathogens and small size aerosols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates viral entry into the host cell via the interaction between its receptor binding domain (RBD) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Spike RBD has been reported to adopt two primary conformations, a closed conformation in which the binding site is shielded and unable to interact with ACE2, and an open conformation that is capable of binding ACE2. Many structural studies have probed the conformational space of the homotrimeric Spike from SARS-CoV-2. However, how sample buffer conditions used during structural determination influence the Spike conformation is currently unclear. Here, we systematically explored the impact of commonly used detergents on the conformational space of Spike. We show that in the presence of detergent, the Spike glycoprotein predominantly occupies a closed conformational state during cryo-EM structural determination. However, in the absence of detergent, such conformational compaction was neither observed by cryo-EM, nor by single-molecule FRET designed to visualize the movement of RBD in solution in real-time. Our results highlight the highly sensitive nature of the Spike conformational space to buffer composition during cryo-EM structural determination, and emphasize the importance of orthogonal biophysical approaches to validate the structural models obtained. Egri et al combined cryo-EM and single molecule FRET to visualize the conformation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. They found that commonly used detergents compact the global conformation only under cryo-EM conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing consumption of cleaning products deteriorates water resources due to harmful components such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) compounds, oils, bleach, and acids, typical compounds in traditional detergents. The use of biodegradable detergents as an environmentally friendly alternative has been proposed in different regions. In Colombia, resolution 1770/2018 sets a minimum biodegradability rate of 60% for the surfactants present in liquid detergents, which would reduce to a similar extent the impacts on water after their use. However, the environmental impacts of the supply chain of these detergents and their raw materials have not been evaluated so far. This study presents an environmental life cycle assessment of petroleum-based liquid detergents and a comparison to traditional solid detergents, based on the ISO 14040 standard and the ReCiPe-2016 impacts assessment method. A novel bio-detergent containing anionic plant-based surfactants was proposed in this analysis. The impacts of packaging and the distribution of the product to consumers were also considered. Raw materials contributed to 91% of the total of 314 g of CO2 eq generated per liter of liquid detergent, where the production of fatty alcohol sulfate and PET packaging shared 78.8% and 12.2% of the total impact, respectively. It was also determined that 5.4 L of water are consumed and 0.09 g of P eq and 0.1 g of N eq are emitted per liter of detergent. This liquid detergent presented better environmental performance than traditional detergents in all the impact categories, except for the fossil resource scarcity category. The evaluated detergent would significantly mitigate the generation of negative effects on ecosystems. Moreover, the substitution of PET for HDPE packaging could reduce the impacts on freshwater eutrophication by 10%, although the carbon footprint can slightly increase, which could be compensated due to its higher recyclability rate. In contrast, the proposed bio-detergent would not have significant benefits and would negatively affect water consumption and land use in its supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We proposed a procedure for the simultaneous determination of viscosity improvers and detergent additives in synthetic oils by gel permeation chromatography, including the preliminary liquid extraction of polar additives, solid-phase extraction of polymer additives on silica modified with magnesium oxide from oil raffinate, and the subsequent determination of analytes. The procedure was used to determine viscosity improvers and detergent additives in fresh and used synthetic motor oils, to control the quality of oils at different stages of operation, and to monitor the degree of purification of oils during their regeneration. In-process monitoring of additive concentrations during the operation of automotive equipment enables the timely control of the dynamics of engine oil degradation throughout its use and proper recommendations for its replacement in the system. The procedure was tested in the analysis of fresh and used multigrade synthetic motor oils Shell Helix Ultra 5W-30 and TP MAX Total 10W-40 and fresh multigrade synthetic motor oil Shell Rimula R5M 10W-40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale use of detergents to remove oil-fouling in industry continuously generates tremendous amounts of wastewater and thus leads to both economic and environmental problems. To develop recyclable oil-fouling removal strategy is an appealing solution but a challenging task. Herein, a kind of dynamic imine-based surfactant has been constructed by 2-formylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (FBSS) and linear amines (CnNH2, n = 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12). Owing to high interfacial activity and strong assembly ability, dynamic FBSS/C8NH2 system can remove oil-fouling on multiple substrates for at least 10 cycles, largely reducing the toxicity to ecosystem. At basic pH, the hierarchical assemblies (from vesicle to network and hollow sphere) are formed and boost surfactant molecule enrichment around oil-fouling, leading to highly efficient emulsification. When pH is changed to acidic condition, the surfactant molecules dissociate due to the breaking of imine bonds, and accordingly the emulsion is destroyed and the released oil droplets float to the top layer. After removing the oil-fouling and adjusting the solution back to basic pH, the surfactant assemblies are reconstructed and used for the next oil-fouling cleaning cycle. This study provides a recyclable, efficient and eco-friendly oil-fouling removal approach, satisfying the need of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vit v 1 as a lipid-transfer protein is a major allergen of grapes (Vitis vinifera) that elicits food allergy in many patients in Iran. Todays, recombinant allergens have a promising future in improving in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tests. In this study, we aim to achieve high-level expression of recombinant Vit v 1 allergen in Pichia pastoris expression system. DNA construct has been cloned into the pGAPZαC plasmid and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris KM71. The maximum yield obtained after 4 days of expression under the optimal conditions (at 25°C with 0.05% Triton X-100). The secreted recombinant Vit v 1 was purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. The results showed that the recombinant Vit v 1 was expressed mainly as the soluble protein with an apparent molecular mass of 37.8 kDa in the SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The findings suggest that nonionic detergents could increase yield of recombinant Vit v 1, probably through enhancing transfer of oxygen and membrane lipids fluidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of CHAPS-PC, a detergent combination for solubilizing membrane proteins, was investigated as a substitute to digitonin solution for extracting rhodopsin in the measurement of spectral sensitivity in squid. Microvilli of the photoreceptor outer segments were collected and purified from the retinas of three species, Uroteuthis edulis, Todarodes pacificus, and Heterololigo bleekeri, using sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The difference in the absorption maximum (λmax) of rhodopsin between extraction with CHAPS-PC or with digitonin was 0–3 nm for all species. The λmax values of the three squid species were 488–490, 478–480, and 488–491 nm, respectively, which aligns well with values reported in previous studies. CHAPS and PC are less expensive than digitonin, which is advantageous when conducting repeated experiments. We hope that the present procedure for the extraction of visual pigments offers an improved fisheries technology that will be used to better understand the ecology of diverse squid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is proposed for the determination of sultones in the anionic surfactant sodium α-olefin sulfonate (AOS Na) and products based on this surfactant. The importance and necessity of quality control in the production of AOS Na and detergents for the presence of sultone impurities is due to their toxic effect on a human body. Under production conditions, the analysis procedure should be rapid and provide results at the ppm level. In the present work, a procedure for determining sultones based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is improved. δ-Hexadecanesultone isolated from the sulfonation reaction mass is used as a standard in the determination. Satisfactory performance characteristics of the procedure, ensuring its use for production control, are obtained. Foreign commercial samples of AOS Na from different manufacturers are tested for the content of sultones along with model mixtures of detergents prepared on the basis of these samples. The results of tests for the stability of model mixtures of detergents over time showed that a high concentration of sultones results in the formation of precipitates in the finished product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of washing parameters on the quantity of dye discharge from fabric dyed in highly saturated color (FSC) was discussed. Firstly, the FSC was prepared with reactive red 195 to represent the dark clothes. Secondly, the effect of the washing parameters, including washing time, washing temperature, washing water volume, the weight of FSC, and the dosage of detergent, on dye discharge was analyzed through the single factor test. Thirdly, the mathematical relationship between the quantity of dye discharge (DDQ) and the four washing parameters was discussed through the center combination experiment and response surface method. And a quadratic model was built to predict the quantity of dye discharge when the FSC were washed with different washing parameters. The experimental results indicated that the quantity of dye discharge was affected by the four selected washing parameters and the optimal washing parameters to reduce the quantity of dye discharge can be deduced from the quadratic model. The optimized parameters effectively reduced 0.99 mg dye discharge per liter, and the DDQ reduction rate was up to 53.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic surfactants are essential components of commercial detergents. Organisms suffer from surfactant pollution; therefore, there is a need to estimate the resistance of macrophytes to these pollutants. New biological effects of detergent compositions (Frosch, Tide) on higher aquatic plants Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea Canadensis, Chara fragilis, and Callitriche palustris were revealed. Frosch is claimed as an environmentally friendly detergent. In experiments, Frosch showed high toxicity to all macrophytes. The results obtained can be used in practice in the development of new biotechnologies in order to reduce the risk of pollution of the aquatic environment with surfactants present in synthetic detergents, which is one of the priorities of modern ecology. The conducted biotesting on macrophytes can serve as an example for certification of new synthetic surfactants. The obtained data can be useful in the selection of organisms for biotesting of pollutants for toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel lipase, Lip486, which has no obvious homology with known lipases, was discovered using functional metagenomics technology. Phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that the enzyme belongs to a new subfamily called lipolytic enzyme family II. To explore the enzymatic properties, lip486 was expressed heterologously and efficiently in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme displayed the highest activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl caprate with a carbon chain length of 10, and its optimum temperature and pH were 53 °C and 8.0, respectively. The recombinant Lip486 showed good activity and stability in strong alkaline and medium–low-temperature environments. The results of compatibility and soaking tests showed that the enzyme had good compatibility with 4 kinds of commercial detergents, and an appropriate soaking time could further improve the enzyme activity. Oil stain removal test results for a cotton cloth indicated that the washing performance of commercial laundry detergent supplemented with Lip486 was further improved. In addition, as one of the smallest lipases found to date, Lip486 also has the advantages of high yield, good stability and easy molecular modification. These characteristics reflect the good application prospects for Lip486 in the detergent and other industries in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peptidase activity of the alkaliphilic, aerobic, proteolytic bacteria Alkalicaulis satelles G-192T and Aliidiomarina sp. P-156 isolated from the system of hypersaline, alkaline Tanatar lakes (Altai Territory) was studied. Strains G-192 and P-156 710 were shown to hydrolyze para-nitroanilide substrates and exhibit the highest activity hydrolyzing of the aminopeptidase LpNa substrate. Analysis of partially purified peptidase preparations showed that the enzymes were most active and stablest in an alkaline pH range of 8.4–11. The peptidases of strains G-192 and P-156 were highly stable in NaCl up to 220 and 70 g/L respectively. The results of inhibitor analysis and the substrate specificity of the studied extracellular enzymes indicated their classification as metallopeptidases of the aminopeptidase type. The studied peptidases showed significant resistance to the surfactants Triton X-100 and SDS and the oxidizing agent H2O2. The isolated bacteria that produce peptidases can be used as a source of proteolytic enzymes in the development of new detergents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The osmotic resistance of erythrocytes and the hemolytic effect of nonionic detergents, Triton X‑100 and Tween-20, on red blood cells were analyzed in four hyposmiс Black Sea fish species: horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus Aleev), gilthead (Diplodus annularis L.), black scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus L.) and thornback ray (Raja clavata L.). It was revealed that in physiological solutions, red blood cells from hyposmic thornback ray and black scorpionfish were highly resistant to a hypotonic environment. By determination of the concentration of physiological solution in which 50% of fish erythrocytes (C50%) were hemolyzed during incubation it was possible to rank fish erythrocytes according to the degree of osmotic resistance in the following order: black scorpionfish > thornback ray > gilthead > horse mackerel. The erythrocytes of the investigated teleost fishes exhibited a clear dependence on the mobility by C50%, which increased in some fish with a decrease in their motor activity. Triton X-100 did not induce an increase in resistance or even weakly stimulated an increase in the hemolytic activity of erythrocytes in gilthead and thornback ray. In the presence of Triton X-100 in horse mackerel erythrocytes, cell resistance increased by a factor of 4.7 in an incubation medium with 50% dilution. Protective properties of Triton X-100 were seen during incubation of black scorpionfish erythrocytes in media with 70% dilution. Tween-20 also increased the resistance of fish erythrocytes to hemolysis. The results of this study demonstrated that Tween-20 and, in some cases, Triton X-100, are useful in maintaining stability of fish erythrocyte suspensions during experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic particles are a burgeoning population crisis in the marine environment. This research examines the emission of microfibers from three different jeans (garments) during domestic washing. The jeans types, washing temperature, washing duration, spin speed, detergent types, and addition of conditioner are the main factors for this research work. The average length and diameter of the microfibers for the 100% PET jeans (jeans-P) has 7800 ± 4000 μm and 11.9±3.2 μm and for polyester/cotton jeans (jeans-PB) has 4900 ± 2200 μm 17.4±4.8 μm, respectively. The maximum microfiber released was observed in the rigorous washing treatment (90 min, 60°C, 1400 rpm, powder detergent with the presence of conditioner). The surmised number of microfibers discharged from the 1 kg wash load of jeans-P was calculated within the extent of 2300000–4900000 microfibers, and it is varied by the washing treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helical swimming in free-space is a common behavior among microorganisms, such as ciliates that are covered with thousands hair-like motile cilia, and is thought to be essential for cells to orient directly to an external stimulus. However, a direct quantification of their three-dimensional (3D) helical trajectories has not been reported, in part due to difficulty in tracking 3D swimming behavior of ciliates, especially Tetrahymena with a small, transparent cell body. Here, we conducted 3D tracking of fluorescent microbeads within a cell to directly visualize the helical swimming exhibited by Tetrahymena. Our technique showed that Tetrahymena swims along a right-handed helical path with right-handed rolling of its cell body. Using the Tetrahymena cell permeabilized with detergent treatment, we also observed that influx of Ca2+ into cilia changed the 3D-trajectory patterns of Tetrahymena swimming, indicating that the beating pattern of cilia is the determining factor in its swimming behavior. Marumo and colleagues use three-dimensional tracking of fluorescent microbeads to visualize the helical swimming of the cilliate Tetrahymena. They reveal that the beating pattern of the cilia determines the swimming behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effect of various detergents (Tween-20, Triton X-100, and sodium deoxycholate) on activity and magnesium-dependent properties of Na+,K+-ATPase of the crude membrane fraction of rat cerebral cortex. All studied detergents significantly increased activity of the studied enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner. Sodium deoxycholate provided significantly higher values Na+,K+-ATPase activity (by ≈50%) than Triton X-100 and Tween-20. In the presence of Triton X-100, a changed pattern of the dependence of enzyme activity on the concentration of magnesium ions in the incubation solution was noted. Separate measurement of activities of Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms made it possible to assume that changes in magnesium-dependent properties are due to the predominant effect of Triton X-100 on ouabain-sensitive α2- and α3-isoforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was found that during the "dry" neutralization of mono- (acetic) and polybasic (orthophosphoric, citric, sulfuric) acids (HxAn) in the Na2CO3–H2O–HxAn system with a molar ratio Na2CO3/HxAn = 1.5–10.5 at the interface, sodium sesquicarbonate (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) crystallizes as a result of decomposition of Na2CO3, dissolution of the resulting CO2 in the surface liquid layer and its interaction with CO32– anions with the formation of an equimolar amount of HCO3– anions. The hydrated salts formed during the process (phosphates, acetates, citrates, and sodium sulfates) play the role of binders during the aggregation of particles into granules of a 0.106–1.00 mm size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of recovery of heat of vapor-air mixture in spray dryer in production of powdery synthetic detergents is calculated. The scheme of heat recovery from vapor-air mixture with a substantial moisture content and condensation of moisture in a tube-in-tube heat exchanger is investigated. The attainable process efficiency levels are determined with due regard for convective and radiant heat exchange and heat dissipation from the outer surface of the external tube to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate if the detergent sclerosant sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) is deactivated by the lipid-based contrast agent ethiodised oil.Method: 3% STS was mixed with ethiodised oil and room air in a 2:1:4 ratio in two luer lock syringes and a three way connector and agitated to make foam (the Tessari technique) to replicate the clinical use of the products. The assay of STS in the mixture was assessed using the British Pharmacopoeia method. Briefly this is a manual titration method where the solution of STS is mixed with an indicator solution and titrated with hyamine solution of known concentration; the concentration of the STS can then be calculated with the titration results. To further mimic the clinical environment with the presence of blood, the effect of adding increasing amounts of albumin to the STS-ethiodised oil mixture was assessed.Results: The assay of STS in the solution after mixing with ethiodised oil was 3% indicating that the ethiodised oil did not deactivate the STS. The addition of albumin to the STS-contrast mixture resulted in near linear neutralisation of the STS with increasing concentrations in the same quantities as with STS alone.Conclusions: The mixture of the lipid-based contrast agent ethiodised oil with the detergent sclerosant STS did not affect the availability of the sclerosant. The continued use of STS-ethiodised oil in the management of vascular malformations can be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineering vascular grafts (TEVGs) constructed by decellularized arteries have the potential to replace autologous blood vessels in bypass surgery for patients with cardiovascular disease. There are various methods of decellularization without a standard protocol. Detergents approaches are simple, and easy control of experimental conditions. Non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 and ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are the most commonly used detergents. In this study, we used Triton X-100 and SDS with different concentrations to decellularize porcine carotid arteries. After that, we investigated the acellular effect and mechanical properties of decellularized arteries to find a promising concentration combination for decellularization. Results showed that any detergents' combination would damage the inherent structure of extracellular matrix, and the destruction increased with the increase of detergents' concentration. We concluded that the decellularization approach of 0.5% Triton X-100 for 24 h combined with 0.25% SDS for 72 h could help to obtain decellularized arteries with minimum destruction. This protocol may be able to prepare a clinically suitable vascular scaffold for TEVGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthetic reaction center (RC) of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides is one of the most well-studied transmembrane pigment-protein complexes. It is a relatively stable protein with established conditions for its isolation from membranes, purification, and storage. However, it has been shown that some amino acid substitutions can affect stability of the RC, which results in a decrease of the RCs yield during its isolation and purification, disturbs spectral properties of the RCs during storage, and can lead to sample heterogeneity. To optimize conditions for studying mutant RCs, the effect of various detergents and osmolytes on thermal stability of the complex was examined. It was shown that trehalose and, to a lesser extent, sucrose, maltose, and hydroxyectoin at 1 M concentration slow down thermal denaturation of RCs. Sodium cholate was found to have significant stabilizing effect on the structure of native and genetically modified RCs. The use of sodium cholate as a detergent has several advantages and can be recommended for the storage and investigation of the unstable mutant membrane complexes of purple bacteria in long-term experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the aims of Goal 11 of the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to make human settlements sustainable. Some effort should therefore focus on developing maintenance strategies for buildings. Polished granite cladding tiles are very popular for use as flooring material in private and public buildings. These tiles are often treated by mechanical cleaning with detergents and scrubbers, and anionic detergents without chelating agents are usually used to prevent damaging the material. In this study, the anionic detergent Teepol® was applied to granite tiles in order to determine the effect of the treatment on the surface properties of this stone, i.e. appearance, colour, gloss, roughness and hydrophobicity. The results obtained were explained by scanning electron microscopy observations, which enabled characterisation of the microtexture of the surfaces, chemical contamination and any damage to the different granite-forming minerals. The results were compared with those obtained for tiles cleaned by the same mechanical procedure but with tap water in place of detergent and for tiles treated by immersion in water without any mechanical action. In summary, the properties evaluated were affected by the extraction of the typical oxyhydroxylated iron forms that fill cracks in the granite and by the formation of new cracks due to the mechanical action. Moreover, colour changes and the chemical contamination (C-rich deposits with Na, S, Cl, Ca and Mg) hindered the effectiveness of the cleaning procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are concerns regarding the toxicity of household detergents to humans and aquatic organisms. There are various types of surfactants, which are the main components of detergents, and each detergent product has a different formulation. Therefore, high-throughput technologies capable of analyzing a large number of samples rapidly and accurately are required for research on detergent toxicity. In this study, image analysis techniques were used to quantify the locomotor activities from captured images using larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). When the 135-min time-lapse imaging was completed, the damage to the body of the animals was examined using a microscope. Additionally, we determined the animal survival and LC50. Nonionic decyl glucoside (APG-C10), one of the alkyl polyglucosides (APGs), exhibited the lowest toxicity, whereas linear alcohol ethoxylate (LA-9) exhibited the highest toxicity. AOS (α-olefin sulfonate), LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), and APG-600 showed moderate toxicity between LA-9 and APG-C10. Commercial detergents exhibited various degrees of toxicity, and there was a linear relationship (R2 = 0.776) between locomotor activity and survival percentage of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual chemicals that are presented during tissue processing in human tissue banks can be a risk for the allograft recipient. Determine the residual concentrations of the antibiotics and detergent used in the process of human decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves stored in isotonic saline solution up to 18 months. A total of 24 human decellularized allografts were stored in sterile sodium chloride and analyzed immediately after the decellularization process (0 months) and after storage for 6, 12, and 18 months, which includes the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and antibiotics (cefoxitin, vancomycin hydrochloride, lincomycin hydrochloride, polymyxin B sulfate). These valves were used for suitability tests, the zone of inhibition evaluation, and direct contact cytotoxicity assay. The stock solution from 32 valves was used for LC-MS/MS analysis of antibiotics and SDS. Tissue samples from decellularized valves showed a zone of inhibition formation for S. aureus and B. subtilis, suggesting the presence of an inhibitory molecule in the tissue. Cytotoxicity tests were negative. Polymyxin B, vancomycin, and SDS were detected and quantified in human decellularized aortic and pulmonary allografts during all periods of the study. There were no traces of residual cefoxitin and lincomycin in the tissue stock solution. We found residual concentrations of the antibiotics and detergent used in the process of human decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves stored in isotonic saline solution up to 18 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of food additives, artificial sweeteners and domestic hygiene products on the gut microbiome and fibre fermentation capacity. Methods: Faecal samples from 13 healthy volunteers were fermented in batch cultures with food additives (maltodextrin, carboxymethyl cellulose, polysorbate-80, carrageenan-kappa, cinnamaldehyde, sodium benzoate, sodium sulphite, titanium dioxide), sweeteners (aspartame-based sweetener, sucralose, stevia) and domestic hygiene products (toothpaste and dishwashing detergent). Short-chain fatty acid production was measured with gas chromatography. Microbiome composition was characterised with 16S rRNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Acetic acid increased in the presence of maltodextrin and the aspartame-based sweetener and decreased with dishwashing detergent or sodium sulphite. Propionic acid increased with maltodextrin, aspartame-based sweetener, sodium sulphite and polysorbate-80 and butyrate decreased dramatically with cinnamaldehyde and dishwashing detergent. Branched-chain fatty acids decreased with maltodextrin, aspartame-based sweetener, cinnamaldehyde, sodium benzoate and dishwashing detergent. Microbiome Shannon α-diversity increased with stevia and decreased with dishwashing detergent and cinnamaldehyde. Sucralose, cinnamaldehyde, titanium dioxide, polysorbate-80 and dishwashing detergent shifted microbiome community structure; the effects were most profound with dishwashing detergent (R2 = 43.9%, p = 0.008) followed by cinnamaldehyde (R2 = 12.8%, p = 0.016). Addition of dishwashing detergent and cinnamaldehyde increased the abundance of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) belonging to Escherichia/Shigella and Klebsiella and decreased members of Firmicutes, including OTUs of Faecalibacterium and Subdoligranulum. Addition of sucralose and carrageenan-kappa also increased the abundance of Escherichia/Shigella and sucralose, sodium sulphite and polysorbate-80 did likewise to Bilophila. Polysorbate-80 decreased the abundance of OTUs of Faecalibacterium and Subdoligranulum. Similar effects were observed with the concentration of major bacterial groups using qPCR. In addition, maltodextrin, aspartame-based sweetener and sodium benzoate promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium whereas sodium sulphite, carrageenan-kappa, polysorbate-80 and dishwashing detergent had an inhibitory effect. Conclusions: This study improves understanding of how additives might affect the gut microbiota composition and its fibre metabolic activity with many possible implications for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods have been reported for the preparation of ω-functionalized alkyl maltoside and glycoside detergents via a simple and inexpensive synthetic route. The key step was stannic chloride-mediated glycosylation of long-chain alcohols or thiols with maltose octaacetate at 0 or –10°C, respectively, within a very short time (isolated yield 17–44%), which provided more than 98% β-selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication describes the possibility of developing new metal complex bactericides with detergent properties that have no analogues. They irreversibly suppress bacteriophages, intestinal bacteria, virions, cocci, salmonella, trichomonas, and Becreus spores in fat-containing contaminants on the surfaces of various materials, in combination with washout of contaminants. In doses lethal to pathogens, the bactericide is safe for microflora, animals, and humans. The results seem to be relevant to the case of COVID-19 and possible worsening of the epidemiological situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastropods are endowed with a soluble copper containing, blue coloured respiratory protein known as hemocyanin. In the present study, for the first time, hemocyanin from Pila virens, a fresh water gastropod endemic to Indian sub-continent was studied for its conformational stability in the presence of temperature and various detergents by different spectroscopic techniques viz. UV–Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Results from UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that, absorbance corresponding to active site moieties were decreased with increase in temperature from 30 to 70 °C. Whereas 'thermal reversibility' studies showed the increase in absorbance of active site with decrease in temperature from 70 to 20 °C (is an indicative of the characteristic feature of hemocyanins—that oxygen is reversibly bound to the copper in the active site). Results from CD spectroscopy revealed that the temperature-induced conformational changes on the secondary structure of hemocyanin was reversible up to 70 °C. Beyond 80 °C, the protein was completely denatured and assumed an increased random coil conformation. Hemocyanin in the presence of high concentration of detergents lost its structure as evident from UV–Vis fluorescence (evident from the red shifts in the emission maxima accompanied by quenching in emission intensities) and CD spectroscopy. Stability of active site moieties in the presence of different detergents was also studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The biophysical techniques gave insights into the varied effects of each of the different denaturants on the conformational stability of hemocyanin from Pila virens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]