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We examined the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical potential of a smartphone-based Approach-Avoidance Modification Training (AAMT) that required users to deliberately display anger and positive emotions (AAMT-AP) to move (dys-)functional stress-related beliefs away from and towards themselves, respectively. The per protocol sample consisted of N = 30 participants randomized to an AAMT-AP condition, a swipe control condition, or an inactive control condition. Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and study design were assessed directly and changes in clinical outcomes (perceived stress (primary outcome), dysfunctional beliefs, symptoms of depression, and emotion regulation skills) one week after intervention completion. The results indicated that AAMT-AP was feasible and acceptable to participants. Moreover, notable effect sizes for clinical outcomes in comparison with both control conditions provided preliminary evidence for its therapeutic potential. Future research should evaluate the efficacy of AAMT-AP in sufficiently powered randomized controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to explore the influence of shift working nursing professionals' psychological inflexibility on their level of insomnia. Additionally, we investigated the mediation effect of depression and sleep-related cognitions on this association. An online survey was conducted among 202 nursing professionals at Asan Medical Center from July to August, 2023. Participants responded to questionnaires including the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep − 16 (DBAS-16), Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9), and the Discrepancy between desired time in bed and desired total sleep time index (DBST index). Pearson's correlation and linear regression were performed to explore the factors predicting ISI scores. Mediation analysis was implemented. Linear regression revealed that insomnia severity was predicted by DBAS-16 (β = 0.15, p = 0.008), GSES (β = 0.48, p < 0.001), and PHQ-9 (β = 0.26, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis showed that the relationship between the psychological inflexibility of shift-working nursing professionals' and insomnia severity was fully mediated by depression, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, and sleep effort. Psychological inflexibility does not directly influence insomnia severity, but depression, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, and sleep effort fully mediate the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive retraining or remediation approaches dispense high levels of stimulation and new learning tasks, leading to an increased neural connections, which facilitate rapid recovery in patients with neurological as well as psychiatric conditions. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive retraining (CR) in depressive disorders. We assigned 40 patients with mild to moderate depression to two sample groups, with 20 participants each: CR alone and CR with medicine. A 6-week CR module was delivered, and participants' scores on measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Metacognition Questionnaire 30, World Health Organization Quality of Life- Brief, and Global Assessment of Functioning were compared. Results: Analysis using Stata/IC version 16 included descriptive statistics, paired and independent t-tests, analysis of covariance, and propensity score matching. Cohen's d was computed to determine the effect size. Within-group analysis revealed statistically significant differences in pre-post scores of the outcome measures (p <.05) and large effect size (d = 3.41; d = 3.60) in both groups. The difference in scores of outcome measures between the groups was not significant (p >.05) even when covariates were controlled, or nearest neighbor match analysis was carried out. CR is effective in alleviating symptoms and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs in addition to enhancing functioning and quality of life. Conclusions: CR-based interventions may be essential mental health services owing to growing research in psychotherapy via virtual modes such as tele- and video-conferencing. These interventions can substantiate both prevention and remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Personality Beliefs Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-SF) is the short-form version of PBQ (Beck and Beck in The personality belief questionnaire, 1991) and was developed by Butler et al. (Cogn Therapy Res 31(3): 357–370, 2007) to assess dysfunctional beliefs based on cognitive formulations of personality disorders. This study designed to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the Persian PBQ-SF in a sample of 502 university students in Iran (M age = 23.22, SD = 4.99, 56.6% women). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed ten-factor model. The internal consistency of the Persian version of PBQ-SF ranged from.56 (Avoidant) to.81 (Histrionic), while MIC values indicated reliabilities in the acceptable range for all PBQ-SF factors. Also, expected associations between PBQ-SF factors (e.g., Narcissism and Antisocial) and external correlates (e.g., Disinhibition and Antagonism) supported the measure's convergent validity. The findings indicated that the Persian version of the PBQ-SF has sound psychometric properties and is a valid and reliable tool for assessing dysfunctional beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression, anxiety, stress (DAS) are triggers of tension-type headaches. The current research investigates how irrational cognitions, according to the theory of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (tREBT), are associated with DAS. We determine how tREBT predicts well-being and happiness outcomes of people experiencing tension-type headaches through DAS. We use the Hybrid Model of Learning in Personality (HMLP) to provide a detailed model of cognitions associated with tREBT. This research aims to advance understanding of the psychological factors associated with tension-type headaches, and our measurement model of tREBT may help reverse declining research interest. Across two studies, using physicians and family members as third-party assessors of patients with tension-type headaches, we use HMLP to show how irrational cognitions are expressed through DAS in the prediction of patient well-being and happiness. Our results provide a new understanding of cognitions associated with tREBT, a measurement model of tREBT, and we identify cognitions associated with tension-type headaches. We conclude that learning and cognitive processes related to the development and maintenance of irrational beliefs are important in the prediction of the severity of tension-type headaches and their well-being outcomes. This information can be used to develop clinical applications, such as programs designed to increase success of health-promotion activities. We believe HMLP offers researchers a validated model of cognitive mechanisms associated with REBT and will encourage more mainstream empirical research of this theory and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theorie: Schlafbezogene Metakognitionen sind Überzeugungen über eigene Gedanken und kognitive Schemata, die sich mit schlafbezogenen Inhalten befassen. Sie werden mit Insomnie und schlechter Schlafqualität in Verbindung gebracht. In der Theorie finden sich Hinweise für Assoziationen mit Depressionen und Rumination. Aus der bestehenden Literatur wurde ein Strukturgleichungsmodell zu den Zusammenhängen von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination abgeleitet. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Erörterung möglicher Zusammenhänge.Die Konstrukte wurden mittels Metacognition Questionnaire-Insomnia (MCQ-I), Insomnie-Schweregrad-Index (ISI), Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI-II), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) und Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ-D) an einer Stichprobe aus einem schlafmedizinischen Zentrum erhoben. Die Daten wurden deskriptiv und faktorenanalytisch ausgewertet. Mittels Maximum-Likelihood-Estimation wurde das theoriebasierte Strukturgleichungsmodell überprüft und anhand von Fit-Indizes hinsichtlich des globalen Modellfits beurteilt.Die Stichprobe umfasste n = 415 Personen. Das Strukturgleichungsmodell weist einen akzeptablen bis guten Fit auf. Für die Konstrukte schlafbezogene Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination wurden mittlere bis starke Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen r = 0,44 und 0,97 (p < 0,001) erreicht.Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells bestätigen Größe und Richtung bisheriger Ergebnisse. Die Arbeit zeigt den globalen Zusammenhang von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depression, Schlafqualität und Rumination. Sie unterstützt damit eine tageszeitübergreifende Betrachtung von psychischen Störungen und die Betrachtung metakognitiver Überzeugungen bei der Behandlung von Insomnie und Depression.Methode: Schlafbezogene Metakognitionen sind Überzeugungen über eigene Gedanken und kognitive Schemata, die sich mit schlafbezogenen Inhalten befassen. Sie werden mit Insomnie und schlechter Schlafqualität in Verbindung gebracht. In der Theorie finden sich Hinweise für Assoziationen mit Depressionen und Rumination. Aus der bestehenden Literatur wurde ein Strukturgleichungsmodell zu den Zusammenhängen von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination abgeleitet. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Erörterung möglicher Zusammenhänge.Die Konstrukte wurden mittels Metacognition Questionnaire-Insomnia (MCQ-I), Insomnie-Schweregrad-Index (ISI), Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI-II), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) und Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ-D) an einer Stichprobe aus einem schlafmedizinischen Zentrum erhoben. Die Daten wurden deskriptiv und faktorenanalytisch ausgewertet. Mittels Maximum-Likelihood-Estimation wurde das theoriebasierte Strukturgleichungsmodell überprüft und anhand von Fit-Indizes hinsichtlich des globalen Modellfits beurteilt.Die Stichprobe umfasste n = 415 Personen. Das Strukturgleichungsmodell weist einen akzeptablen bis guten Fit auf. Für die Konstrukte schlafbezogene Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination wurden mittlere bis starke Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen r = 0,44 und 0,97 (p < 0,001) erreicht.Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells bestätigen Größe und Richtung bisheriger Ergebnisse. Die Arbeit zeigt den globalen Zusammenhang von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depression, Schlafqualität und Rumination. Sie unterstützt damit eine tageszeitübergreifende Betrachtung von psychischen Störungen und die Betrachtung metakognitiver Überzeugungen bei der Behandlung von Insomnie und Depression.Ergebnisse: Schlafbezogene Metakognitionen sind Überzeugungen über eigene Gedanken und kognitive Schemata, die sich mit schlafbezogenen Inhalten befassen. Sie werden mit Insomnie und schlechter Schlafqualität in Verbindung gebracht. In der Theorie finden sich Hinweise für Assoziationen mit Depressionen und Rumination. Aus der bestehenden Literatur wurde ein Strukturgleichungsmodell zu den Zusammenhängen von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination abgeleitet. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Erörterung möglicher Zusammenhänge.Die Konstrukte wurden mittels Metacognition Questionnaire-Insomnia (MCQ-I), Insomnie-Schweregrad-Index (ISI), Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI-II), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) und Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ-D) an einer Stichprobe aus einem schlafmedizinischen Zentrum erhoben. Die Daten wurden deskriptiv und faktorenanalytisch ausgewertet. Mittels Maximum-Likelihood-Estimation wurde das theoriebasierte Strukturgleichungsmodell überprüft und anhand von Fit-Indizes hinsichtlich des globalen Modellfits beurteilt.Die Stichprobe umfasste n = 415 Personen. Das Strukturgleichungsmodell weist einen akzeptablen bis guten Fit auf. Für die Konstrukte schlafbezogene Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination wurden mittlere bis starke Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen r = 0,44 und 0,97 (p < 0,001) erreicht.Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells bestätigen Größe und Richtung bisheriger Ergebnisse. Die Arbeit zeigt den globalen Zusammenhang von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depression, Schlafqualität und Rumination. Sie unterstützt damit eine tageszeitübergreifende Betrachtung von psychischen Störungen und die Betrachtung metakognitiver Überzeugungen bei der Behandlung von Insomnie und Depression.Diskussion: Schlafbezogene Metakognitionen sind Überzeugungen über eigene Gedanken und kognitive Schemata, die sich mit schlafbezogenen Inhalten befassen. Sie werden mit Insomnie und schlechter Schlafqualität in Verbindung gebracht. In der Theorie finden sich Hinweise für Assoziationen mit Depressionen und Rumination. Aus der bestehenden Literatur wurde ein Strukturgleichungsmodell zu den Zusammenhängen von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination abgeleitet. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Erörterung möglicher Zusammenhänge.Die Konstrukte wurden mittels Metacognition Questionnaire-Insomnia (MCQ-I), Insomnie-Schweregrad-Index (ISI), Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI-II), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) und Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ-D) an einer Stichprobe aus einem schlafmedizinischen Zentrum erhoben. Die Daten wurden deskriptiv und faktorenanalytisch ausgewertet. Mittels Maximum-Likelihood-Estimation wurde das theoriebasierte Strukturgleichungsmodell überprüft und anhand von Fit-Indizes hinsichtlich des globalen Modellfits beurteilt.Die Stichprobe umfasste n = 415 Personen. Das Strukturgleichungsmodell weist einen akzeptablen bis guten Fit auf. Für die Konstrukte schlafbezogene Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depressionen, Schlafqualität und Rumination wurden mittlere bis starke Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen r = 0,44 und 0,97 (p < 0,001) erreicht.Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells bestätigen Größe und Richtung bisheriger Ergebnisse. Die Arbeit zeigt den globalen Zusammenhang von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen, Insomnie, Depression, Schlafqualität und Rumination. Sie unterstützt damit eine tageszeitübergreifende Betrachtung von psychischen Störungen und die Betrachtung metakognitiver Überzeugungen bei der Behandlung von Insomnie und Depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caregivers of people with dementia who endorse dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving are at high risk of experiencing higher levels of distress. These dysfunctional beliefs are presented in the form of rules, verbal statements that specify what responsibilities one should expect in order to be a "good caregiver," and are characterized as rigid, unrealistic, or highly demanding. Previous studies relied exclusively on self-report measures when assessing such dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop and validate an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to measure implicit dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving (CARE-IRAP), and 2) considering the relatively high age of the sample, to analyze the adaptation of the IRAP for older adults, comparing the IRAP performance between older adult caregivers and middle-aged caregivers. Participants were 123 dementia family caregivers with a mean age of 62.24 ± 12.89. Adaptations were made to the IRAP by adjusting the accuracy and response time criteria. The sample was split into middle-aged caregivers (below 60 years) and older adult caregivers (60 or older). The CARE-IRAP scores presented significant positive correlations with explicit measures of dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving and experiential avoidance in caregiving. A similar pattern of results was observed across the two age groups. The results revealed that caregivers endorse implicit dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving and offer preliminary support for the use of the IRAP as a valid measure of implicit caregiving beliefs. This exploratory study is the first to adapt the IRAP criteria to older adults, and future studies should further explore criteria suitable for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With reference to the rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) framework model, the purpose of the present study was to develop a multidimensional scale regarding dysfunctional beliefs of young people, and to clarify its factor structure. In line with this purpose, the dysfunctional beliefs questionnaire (DBQ) was developed. It is composed of four subscales measuring self-criticizing, catastrophizing, demandingness and frustration intolerance. Results reveal that the DBQ shows a good four-factor structure that represents the four subscales of the theoretical framework model. Furthermore, this result demonstrates adequate internal consistency reliability and supports the validity of the DBQ in terms of construct convergent (assessed with the personality belief questionnaire) and divergent validity (assessed with intelligence and coping strategies). Findings also show that dysfunctional beliefs are negatively correlated with intelligence and blunting coping and partially correlated with monitoring coping. Clinical implications and the potential utility of examining the combined influence of other cognitive factors are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the pattern of associations between dimensions of personality dysfunction, dysfunctional beliefs, and adverse emotional outcomes. We recruited two samples of undergraduates (n = 167; n = 104). Dysfunctional beliefs showed positive correlations with pathological personality dimensions Negative Emotionality, Introversion, and Psychoticism, and negative correlations with Big Five dimensions of Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Conscientiousness. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that dysfunctional beliefs are predictive of adverse emotional outcomes above and beyond dimensions of personality dysfunction. Dysfunctional beliefs also mediated the relationship between personality traits (Negative Emotionality, Emotional Stability) and important emotional outcomes like depression, anxiety, anger, demoralization and cynicism. The implication of the mediation analyses is that dimensions of personality (i.e., Negative Emotionality, Emotional Stability) have their effect on a variety of affective outcomes by operating through the mechanism of dysfunctional beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to gain a greater understanding of the five cognitive processes from the cognitive model of insomnia, negative automatic thoughts, and time in bed as outcomes and potential mediators of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), in a sample with insomnia and depressive symptomatology. Sixty-four participants were randomized to receive either CBT-I or an active control (relaxation training: RT) in groups during four biweekly sessions. Insomnia, depressive severity, and the potential processes of change were measured pre-, mid-, and post-treatment. CBT-I was associated with greater reductions of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, sleep-related safety behaviors, and time in bed compared to RT. Mid-treatment dysfunctional beliefs about sleep was the only process that mediated between CBT-I and outcomes on insomnia and depressive severity, respectively. The relationships were reciprocal. Dysfunctional beliefs about sleep may be a trans-diagnostic process of both insomnia and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moulding et al. (Assessment 18:357-374, ) created a 20-item short-form of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ; Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group in Behaviour Research and Therapy 43:1527-1542, ) labeled the OBQ-20. To date, the psychometric properties of the OBQ-20 have yet to be examined among clinical respondents. It is also unknown whether the OBQ-20 addresses the limited specificity of prior OBQ versions to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In Study 1, using a small clinical sample ( N = 48), each OBQ-20 scale evidenced good internal consistency and shared a nearly identical correlation in magnitude with obsessive-compulsive symptoms relative to a corresponding full-length OBQ scale. In Study 2, using a large community sample ( N = 507), the OBQ-20 scales generally correlated equivalently with obsessive-compulsive symptoms relative to both depression and generalized anxiety symptoms. The OBQ-20 demonstrated strong psychometric properties, but, like prior OBQ versions, did not emerge as specific to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Given its brevity and potential transdiagnostic importance, the OBQ-20 will likely be a useful assessment tool in both research and clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive theories emphasise the role of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep in the development and maintenance of sleep-related problems (SRPs). The present research examines how parents' dysfunctional beliefs about children's sleep and child dysfunctional beliefs about sleep are related to each other and to children's subjective and objective sleep. Participants were 45 children aged 11-12 years and their parents. Self-report measures of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and child sleep were completed by children, mothers and fathers. Objective measures of child sleep were taken using actigraphy. The results showed that child dysfunctional beliefs about sleep were correlated with father ( r = 0.43, p < 0.05) and mother ( r = 0.43, p < 0.05) reported child SRPs, and with Sleep Onset Latency ( r = 0.34, p < 0.05). Maternal dysfunctional beliefs about child sleep were related to child SRPs as reported by mothers ( r = 0.44, p < 0.05), and to child dysfunctional beliefs about sleep ( r = 0.37, p < 0.05). Some initial evidence was found for a mediation pathway in which child dyfunctional beliefs mediate the relationship between parent dysfunctional beliefs and child sleep. The results support the cognitive model of SRPs and contribute to the literature by providing the first evidence of familial aggregation of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]