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1. The German bee monitoring project: a long term study to understand periodically high winter losses of honey bee colonies*.

Author

Elke Genersch, Werner von der Ohe, Hannes Kaatz, Annette Schroeder, Christoph Otten, Ralph Büchler, Stefan Berg, Wolfgang Ritter, Werner Mühlen, Sebastian Gisder, Marina Meixner, Gerhard Liebig, and Peter Rosenkranz

Subjects
*HONEYBEES, *ANIMAL wintering, *BEE colonies, *INSECT pollinators, *POLLINATION by bees, *COLONY collapse disorder of honeybees
Abstract

The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the most important animal pollinator in agriculture worldwide providing more than 90% of the commercial pollination services. Due to the development in agriculture the demands for honey bee pollination are steadily increasing stressing the pollination capacity of the global managed honey bee population. Hence, the long-term decline of managed honey bee hives in Europe and North-America is of great concern and stimulated intensive research into the possible factors presumably causing honey bee colony collapse. We here present a four-year study involving more than 1200 bee colonies from about 120 apiaries which were monitored for the entire study period. Bee samples were collected twice a year to analyze various pathogenic factors including the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, fungi (Nosema spec., Ascosphaera apis), the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, and several viruses. Data on environmental factors, beekeeping management practice, and pesticides were also collected. All data were statistically analyzed in respect to the overwintering mortality of the colonies. We can demonstrate for several factors that they are significantly related to the observed winter losses of the monitored honey bee colonies: (i) high varroa infestation level, (ii) infection with deformed wing virus (DWV) and acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) in autumn, (iii) queen age, and (iv) weakness of the colonies in autumn. No effects could be observed for Nosema spec. or pesticides. The implications of these findings will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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2. Unity in defence: honeybee workers exhibit conserved molecular responses to diverse pathogens

Author

Yves Le Conte, Ivo Grosse, H. Michael G. Lattorff, Christian Aurori, Ronald P. van Rij, Elina L. Niño, Yvonne Poeschl, Katja Nowick, Cédric Alaux, Vincent Doublet, Christina M. Grozinger, Robert J. Paxton, Dino P. McMahon, Michelle L. Flenniken, Holly L. Holt, Andreas Gogol-Döring, Robin F. A. Moritz, Dan Hultmark, Sebastian Gisder, Fabio Manfredini, James C. Bull, Oscar C. Bedoya-Reina, Mark J. F. Brown, Elke Genersch, David W. Galbraith, Francesco Nazzi, Seth M. Barribeau, Desiderato Annoscia, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Networktechnologies and Multimedia Teleservices, University of Potsdam, Abeilles et Environnement (AE), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Western Gen Hosp, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Ctr Comparat Genom & Bioinformat, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Dept Physiol Anat & Genet, MRC Funct Genom Unit, University of Oxford, Sch Biol Sci, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Dept Biosci, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Department Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology [Bozeman], Montana State University (MSU), Dept Entomol, Ctr Pollinator Res, Dept Microbiol & Epizoot, Free University of Berlin (FU), Dept Mol Microbiol & Bee Dis, Institute for Bee Research (LIB), Inst Comp Sci, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Monarch Joint Venture, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, University of Minnesota System, Department of Molecular Biology [Umeå], Umeå University, Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol Icipe, Environm Hlth Theme, University of Nairobi, Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Dipartimento Sci AgroAlimentari Ambientali & Ainm, Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie], Dept Entomol & Nematol, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California-University of California, Interdisciplinary Ctr Bioinformat, Bioinformat Grp, Dept Comp Sci,TFome Res Grp, Paul Flechsig Inst Brain Res, Halle-Jena-Leipzig - German Science Foundation FZT 118 / Insect Pollinators Initiative (IPI) BB/I000100/1 BB/I000151/1 / BBSRC BB/I025220/1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU), and University of Oxford [Oxford]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, RNA virus, Cell- och molekylärbiologi, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4], 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, varroa destructor, apis mellifera, Nosema, IAPV, méta analyse, Genetics, Transcriptomics, Gene, DWV, Apis mellifera, Co-expression network, Immunity, Meta-analysis, Varroa destructor, Biotechnology, biology, transcriptomique, Microbiology and Parasitology, Nosema apis, réponse moléculaire, Honey bee, biology.organism_classification, Nosema ceranae, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, nosema, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Varroa, DNA microarray, immunité, Cell and Molecular Biology, pathogen, metaanalysis, agent pathogène
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 170302.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Organisms typically face infection by diverse pathogens, and hosts are thought to have developed specific responses to each type of pathogen they encounter. The advent of transcriptomics now makes it possible to test this hypothesis and compare host gene expression responses to multiple pathogens at a genome-wide scale. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of multiple published and new transcriptomes using a newly developed bioinformatics approach that filters genes based on their expression profile across datasets. Thereby, we identified common and unique molecular responses of a model host species, the honey bee (Apis mellifera), to its major pathogens and parasites: the Microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, RNA viruses, and the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, which transmits viruses. RESULTS: We identified a common suite of genes and conserved molecular pathways that respond to all investigated pathogens, a result that suggests a commonality in response mechanisms to diverse pathogens. We found that genes differentially expressed after infection exhibit a higher evolutionary rate than non-differentially expressed genes. Using our new bioinformatics approach, we unveiled additional pathogen-specific responses of honey bees; we found that apoptosis appeared to be an important response following microsporidian infection, while genes from the immune signalling pathways, Toll and Imd, were differentially expressed after Varroa/virus infection. Finally, we applied our bioinformatics approach and generated a gene co-expression network to identify highly connected (hub) genes that may represent important mediators and regulators of anti-pathogen responses. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis generated a comprehensive overview of the host metabolic and other biological processes that mediate interactions between insects and their pathogens. We identified key host genes and pathways that respond to phylogenetically diverse pathogens, representing an important source for future functional studies as well as offering new routes to identify or generate pathogen resilient honey bee stocks. The statistical and bioinformatics approaches that were developed for this study are broadly applicable to synthesize information across transcriptomic datasets. These approaches will likely have utility in addressing a variety of biological questions.

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