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Cementitious materials, which are extensively utilized in contemporary construction projects, exhibit a vulnerability to deterioration attributed to their inherently porous architecture. The application of surface treatment methodologies presents a practical, efficient, and user-friendly strategy to significantly augment the durability of these materials. Among the diverse surface protection agents utilized, silane and siloxane materials are extensively utilized for hydrophobically modifying and sealing cementitious pore structures. This review provides an overview of the current progress on the application of silane and siloxane materials. It encompasses the hydrophobicity mechanism, various material types, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages associated with each type. Moreover, the effects of silane and siloxane surface treatment on cementitious material properties are examined, including hydrophobicity, resistance to chlorine, freeze–thaw cycles, and salt freezing. While observing substantial effects, the role they play in carbonation resistance remains a topic of debate. Lastly, this review outlines future research directions, aiming to enhance carbonation resistance mechanisms and address the long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of antiproliferative drug-eluting vascular stents can dramatically reduce in-stent restenosis via inhibiting the hyperproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the antiproliferative drugs also restrain the repair of the injured endothelial layer, which in turn leads to the very later in-stent restenosis. Evidence points that competent endothelium plays a critical role in guaranteeing the long-term patency via maintaining vascular homeostasis. Boosting the regeneration of endothelium on the implanted vascular stents could be rendered as a promising strategy to reduce stent implantation complications. In this regard, bioactive zinc(II) metal-organic framework modified with endothelial cell-targeting Arg-Glu-Asp-Val peptide was embedded in poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) to serve as a functional coating on the surface of titanium substrate, which can promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. The in vitro cell experiments revealed that the zinc(II) metal-organic framework embedded in the polymer coating was able to modulate the behaviors of endothelial cells owing to the bioactive effects of zinc ion and peptide. Our results confirmed that zinc(II) metal-organic framework eluting coating represented a new possibility for promoting the repair of the damaged endothelium with potential clinical implications in vascular-related biomaterials and tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the emerging green light sources are of great significance to achieve the energy saving and emission reduction. The encapsulation materials as the key supporting and protection materials can directly influence the reliability, performance, and service life of LEDs. Thus, the encapsulation materials with ideal properties including high transmittance, high refractive index (RI), excellent mechanical property, high thermal conductivity, and high aging resistance are urgently needed in the LEDs-based semiconductor lighting field. Epoxy resins and organic silicone resins as the main two traditional encapsulation materials still have some problems, such as low RI, poor mechanical property, prone to yellowing, easy to aging, and so on. To overcome these problems, numerous researches were conducted to improve the overall performances of epoxy resins and organic silicone resins for LED encapsulation. Especially, the organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials can combine the advantages of inorganic nanoparticles and organic resins and show excellent performance for LED encapsulation, hence drawing more and more attention. This review will summarize the recent development of epoxy resin materials, organic silicone materials, and organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials for LED encapsulation, and outlook the key problems and future development direction of the LED encapsulation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal management has been considered as a key issue for high-power electronics. Thermal interface materials (TIMs) play an extremely important role in the field of thermal management. Owing to their excellent insulation, mechanical properties and low processing costs, functional polymers have become the popular candidate for preparing TIMs. In order to develop high thermally conductive TIMs, the inorganic fillers with high thermal conductivity are generally composited with polymers. For this purpose, some key technologies are needed to improve the dispersibility of fillers to reduce interfacial thermal resistance and increase thermal conduction channels. This paper reviews recent progresses on effective methods for improving thermal conductivity, which mainly include filler functionalization and processing, filler hybridization and coating, filler orientation and network. After implementing these strategies, the interfacial interaction between fillers and polymers, the synergy effect of different fillers and the thermal conduction pathway inside the matrix can be highly improved, hence enhancing the thermal conductivity of TIMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redox-responsive cationic polymers have gained considerable attention in gene delivery due to low cytotoxicity and spatio-temporal release of DNA into the cells. Here, we reported the synthesis of reducible disulfide conjugated polyethyleneimine (1.8 kDa) (denoted as SS-PEI) and its application to transfer pEGFP-ZNF580 plasmid (pZNF580) into EA.hy926 cell. This reducible SS-PEI polymer was prepared by one-step polycondensation reaction of low molecular weight PEI with bis-(p-nitrophenyl)-3,3′-dithiodipropionate. The SS-PEI successfully condensed pZNF580 into nano-sized complexes (170 ± 1.5 nm to 255 ± 1.6 nm) with zeta potentials of 3 ± 0.4 mV to 17 ± 0.9 mV. The complexes could be triggered to release pZNF580 when exposed to the reducing environment of 5 mM dithiothreitol. Besides, the SS-PEI exhibited low cytotoxicity. In vitro transfection results showed that SS-PEI exhibited good transfection efficiency comparable to PEI25kDa. Thus, the SS-PEI could act as an reducible gene carrier with good transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene therapy has drawn great attention in the treatments of many diseases, especially for cardiovascular diseases. However, the development of gene carriers with low cytotoxicity and multitargeting function is still a challenge. Herein, the multitargeting REDV-G-TAT-GNLS peptide was conjugated to amphiphilic cationic copolymer poly(ε-caprolactone-co-3(S)-methyl-morpholine-2,5-dione)-g-polyethyleneimine (PCLMD-g-PEI) via a heterobifunctional orthopyridyl disulfide-poly(ethylene glycol)-N-hydroxysuccinimide (OPSS-PEG-NHS) linker to prepare PCLMD-g-PEI-PEG-REDV-G-TAT-G-NLS copolymers with the aim to develop the gene carriers with low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency. The multitargeting micelles were prepared from PCLMD-g-PEI-PEG-REDV-G-TAT-G-NLS copolymers by selfassembly method and used to load pEGFP-ZNF580 plasmids (pDNA) to form gene complexes for enhancing the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (ECs). The loading pDNA capacity was proved by agarose gel electrophoresis assay. These multitargeting gene complexes exhibited low cytotoxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The high internalization efficiency of these gene complexes was confirmed by flow cytometry. The results of in vitro transfection demonstrated that these multitargeting gene complexes possessed relatively high transfection efficiency. The rapid migration of ECs transfected by these gene complexes was verified by wound healing assay. Owing to ECs-targeting ability, cell-penetrating ability and nuclear targeting capacity of REDV-G-TAT-G-NLS peptide, the multitargeting polycationic gene carrier with low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency has great potential in gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-efficiency liquid dishwashing detergent was prepared by using oregano essential oil as an antibacterial agent. The surface cleaning and antibacterial property of the detergent resolved its unifunctionality problem. The antibacterial activities of the detergent were demonstrated through a disk diffusion assay and wipe experiments with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results showed that the prepared detergent was highly effective against E. coli and S. aureus. The results of chemical accelerated tests indicated that the detergent would be effective for at least 1 year. The antibacterial property and detergency performance of the high-efficiency antibacterial liquid dishwashing detergent were compared with those of a commercial antibacterial detergent containing 0.02% o-phenylphenol. The detergency performance of the high-efficiency detergent reached 97.8% and was superior to that of the commercial antibacterial detergent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil bleed is a serious problem in elastomeric thermal silicone conductive pads. The components of the oil bleed and the effect of the silicone chemical parameters on the amount of oil bleed have been determined. The main components of oil bleeds are the uncrosslinked silicones in the cured resins, which include the unreacted silicone materials and the macromolecular substances produced by the hydrosilylation reaction. Cured resins with a high crosslinking density and a high molecular weight of vinyl silicone residues had a lower amount of oil bleed. In addition, a low Si-H content also reduced the amount of oil bleed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene glycol) monoacrylate (PEGMA) is grafted onto polycarbonateurethane (PCU) surface via ultraviolet initiated photopolymerization. The hydroxyl groups of poly(PEGMA) on the surface react with one NCO group of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and another NCO group of IPDI is then hydrolyzed to form amino terminal group, which is further grafted with phosphorylcholine glyceraldehyde to establish a biocompatible hydrophilic structure on the surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the successful grafting of both PEG and phosphorylcholine functional groups on the surface. The decrease of the water contact angle for the modified film is caused by synergic effect of PEG and phosphorylcholine, which both have the high hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the number of platelets adhered is relative low on the synergetically modified PCU film compared with the PCU film modified only by poly(PEGMA). Our synergic modification method using both PEG and phosphorylcholine may be applied in surface modification of blood-contacting biomaterials and some relevant devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copolymerization of CO and styrene catalyzed by Pd/C toward the formation of polyketones (PK)was studied in the N-valeronitrile-N′-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([CCNmim]PF) medium. The synthesized PK was characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), elemental analysis, C-nuclear magnetic resonance (C-NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The supported ionic liquid film on the surface of Pd/C catalyst can prevent the products from covering the hole of active carbon due to its chemical stability and weak coordination ability with metal ions, and thus efficiently improve the catalytic activity. The effects of different amounts of ionic liquid on the catalytic activity and reusability of the catalyst and the molecular weight of PK were discussed. When the usage of ionic liquid is 10wt% (0.1 g ionic liquid / 1 g active carbon carrier) and the theoretical content of Pd is 5wt% (0.05 g Pd/ 1 g active carbon carrier), the highest catalytic activity 2 963.64 gSTCO/(gPd · h) is achieved with the molecular weight and polydispersity index of PK as M = 9 684, M = 13 452 and M/ M = 1.389. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, heparin was introduced into electrospun gelatin nanofibrous scaffold for assessment as a controlled delivery device in vascular tissue engineering application. Hybrid gelatin-heparin fibers with smooth surfaces and no bead defects were produced from gelatin solutions with 18% w/v in acetic acid aqueous solution. A significant decrease in fiber diameter was observed when the heparin content was increased from 1 to 5 wt%. The properties of composite gelatin-heparin scaffolds were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. The gelatin-heparin fibrous scaffolds were also cross-linked using 1 wt% glutaraldehyde vapor-phase for 7 days. A sustained release of heparin could be achieved from gelatinheparin scaffolds over 14 days. The results of the biocompatibility in vitro tests carried out using human umbilical vein endothelial cells indicated good cell viability and proliferation on the gelatin-heparin scaffolds. The results demonstrated that the use of electrospun gelatin fibers as heparin carriers could be promising for vascular tissue applications. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic degraded gelatin was modified with hydrophobic poly( ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) via a chemical grafting route. Firstly, PCL with one hydroxyl end group was prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone ( ɛ-CL) with tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate as catalyst and n-butyl alcohol as initiator. Secondly, the PCL reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to prepare PCL with isocyanate functional group (PCL-NCO). Hydroxylamine was used to degrade gelatin by the cleavage between asparagine and glycine residues of gelatin. PCL-NCO reacted with the hydroxyl/amino groups of degraded gelatin in a homogeneous system and yielded the PCL modified gelatin copolymers. The gelatin grafted PCL copolymers were measured by means of XRD, FTIR, DSC and H NMR. The results confirmed the conjugation of PCL onto gelatin chains. The PCL modified gelatin can be used as biomaterials owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heparin (HEP) and phosphorylcholine groups (PC) were grafted onto the polyurethane (PU) surface in order to improve biocompatibility and anticoagulant activity. After the surface grafting sites of PU were amplified with the primary amine groups of polyethylenimine (PEI), heparin was covalently linked onto the surface by the reaction between the amino group and the carboxyl group. PC groups were covalently immobilized on the PU-PEI surface through the reaction between the amino group and the aldehyde group of phosphorylcholine glyceraldehyde (PCGA). The surface density of primary amine groups was determined by a ninhydrin assay. The amino group density reached a maximum of 0.88 μmol/cm upon incorporation of 10 wt% PEI. The amount of heparin covalently immobilized on the PU-PEI surface was determined by the toluidine blue method. The grafting chemistry resulted in the comparatively dense immobilization of HEP (2.6 μg/cm) and PC to the PU-PEI surfaces. The HEP and PC modified surfaces were characterized by water uptake (PU 0.15 mg/cm, PU-PEI 3.54 mg/cm, PU-HEP 2.04 mg/cm, PU-PC 2.38 mg/cm), water contact angle (PU 95.3°, PU-PEI 34.0°, PU-HEP 39.5°, PU-PC 37.2°), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results demonstrated that the PUPEI surface was successfully grafted with HEP and PC. The hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of these grafted surfaces were significantly improved. These results suggested that the PU-HEP and PU-PC composite films are promising candidates for blood contacting tissue engineering. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heparin was grafted onto polycarbonate urethane (PCU) surface via a three-step procedure utilizing, αω-diamino-poly(ethylene glycol) (APEG, M=2 000) as a spacer. In the first step, isocyanate functional groups were introduced onto PCU surface by the treatment of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst. In the second step, APEG was linked to the PCU surface to obtain the APEG conjugated PCU surface (PCU-APEG). In the third step, heparin was covalently coupled with PCU-APEG in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamidopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC). The amount of heparin (1.639 μg/cm) covalently immobilized on the PCU-APEG surface was determined by the toluidine blue method. The modified surface was characterized by water contact angle, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hemocompatibility was preliminarily studied by platelet adhesion test. The results indicated that heparin was successfully grafted onto the PCU surface, and meanwhile the hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of the modified PCU surface were improved significantly compared with the blank PCU surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene glycol) monoacrylates (PEGMAs) with a molecular weight between 400 and 1,000 g mol were grafted by ultraviolet initiated photopolymerization on the surface of polycarbonateurethane (PCU) for increasing its hydrophilicity and improving its hemocompatibility. The surface-grafted PCU films were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy measurements. The surface properties of the modified films were studied in dry and wetted state. Blood compatibility of the surfaces was evaluated by platelet adhesion tests and adhered platelets were determined by SEM. The results showed that the hydrophilicity of the films had been increased significantly by grafting PEGMAs, and platelets adhesion onto the film surface was obviously suppressed. Furthermore, the molecular weight of PEGMAs had a great effect on the hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of the PCU films after surface modification and increased with increasing molecular weight of PEGMAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel copolymers were successfully synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of 3(S)-methyl-morpholine-2,5-dione (MMD) and 5-methyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MBC) using stannous octoate as catalyst. The copolymers were characterized by means of 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test shows that the average-number relative molecular mass and average-weight relative molecular mass slightly increase with the increase of MBC content in feed. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrate that the glass transition temperature of copolymers increases with the increase of MBC content in copolymers. The copolymers of MMD and MBC are amorphous copolymers, as indicated by DSC results, while the homopolymer of MMD is semicrystalline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorylcholine groups were covalently introduced onto a polycarbonateurethane (PCU) surface in order to create a biomimetic structure on the polymer surfaces. After introducing primary amine groups onto the polymer surface by 1,6-hexanediamine, phosphorylcholine groups were covalently linked onto the surface by the reductive amination between the amino group and the aldehyde group of phosphorylcholine glyceraldehyde (PCGA). The results of water contact angle test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) analysis of the modified films indicated that PCGA had already been covalently linked to the PCU surface. The topographies and surface roughnesses were both imaged and measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of the PCU films after treatment with platelet-rich plasma demonstrated that platelets had rarely adhered to the surface of the PCGA-grafted PCU films but had mainly adhered to the surface of the blank PCU films. The platelet adhesion result indicated that the PC modified PCU films could resist platelet adhesion after grafting with PCGA, and that these PCGA-grafted PCU materials, potentially, might be applied as blood-contacting materials. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorylcholine glyceraldehyde (PCGA), the aldehyde derivative of L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), was covalently linked onto polycarbonateurethane (PCU) surface in order to introduce biomimetic structure on its surface. PCGA was grafted onto PCU surface via three coupling reactions on PCU surface using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) as spacers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements verified that PCGA had already been grafted onto PCU surfaces. In addition, surface morphology of PCGA grafted PCU film was observed using atomic force microscope (AFM), which showed that the grafted film has a pin-hole free surface which is rougher than the surface of blank PCU film. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the modified PCU films after treated with platelet-rich plasma demonstrated that much fewer platelets adhered to the surfaces of the grafted PCU films than to the surface of blank PCU film. The result suggested that these PCGA grafted polymers may have potential application as biomaterials for vascular grafts and some subcutaneously implanted devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) was introduced into a polyurethane (PU) solution in order to prepare hemocompatible electrospun membranes for potential application as small diameter vascular scaffolds. Crosslinked PU/PEGMA hybrid nanofibers were fabricated by a reactive electrospinning process with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAm) as crosslinker and benzophenone (BP) as photoinitiator. The photoinduced polymerization and crosslinking reaction took place simultaneously during the electrospinning process. No significant difference in the membrane morphology was found by SEM when PEGMA content was less than 20 wt%. The crosslinked fibrous membranes of PU/PEGMA exhibit higher hydrophilicity and mechanical strength than PU membrane. These nanofibrous membranes are potential substitutes for artificial vascular scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An original phosphorylcholine (PC) containing vinyl monomer (compound 1) was grafted onto the surface of polycarbonate urethane (PCU) films by ultraviolet (UV) initiated polymerization. The vinyl monomer was synthesized from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) by two relative reactions through the coupling of the isocyanate groups in HDI with the hydroxyl groups in HEMA and GPC, respectively. The existence of phosphorylcholine groups on the surface of compound 1-grafted PCU films was verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements. The surfaces of the grafted PCU films showed lower water contact angles than did the surfaces of non-grafted PCU films. Furthermore, the surface morphology of a grafted PCU film was observed using scanning electrical microscopy (SEM), which showed that the grafted polymer film exhibits a rough and pinhole-free surface. In addition, the blood compatibility of the compound 1-grafted PCU films was evaluated by platelet adhesion studies using the non-grafted PCU film as a reference. It was found by SEM that fewer platelets adhered to the surfaces of the grafted PCU films compared to the reference. The high PC-grafted PCU film did not show any substantial platelet attachment on its surface. These results indicated that these compound 1-grafted polymers may have potential application as biomaterials for vascular grafts and some subcutaneously implanted devices. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) was introduced into a polyurethane (PU) solution in order to prepare electrospun scaffold with improving the biocompatibility by electrospinning technology for potential application as small diameter vascular scaffolds. Crosslinked electrospun PU/PEGMA hybrid nanofibers were fabricated by a reactive electrospinning process with N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide as crosslinker and benzophenone as photoinitiator. The photoinduced polymerization and crosslinking reaction took place simultaneously during the electrospinning process. The electrospinning solutions with various weight ratios of PU/PEGMA were successfully electrospun. No significant difference in the scaffold morphology was found by SEM when PEGMA content was <20 wt%. The crosslinked fibrous scaffolds of PU/PEGMA exhibited higher mechanical strength than the pure PU scaffold. The hydrophilicity of scaffolds was controlled by varying the PU/PEGMA weight ratio. The tissue compatibility of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds were tested using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell morphology and cell proliferation were measured by SEM, fluorescence microscopy and thiazolyl blue assay (MTT) after 1, 3, 7 days of culture. The results indicated that the cell morphology and proliferation on the crosslinked PU/PEGMA scaffolds were better than that on the pure PU scaffold. Furthermore, the appropriate hydrophilic surface with water contact angle in the range of 55-75° was favorable of improvement the HUVECs adhesion and proliferation. Cells seeded on the crosslinked PU/PEGMA (80/20) scaffolds infiltrated into the scaffolds after 7 days of growth. These results indicated the crosslinked electrospun PU/PEGMA nanofibrous scaffolds were potential substitutes for artificial vascular scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

novel polycarbonate urethane was synthesized by the two-stage solution process of diisocyanates with polycarbonate diols (PCDL), in which PCDL, 1,4-butanediol (BD) and mixture of 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) were soft segment, chain extender and rigid segment, respectively. The structures were characterized by using FTIR and H-NMR. The thermoanalysis and mechanical properties of products were measured by means of DSC, TG and other systems. The result shows that an important technological thrust is the development of polymeric materials with improved mechanical characteristics. With the increase in content of HDI component, the elongation at break point increases quickly and decomposition temperature decreases. The DSC/TG curves indicate that a phase division exists in the structure of polycarbonate urethanes. Thermal decomposition occurs at two temperature levels because their rigid and soft chain segments correspond to different glass transition domains, respectively. This paper demonstrates that the mechanical properties of polycarbonate urethane can be controlled by changing the ratio of raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombus formation and blood coagulation are serious problems associated with blood contacting products, such as catheters, vascular grafts, artificial hearts, and heart valves. Recent progresses and strategies to improve the hemocompatibility of biomaterials by surface modification using photochemical immobilization and photograft polymerization are reviewed in this paper. Three approaches to modify biomaterial surfaces for improving the hemocompatibility, i.e., bioinert surfaces, immobilization of anticoagulative substances and biomimetic surfaces, are introduced. The biomimetic amphiphilic phosphorylcholine and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence are the most effective and most often employed biomolecules and peptide sequence for improving hemocompatibility of material surfaces. The RGD sequence can enhance adhesion and growth of endothelial cells (ECs) on material surfaces and increase the retention of ECs under flow shear stress conditions. This surface modification is a promising strategy for biomaterials especially for cardiovascular grafts and functional tissue engineered blood vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors regret that there was an error in our publication. Considering Lingchuang Bai made great contributions to this work, Xinghong Duo and Lingchuang Bai should be co-first authors, but there was no statement that "Xinghong Duo and Lingchuang Bai contributed equally to this work". The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]