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Bile acids (BAs) play important pathophysiological roles in both humans and mammalian animals. Laboratory rats and mice are widely used animal models for assessing pharmacological effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms. However, substantial physiological differences exist in BA composition between humans and murine rodents. Here, we comprehensively compare BA profiles, including primary and secondary BAs, along with their amino acid conjugates, and sulfated metabolites in serum, urine, and feces between humans and two murine rodents. We further analyze the capabilities in gut microbial transform BAs among three species and compare sex-dependent variations within each species. As a result, BAs undergo amidation predominately with glycine in humans and taurine in mice but are primarily unamidated in rats. BA sulfation is a unique characteristic in humans, whereas rats and mice primarily perform multiple hydroxylations during BA synthesis and metabolism. For gut microbial transformed BA capabilities, humans are comparable to those of rats, stronger than those of mice in deconjugation and 7α-dehydroxylation, while humans are weak than those of rats or mice in oxidation and epimerization. Such differences enhance our understanding of the divergent experimental outcomes observed in humans and murine rodents, necessitating caution when translating findings from these rodent species to humans. The analysis of bile acid profiles in biological samples from humans, rats, and mice reveals species-dependent differences as well as sex-dependent differences within each species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lasing emissions with multiple and tunable modes are promising in coding field as a novel cryptographic primitive. With the advantages of simple fabrication, full-color and high-quality-factor whispering gallery mode lasing inside a circular cross-section, polymer microfibers are attractive for photonic devices. However, polymer lasing microfibers for information encryption have never been reported. Herein, we propose a design of printable lasing microfiber encryption chip by in-situ tuning the effective refractive index of the microresonator arrays via a facile approach. Through inkjet printing high-refractive-index nanoparticles on the designated position of lasing microfiber arrays, the effective refractive index of the microcavities is regulated, and the ratio of wavenumber spacing between transverse electric and transverse magnetic mode to the free spectral range can be modulated, particularly with neglectable influence by the size factor. Thus, the programmable region selective encoding process can be conducted simply by a printing program within several minutes. Besides, the encoded microfiber arrays are encapsulated into polydimethylsiloxane to reduce the scattering loss and environmental interference, and a printable encryption chip is realized. This work is expected to provide a platform for the printable encrypted devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles-based drug delivery systems have attracted significant attention in biomedical fields because they can deliver loaded cargoes to the target site in a controlled manner. However, tremendous challenges must still be overcome to reach the expected targeting and therapeutic efficacy in vivo. These challenges mainly arise because the interaction between nanoparticles and biological systems is complex and dynamic and is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles and the heterogeneity of biological systems. Importantly, once the nanoparticles are injected into the blood, a protein corona will inevitably form on the surface. The protein corona creates a new biological identity which plays a vital role in mediating the bio-nano interaction and determining the ultimate results. Thus, it is essential to understand how the protein corona affects the delivery journey of nanoparticles in vivo and what we can do to exploit the protein corona for better delivery efficiency. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental impact of the protein corona on the delivery journey of nanoparticles. Next, we emphasize the strategies that have been developed for tailoring and exploiting the protein corona to improve the transportation behavior of nanoparticles in vivo. Finally, we highlight what we need to do as a next step towards better understanding and exploitation of the protein corona. We hope these insights into the "Yin and Yang" effect of the protein corona will have profound implications for understanding the role of the protein corona in a wide range of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-emitting fabric can facilitate the innovation of wearable display applications. Electronic and luminescent textiles capable of communicating, sensing, and supplying energy have been achieved. However, a facile strategy for fabricating large-area flexible lasing textiles has not yet been reported. In this work, we propose a gravity-assisted rotatory drawing method for fabricating flexible lasing microfibers, which can be woven into multicolor lasing textiles. By regulating the doped dyes and solution viscosity, we achieve the mass manufacturing of lasing microfibers with different emission colors and modes and further weave them into full-color textiles with a wide color gamut, approximately 79.1% larger than that of standard RGB space. For application, we print nanoparticle patterns on the lasing textile and encode it with programmable lasing signal distribution, which can supply an anticounterfeiting label for efficient authentication. This work unifies the fabrication and application of lasing textiles, and we expect that this will provide a new platform for flexible lasing devices.We propose a gravity-assisted rotatory drawing method to fabricate multicolor lasing microfibers, and weave them into flexible textiles. Through regulating the doped dyes and solution viscosity, full-color tunable lasing textiles can be achieved. Furthermore, nanoparticle patterns are printed on the lasing textile to encrypt it for anticounterfeiting application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is critical to realize woven and wearable red-green-blue (RGB) whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing that is tunable and flexible in the fiber braiding cavity. However, it is still a challenge to achieve tunable full-color lasing with the large color gamut by a facile approach. Here, we design the braiding cavity to realize RGB WGM lasing with high performance. The braiding cavity consists of three optical fibers coated with dye-doped polymer. Each fiber therein serves as a resonant cavity to support multiple lasing modes. There is no interference owing to the air gap between them; therefore, we can achieve full-color WGM lasing. The lasing emission in our fiber braiding cavity covers a color gamut of 86.7% larger than standard RGB space. Our work may provide a platform for potential applications in white laser and integrated optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapid road infrastructure construction (RIC) occupies farmland and promotes the flow of rural development factors, which causes farmland use transition (FUT). Although prior research on RIC and their impact on FUT has attracted considerable attention, few studies have investigated the threshold effect of RIC on FUT. Threshold effect is the phenomenon that when the level of RIC reaches a certain critical value, the level of FUT changes abruptly. This paper uses China's provincial panel data from 2004 to 2018 to evaluate FUT. We also consider the spatial spillover effect of RIC and construct a panel threshold regression model to assess the impact of RIC on FUT. The results demonstrate that, considering the spatial spillover effect, RIC significantly promotes FUT, and the threshold effect first rises and then falls. Also, the threshold effect of RIC on FUT also has significant regional heterogeneity. There is a significant single threshold effect for RIC in central and western China, with threshold values of 0.90 and 0.84, respectively, while the spatial lag of RIC in eastern China has a single threshold with a value of 1.10. Our research indicates that the Chinese central government should promote the synergistic increase in RIC and sustainable farmland use by improving the accessibility of road infrastructure and basing RIC planning on the actual development needs of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apostichopus japonicus is an important invertebrate that is widely used as a tonic food in Asian countries. The purpose of this study is to purify and identify a class of compound, the saponins, from the body wall of A. japonicus, and to establish a new method to determine the quantity of saponins in the sea cucumber. In this study, the saponins of A. japonicus, cladoloside A (CA), were obtained from 80% ethanol extract by column chromatography for the first time and were characterized using the spectral method. The resulting purified saponins were then profiled using 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and ESI-MS, which revealed the CA molecular formula of C53H82O2 and contained a triterpenoid backbone, a methylglucopyranosyl moiety, a quinovopyranosyl, and two xylopyranosyls. A method for the quantitative determination of CA, comprising microwave-assisted extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, and diode array detector method, was established. Extraction efficiency was optimized by changing microwave power, extraction solvent, volume, time, and temperature. Results showed that under the optimum conditions (extraction time of 10 min, temperature of 45°C, and solvent of 25 mL 70% ethanol under 400 W), the detection limit of CA was 0.0015 mg mL−1, and the recoveries of CA from samples at spiking levels of 10, 20, and 50 µg g−1 ranged from 90.1%–104%. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze the saponins in different tissues of A. japonicus collected in different seasons. The method developed in this study can provide quantitative technical support for the quality control of A. japonicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a simple, high-throughput, and sensitive analytical method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and principal component analysis (PCA) was fabricated for simultaneous and rapid determination of three polychlorinated phenols (PCPs) including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP). The aggregated Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) induced by inorganic salt ions were used as sensitive SERS substrate, and the electromagnetic field distribution of AgNPs with different distances was simulated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) to verify the theory feasibility. The high throughput and rapid detection can be achieved by commercial 96-pore plate. Under the optimum conditions, the linear relationship between the Raman intensity and the concentrations of PCPs was established with satisfied correlation coefficient. The limits of detection (LOD) for 2,4-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP, and 2,3,4,6-TeCP are 0.27 mg L−1, 0.09 mg L−1, and 0.10 mg L−1 by rules of 3σ, respectively. The simultaneous quantitative analysis can be achieved thanks to the independent Raman characteristic peaks of three PCPs. Afterwards, the PCA method was used to eliminate the limitations of overlapping of characteristic Raman peaks in structural analogues of 2,4-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP, and 2,3,4,6-TeCP. The recovery experiments including single PCPs and mixed PCP samples show satisfied recoveries ranging from 85.0 to 113.9% and 80.4 to 114.0% with RSDs in range of 0.4–9.5% and 1.1–10.7%, respectively. The proposed method shows great potentials in rapid, high-throughput, and sensitive monitoring of the contaminants in water and pesticide samples with similar structure. Here, we introduced aggregated Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) induced by inorganic salt ion for simultaneous, rapid, and sensitive determination of polychlorinated phenols (PCPs) including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP) by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). The AgNPs induced by inorganic salt ions were used as sensitive SERS substrate, and the electromagnetic field distribution of AgNPs with different distances was simulated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) to verify the theory feasibility. The PCA method was used to eliminate the limitations of overlapping of characteristic Raman peaks in structural analogues of 2,4-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP, and 2,3,4,6-TeCP. The proposed method shows great potentials in rapid, high-throughput, and sensitive monitoring of the contaminants in water and pesticide samples with similar structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection in bone transplantation process is attracting considerable attention. The current study synthesizes silver/strontium co-substituted hydroxyapatite (Ag/Sr-HA) nanoparticles with combined osteogenic and antibacterial activities. Different concentrations of silver-substituted hydroxyapatite (Ag-HA) nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method, and then their physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Then, Sr was added as secondary element into Ag-HA to improve the biocompatibility of substrate. The antibacterial experiments indicated that Ag-HA had excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The effects of prepared samples on cell proliferation and differentiation were evaluated using MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. The results showed that Sr substitution enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation, upregulated expression of osteogenic genes, and induced mineralization of cells. The substitution of Sr in Ag/Sr-HA nanoparticles can effectively alleviate the negative effects of Ag and enhance the biological activity of HA. Thus, the synthesized Ag/Sr-HA nanoparticles will serve as a potential candidate for application of biomedical implants with excellent osteogenic and antibacterial ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03876-0.Correction to: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2022) 414:2385–2395https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03876-0The original article has been corrected.Author Kun Ge should only be affiliated to: School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.Publisher's NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.By Kun Ge; Yonghui Li; Qiyue Wu and Ying GuReported by Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To develop and validate a nomogram for predicting recurrent hemoptysis after successful bronchial arterial embolization (BAE) in patients with bronchiectasis. Materials and Methods: From January 2015 to December 2019, a total of 251 patients were enrolled in this study. A nomogram was developed with the predictors of recurrent events, which were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. We evaluated nomogram discrimination by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration by the calibration curve, and clinical usefulness potential by decision curve analysis. Results: The one-month, 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, and 5-year cumulative recurrence-free rates of patients were 98.4%, 90.5%, 82.8%, 77.7%, and 74.4%, respectively. Three predictive factors, namely sex, lung destruction, and systemic arterial-pulmonary circulation shunts, were applied to develop the nomogram. The model maintained good discrimination (area under the curve, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.62–0.81), low prediction error (integrated Brier score, 0.129), and certain net benefits in terms of clinical usefulness. Conclusions: The proposed nomogram showed favorable predictive efficacy for hemoptysis recurrence after BAE in patients with bronchiectasis. Improved long-term outcomes are expected with close follow-up, a healthy lifestyle, and pulmonary rehabilitation for patients at risk of recurrence according to the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide use of rare earth nanomaterials in industry, environmental control, and medicine with their unique properties, it has focused on the exposure of humans to the rare earth nanoparticles in recent years. Because of the similar properties of rare earth and calcium, rare earth nanoparticles can deposit in the bone and affect the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). La(OH)3 nanoparticles are widely used in the catalysis, sensor, electrode, and luminescent materials. However, there are few reports about the bioactivity of La(OH)3 nanoparticles on the bone metabolism. In this work, three La(OH)3 nanorods have been got by hydrothermal method, Long-, Medium-, and Short-La(OH)3 nanorods, the lengths of which were of ~ 640, 255, and 80 nm, and the diameters of which were of ~ 85, 40, and 35 nm, respectively. All the La(OH)3 nanorods showed no effect on BMSCs viability and the blood compatibility. But the osteogenic differentiation showed a significant difference in La(OH)3 nanorods, in which Short-La(OH)3 nanorods showed the highest promoting effect on osteogenic differentiation. The potential mechanism in the osteogenic differentiation caused by three La(OH)3 nanorods was correlated with the different uptake efficiency in BMSCs and degradation in lysosome to form LaPO4. This work on La(OH)3 nanorods provides the basic data for the development of lanthanum-based nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyocholic acid (HCA) is a major bile acid (BA) species in the BA pool of pigs, a species known for its exceptional resistance to spontaneous development of diabetic phenotypes. HCA and its derivatives are also present in human blood and urine. We investigate whether human HCA profiles can predict the development of metabolic disorders. We find in the first cohort (n = 1107) that both obesity and diabetes are associated with lower serum concentrations of HCA species. A separate cohort study (n = 91) validates this finding and further reveals that individuals with pre-diabetes are associated with lower levels of HCA species in feces. Serum HCA levels increase in the patients after gastric bypass surgery (n = 38) and can predict the remission of diabetes two years after surgery. The results are replicated in two independent, prospective cohorts (n = 132 and n = 207), where serum HCA species are found to be strong predictors for metabolic disorders in 5 and 10 years, respectively. These findings underscore the association of HCA species with diabetes, and demonstrate the feasibility of using HCA profiles to assess the future risk of developing metabolic abnormalities. The early identification of metabolic disorders could improve or prevent overt disease. Here the authors show that the circulating concentration of hyocholic acid (HCA) species is decreased in the context of obesity and diabetes and increased after gastric bypass surgery in humans, and further that serum HCA species are predictive of metabolic outcomes in healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) would attack living cells and cause a series of oxidative stress related diseases, such as liver damage. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are currently known as one of the most toxic and harmful free radicals to organisms. Therefore, studies involving hydroxyl radicals have become important research topics in the fields of biology, biochemistry, and biomedicine. In addition, imaging of analytes using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) possesses significant advantages over that using general fluorescent dyes or nanoparticles due to its high spatial resolution, reduced photodamage, and deep tissue penetration properties. Herein, we designed a highly selective and sensitive hydroxyl radical nanoprobe based on the luminescence resonance energy transfer between upconversion nanoparticles and methylene blue (MB). The concentration of ·OH could be determined by the fluorescence recovery of the UCNPs due to the oxidative damage of MB. Using this nanoprobe, the ·OH in living cells or in liver tissues could be monitored with high sensitivity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bile acids (BAs) play essential roles in facilitating lipid digestion and absorption in the intestine. Gastric BAs were attributed to abnormal refluxing from duodenal compartments and correlated with the occurrence of gastric inflammation and carcinogenesis. However, the differences in gastric BAs between physiologically compromised and healthy individuals have not been fully investigated. In this study, gastric juice was collected from patients clinically diagnosed as gastritis with/without bile reflux and healthy subjects for BA profiles measurements. As a result, we found that the conjugated BAs became prominent components in bile reflux juice, whereas almost equal amounts of conjugated and unconjugated BAs existed in non-bile reflux and healthy juice. To investigate whether gastric BA changes were regulated by hepatic BA synthesis, C57BL/6J mice were intervened with GW4064/resin to decrease/increase hepatic BA synthesis. The results revealed that changes of gastric BAs were coordinated with hepatic BA changes. Additionally, gastric BAs were detected in several healthy mammals, in which there were no obvious differences between the conjugated and unconjugated BAs. Pigs were an exception. Thus, increased levels of conjugated BAs are associated with human bile reflux gastritis. Gastric conjugated BAs could become a panel of biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis of pathological bile reflux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blender of active material R6G and film forming agent PDMS are spincoated onto a sandpaper substrate to fabricate the random laser of thin layer. The sandpaper provides support for the random laser and the sand particles on the sandpaper substrate provide the scattering mechanism of random lasing output. The random lasing emission centres at 560 nm, with a threshold of about 13 mJ/cm2. This design provides a new and cheap method to fabricate random lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tilt-depth method can be used to make fast estimation of the top depth of magnetic bodies. However, it is unable to estimate bottom depths and its every inversion point only has a single solution. In order to resolve such weaknesses, this paper presents an improved tilt-depth method based on the magnetic anomaly expression of vertical contact with a finite depth extent, which can simultaneously estimate top and bottom depths of magnetic bodies. In addition, multiple characteristic points are selected on the tilt angle map for joint computation to improve reliability of inversion solutions. Two- and threedimensional model tests show that this improved tilt-depth method is effective in inverting buried depths of top and bottom bodies, and has a higher inversion precision for top depths than the conventional method. The improved method is then used to process aeromagnetic data over the Changling Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin, and inversion results of top depths are found to be more accurate for actual top depths of volcanic rocks in two nearby drilled wells than those using the conventional tilt-depth method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its special physical and chemical properties, terbium has been widely used, which has inevitably increased the chance of human exposure to terbium-based compounds. It was reported that terbium mainly deposited in bone after introduction into the human body. Although some studies revealed the effects of terbium on bone cell lines, there have been few reports about the potential effect of terbium on adhesion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this study, we investigated the effects of terbium on the adhesion and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and the associated molecular mechanisms. Our data reveal that terbium promoted the osteogenic differentiation in a time-dependent manner and conversely inhibited the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Meanwhile, the cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction was enhanced by activating adherent-related key factors, which were evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were also performed to further detect osteogenic and adipogenic biomarkers of MSCs. The regulation of terbium on differentiation of MSCs led to the interaction between the transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenetic protein and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling pathways, resulting in upregulation of the osteogenic master transcription factors, such as Runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein 2, collagen I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin, and downregulation of the adipogenic master transcription factors, such as PPARγ. The results provide novel evidence to elucidate the mechanisms of bone metabolism by terbium and may be helpful for more rational application of terbium-based compounds in the future. Graphical abstract: The effects of terbium on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the associated molecular mechanisms were investigated. The results suggest that terbium promotes the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs via the transforming growth factor β ( TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP) signaling pathway. ALP alkaline phosphatase, BSP bone sialoprotein, C/EBP CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, Col I collagen I, ERα estrogen receptor α, GDF growth differentiation factor, OCN osteocalcin, PPARγ peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ, Runx2 Runt-related transcription factor 2[Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near infrared (NIR)-emitting persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) have advantages such as long afterglow, high photostability and deep tissue spectral penetration. A NIR-emitting inner filter effect (IFE) probe for arsenic(III) is described here. It is composed of polyethyleneimine-coated PLNPs and gold nanorods (AuNPs) coated with dithiothreitol. The probe can detect arsenic(III) (= arsenite) selectively even in the presence of interfering substances. The PLNPs and AuNPs were prepared by a hydrothermal method combined with high-temperature calcination and seed-mediated growth mechanism, respectively. The PLNPs show excellent NIR luminescence (with excitation/emission peaks at 254/695 nm) and long afterglow (lifetime >1200 s). The use of polyethyleneimine improves water solubility and provides positive surface charges for the PLNPs. On exposure to arsenite ions, the luminescence of the probe at 695 nm is restored. Under the optimum conditions, the method can detect As(III) in the 0.067 to 13.4 μmol·L−1 concentration range with good linear relationship (R2 = 0.99734), and the detection limit (at S/N = 3) is 55 nmol·L−1. The precision of this method was demonstrated by 11 replicate detections of 2 μmol·L−1 As(III), and the relative standard deviations (RSD) is 2.1%. The practicality was evaluated by the analyses of real water samples and recoveries for the water samples spiked with 2, 5 and 10 μmol·L−1 of As(III) were 89.8%-100.1% with RSDs ranging from 3.0-5.7%.A near infrared-emitting inner filter effect (IFE) inhibition probe is presented. It is based on the combination of polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated NIR-emitting persistent luminescent nanoparticles (type Zn1.25Ga1.5Ge0.25O4: Cr3+, ZGGO) (PLNPs-PEI) with dithiothreitol (DTT)-coated gold nanorods (AuNPs) (DTT-AuNPs) to detect arsenite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence points to a strong association between sex and gut microbiota, bile acids (BAs), and gastrointestinal cancers. Here, we investigated the mechanistic link between microbiota and hepatocellular carcinogenesis using a streptozotocin-high fat diet (STZ-HFD) induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-hepatocellular carcinoma (NASH-HCC) murine model and compared results for both sexes. STZ-HFD feeding induced a much higher incidence of HCC in male mice with substantially increased intrahepatic retention of hydrophobic BAs and decreased hepatic expression of tumor-suppressive microRNAs. Metagenomic analysis showed differences in gut microbiota involved in BA metabolism between normal male and female mice, and such differences were amplified when mice of both sexes were exposed to STZ-HFD. Treating STZ-HFD male mice with 2% cholestyramine led to significant improvement of hepatic BA retention, tumor-suppressive microRNA expressions, microbial gut communities, and prevention of HCC. Additionally the sex-dependent differences in BA profiles in the murine model can be correlated to the differential BA profiles between men and women during the development of HCC. These results uncover distinct male and female profiles for gut microbiota, BAs, and microRNAs that may contribute to sex-based disparity in liver carcinogenesis, and suggest new possibilities for preventing and controlling human obesity-related gastrointestinal cancers that often exhibit sex differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]