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Whey is the largest by-product of the dairy industry. It is a popular dietary protein among athletes and fitness models showing antimicrobial activity and antioxidant capacity. It is important due to its large production and nutritional composition, for which whey can be considered a valuable by-product for food industry applications. This study incorporated liquid whey at different concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as an ingredient in bread, substituting water. The increasing addition of whey showed a decreasing formation of acrylamide in bread. Protein and fat content increased significantly on increasing whey addition. Texture profile parameters like hardness, fracturability, gumminess, and chewiness were improved by adding whey. At the same time, springiness is reduced on increased whey incorporation due to increasing protein interactions. Bread with 50% whey showed optimum quality. The results show the application of whey as a potential ingredient in bread and a mitigation strategy for acrylamide formation. Highlights: Inclusion of liquid whey as an ingredient in bread by substituting in the water concentration showed up to 50.18% reduction in the acrylamide content formed. The addition of liquid whey replacing water gave improved textural and nutritional quality. The study reports the effective utilization of liquid whey, the largest by-product of the dairy industry, as a potential ingredient in bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A linear ramp stimulus is generally preferred to accurately measure the non-linearity errors in an analog to digital converter (ADC). Three methods are proposed to generate a linear ramp signal, of which the first approach employs two sine waves. In contrast, the second utilizes a sine wave with a pulse signal to generate a parabolic signal which is then differentiated to produce a ramp signal. The third method achieves linearity by maintaining a constant potential across the resistor to push a constant current into the capacitor. The three proposed concepts have been designed and simulated to compute the differential non-linearity (DNL) error for an ideal 8 bit ADC in 90 nm CMOS technology. The third method shows high linearity when compared to the existing methods, by exhibiting a very low DNL error of 0.0015 LSB in simulation. Its implementation indicates that 92% of the silicon area is reduced, making it suitable for ADC testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coverage of the bounded region gets importance in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Area coverage is based on effective surface coverage with a minimum number of sensor nodes. Most of the researchers contemplate the coverage region of interest as a square and manifest the radio ranges as a circle. The area of a circle is much higher than the area of a square because of the perimeter. To utilize the advantage of the circle, the coverage region of interest is presumed as a circle for sensor node deployment. This paper proposes a novel coverage improved disc shape deployment strategy. Comparative analysis has been observed between circle and square regions of interest based on the cumulative number of sensor nodes required to cover the entire region. A new strategy named as disc shape deployment strategy is also proposed. Traditional hexagon and strip-based deployment strategies are compared with the disc shape deployment strategy. The simulation result shows that the circle shape coverage region of interest extremely reduces the required number of sensor nodes. The proposed deployment strategy provides desirable coverage, and it requires few more sensor nodes than hexagon shape deployment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of the satellite images can be improved by fusing or combining two images with complementary property. By fusing these two images the spatial property of the resultant image is improved. Satellite images are one of the agents that give the features of the earth's surface. Processing these satellite images will provide more geographical information hidden in the images. This research paper have an detailed insight study of two types of the satellite images one is Panchromatic (PAN) and other Multispectral (MS). The PAN image with high spatial resolution and MS image with spectral resolution are fused to get better resultant output. For fusion process Nonsubsampled Contour let Transform is used to decompose the images into low and high frequency values. Pulse Coupled Neural Network is used to motivate the low frequency pixel and Morphological filter is applied to the edge detected image for finding the features in the images. This is an real time transformations which will give better results in SAR image processing, video processing, stereo based reconstruction of depth and width of the features present in the image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A routing algorithm plays a major role in Data communication across an inter-network. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new era of computer networking that separates Data plane from Control plane which controls, changes and manages the network behavior dynamically via open interfaces with the help of SDN Controllers. In SDN, the networking devices route packets in the form of flows with the help of flow rules given by the controllers and the flow rules are stored in the corresponding flow tables of the networking devices. The Box-Covering (BC) algorithm is an existing algorithm used in SDN for achieving renormalization of networks by calculating the fractal dimension of networks and covering the network with the minimum possible number of boxes and Dijkstra's algorithm is used for calculating shortest paths. The proposed work focuses on Path Optimization in the Box-Covering-Based Routing (BCR) algorithm, which is an existing algorithm used in large-scale SDN. In the proposed work, a Link-Weight system has been used for bounding the Link Utilization of the shortest path between the Source and the Destination to minimize the Average Packet Delay in the Network. The results show that the proposed work reduces the Average Packet Delay compared to the existing algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm, Graph Compression algorithm and BCR algorithm and also improves the performance of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multispectral and hyper spectral image fusion aspires to improve the spectral information and spatial details. Previous fusion algorithms have concentrated on spectral information and spatial details, but those fused images have missed its sharpening. This paper is introduced the ripple type-II (RT-II) transform and deep neural network (DNN). RT -II transform can be decomposed both multispectral and hyper spectral images, then DNN are used for recognize the complementary features and sharpened the decomposed images. Then applied the fused rules for fuse the both images and applied inverse RT -II transform to get fused image. In this paper, the proposed method gets better entropy, standard deviation (SD), Correlation Coefficient (CC), Edge-Dependent Fusion Quality Index (EDFQI), Edge Based Similarity Measure (EBSM), Structural similarity (SSIM) as compared with other methods. The best way of analyzing the concepts of date and image fusion methods is to perform fusion based analysis in multimedia based tools.so that an end user can understand easily. The aspects like video, sound, text, animation, graphics have been elucidated by means of multimedia tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium sulfate quenched from the high-temperature melt using conventional quenching as well as rapid quenching techniques has been investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vibrational spectroscopy techniques, and electrical conductivity measurements. Crystal structure of the quenched samples studied using X-ray diffraction shows a less ordered β-Li2SO4 phase. This is accompanied by a decrease in phase transition temperature in DSC measurements along with a decrease in the molar enthalpy associated with the transition. Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy studies reveal the disorder in the quenched samples by a significant broadening of the bands associated with the fundamental vibrational modes of SO42− ion. Temperature variation of conductivity shows an enhancement in ionic conductivity by one order of magnitude with a slight decrease in phase transition point for quenched samples over unquenched Li2SO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an estimation of the electron density modulation index ( $\frac{\delta{N_{\mathrm{e}}}}{N_{\mathrm{e}}}$ ) for the first time using solar type IIIb radio burst observations. The mean value of $\frac{\delta{N_{\mathrm {e}}}}{N_{\mathrm{e}}}$ is calculated to be ${\approx}\,0.006\pm0.002$ over the heliocentric distance range $r \approx1.6\,\mbox{--}\,2.2~\text{R}_{\odot}$ . The estimated $\frac {\delta{N_{\mathrm{e}}}}{N_{\mathrm{e}}}$ shows a power law dependence on $r$ with a power law index ${\approx}\,0.31\pm0.10$ . The wavenumber ( $k$ ) spectrum for the electron density fluctuation $({\frac{\delta{N_{\mathrm{e}}}}{N_{\mathrm {e}}}})^{2}$ values shows a Kolmogorov-like behavior. Using $\frac{\delta{N_{\mathrm{e}}}}{N_{\mathrm{e}}}$ and the Kolmogorov turbulence index, we estimated the amplitude of density turbulence [ $C_{n}^{2}{(r)}$ ] in the aforementioned range of $r$ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present rare contemporaneous low-frequency ( $< 100~\mbox{MHz}$) imaging, spectral, and polarimetric observations of a moving type IV radio burst that had close spatio-temporal association with a white-light coronal mass ejection (CME) near the Sun. We estimate the electron density near the burst region from white-light coronagraph polarized brightness (pB) images of the CME as well as the two-dimensional radio imaging observations of the thermal free-free emission at a typical radio frequency such as 80 MHz. We analyze the burst properties such as the degree of circular polarization, the spectral index, and fine structures using the radio polarimeter and the radio spectral observations. The obtained results suggest that second harmonic plasma emission from the enhanced electron density in the leading edge of the CME is the cause of the radio burst. We determine the strength of the coronal magnetic field ( $B$) for the first time based on this interpretation. The estimated value ( $B \approx 1$ gauss) in the CME leading edge at a heliocentric distance of $\approx 2.2~R_{\odot }$ agrees well with the similar $B$ values reported earlier based on other types of observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report ground-based radio spectral and polarimeter observations of two successive split-band Type-II bursts that occurred on 20 February 2014 at low frequencies ( ${<}\,100~\mbox{MHz}$) in association with a solar coronal mass ejection (CME). The temporal interval between the onset of the two bursts was very small, ≈ one minute. Both of the bursts exhibited fundamental-harmonic structure. The coronal magnetic-field strength [ $B$] in the upstream region of the associated magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shock, estimated from the split-band observations, is in the range $B \approx1.3\,\mbox{--}\,1.1~\mbox{G}$ over the radial distance [ $r$] interval $r \approx1.49\,\mbox{--}\,1.58~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ for the first Type-II burst, and $B \approx1.3\,\mbox{--}\,1.0~\mbox{G}$ over $r \approx1.49\,\mbox{--}\,1.64~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ for the second Type-II burst. Based on the results obtained, we show that the first and the second Type-II bursts in the present case were likely due to MHD shocks generated by the near-simultaneous interaction of two different regions of the aforementioned CME with a preceding CME and a pre-existing coronal streamer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators of tissue physiology and disease processes including cancer. To delineate genome-wide lncRNA expression, we curated 7,256 RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) libraries from tumors, normal tissues and cell lines comprising over 43 Tb of sequence from 25 independent studies. We applied ab initio assembly methodology to this data set, yielding a consensus human transcriptome of 91,013 expressed genes. Over 68% (58,648) of genes were classified as lncRNAs, of which 79% were previously unannotated. About 1% (597) of the lncRNAs harbored ultraconserved elements, and 7% (3,900) overlapped disease-associated SNPs. To prioritize lineage-specific, disease-associated lncRNA expression, we employed non-parametric differential expression testing and nominated 7,942 lineage- or cancer-associated lncRNA genes. The lncRNA landscape characterized here may shed light on normal biology and cancer pathogenesis and may be valuable for future biomarker development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report investigates the effect of quenching rate on the structure, lithium ion dynamics, and crystallization kinetics of mol% 60Li 2O–40P 2O 5 glass. Quenching rate of the order of 10 5 K s −1 has been achieved using a twin-roller rapid quenching setup. Raman and FT-IR studies reveal that the rapidly quenched glass is more disordered with a reduced amount of pyrophosphate structural units (P 2O 74−) in the glass matrix as compared with the conventionally quenched glass. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry brings out that the rapidly quenched glass undergoes three-phase crystallization while the conventionally quenched glass depicted predominantly single-phase crystallization. The phases are identified as lithium metaphosphate (LiPO 3), pyrophosphate (Li 4P 2O 7), and orthophosphate (Li 3PO 4). The activation energy for crystallization for the major phase Li 4P 2O 7 calculated using thermoanalytical methods turns out to be 287 kJ mol −1. The above structural differences between the rapidly and conventionally quenched glasses result in superior conduction characteristics for the rapidly quenched glass depicting ionic conductivity of 1.0 × 10 −6 S cm −1 at 343 K with an activation energy of 0.63 eV for lithium ion motion. Microstructural studies on the glass ceramics divulge surface, 2D, and 3D crystal growth mechanism for lithium meta-, pyro-, and ortho-phosphate phases, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation on the X-ray diffraction results of rare earth ions such as Eu and Nd doped BaSnF materials indicates that the doped materials show a similar pattern of BaSnF with the same tetragonal structure (P/nmm). The transport properties of the materials have been investigated by impedance spectroscopy, and the results show that the conductivity values are closely related to both concentration and type of the dopant ion. All of these doped materials show an increase in conductivity over un-doped BaSnF. The highest conductivity is observed in 3 mol% Nd ion-doped BaSnF system (9.01 × 10 Scm), which is about one order higher in comparison to BaSnF conductivity (1.1 × 10 Scm). The room temperature emission spectrum of BaSnF:Eu and BaSnF:Nd shows the characteristic bands arising from D → F ( j = 1, 2, 3, and 4) and F to I ( j = 9/2 and 11/2) transitions of Eu and Nd ions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among 101 feet that presented with symptoms and signs similar to Morton's neuroma, intermetatarsal rheumatoid nodules were found in five feet (three patients). Two patients had bilateral involvement. Histology of the excised tissue showed the presence of a rheumatoid nodule and Morton's neuroma in four feet and a rheumatoid nodule with unremarkable nerve bundles in one. A rheumatoid nodule can coexist with Morton's neuroma, as seen in our patients, and the presentation is often similar to that of a Morton's neuroma. Our patients were rendered asymptomatic with surgical treatment and went on to have appropriate management of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid nodule should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Morton's neuroma in not only rheumatoid arthritis patients but also asymptomatic patients who have never been tested for rheumatoid antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite solid electrolytes, NaSnF, dispersed with submicron size AlO fillers of various concentrations and particle sizes have been synthesized through mechanochemical milling technique. X-ray diffraction and microstructure results indicate the biphasic nature of the composite materials. The transport properties of the present composite materials have been investigated by means of impedance spectroscopy, and the results show that the improvement in conductivity increases with decrease in the particle size of the filler. An enhancement in conductivity of two orders in magnitude is obtained for NaSnF with AlO dopant concentration of 10 mol%. The activation energy responsible for conductivity relaxation, calculated from the modulus spectra, is found to be almost the same as the value obtained from temperature variation of dc conductivity. The scaling result of the imaginary part of the modulus shows the temperature-independent relaxation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel Time Tick based Built In Self Test (TT BIST) for measuring the static errors of an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). The proposed method determines the period elapsed during transition between two consecutive digital levels and compares it with the ideal period of transition. A counter that works, at higher speed relative to the sampling rate of the ADC under test, is used. It counts the number of time ticks occurred during every transition. The required ramp signal is generated dynamically, using current source with digital switch for selecting the equivalent test signal. Further to support testing of errors in ratiometric ADC, a slope conditioning module is also implemented. The entire computation cycle is done in a single ramp cycle whereas in conventional histogram method multiple waveforms are required. Thus, the proposed TT method requires less time to achieve desired accuracy levels by choosing the appropriate slope of the ramp signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process induced anisotropy in sheet metal is accounted for in analytical modeling by anisotropic yield criteria. The suitability of a yield criterion for predicting sheet metal forming process is generally validated by way of its ability to predict surface strains. However, the sensitivity of surface strains to yield criteria is dependent upon strain modes, with plane strain mode exhibiting higher sensitivity. To eliminate dependency on strain modes, stresses are used to evaluate yield criteria, since forming stresses are less sensitive to strain modes. In the study, the residual stresses remaining in a hemispherical cup formed in plain strain mode is predicted using Hill48 and Barlat89 criteria. The residual stresses are experimentally characterized by using X-Ray diffraction method. Suitable yield criterion for forming simulation is validated based on the correlation of theoretical predictions with experimental residual stress values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative investigation on Li+ ion transport has been carried out in various phases of lithium metaphosphate such as (i) crystalline LiPO3, (ii) glassy form as mol % 50Li2O-50P2O5, synthesized by melt-quenching process, (iii) single phase glass-ceramic LiPO3 obtained through controlled heat treatment of mol % 50Li2O-50P2O5 and (iv) newly identified polymer-metal salt complex (PEO)6: LiPO3. All of the above materials have been characterized through XRD, DSC, optical microscopy and impedance spectroscopy techniques. The Li+ ions, migrating with an activation energy value of 1.4 eV through “interstitial mechanism” in polycrystalline LiPO3, exhibited a dc conductivity value of 2.5×10-8 Scm-1 at 280 °C. The above conductivity value was enhanced by four orders of magnitude in Li2O-P2O5 glass, with an activation energy value of 0.72 eV. The glass subjected to controlled heat treatment devitrified into single phase glass-ceramic, as revealed by XRD and optical microscopy studies. The glass-ceramic exhibited better conduction characteristics compared to polycrystalline LiPO3. Polycrystalline LiPO3, complexed with polymer PEO has exhibited a conductivity value of 3.1×10-7 Scm-1 at 78 °C with activation energies of 0.21 and 0.88 eV for Li+ ion migration above and below the softening point of the polymer, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of feeding two levels of rice bran oil (RBO) on the growth, lipid parameters, and fatty acid composition of the plasma and liver of rats (Wistar strain) were compared with those produced on animals which had been fed the same levels of peanut oil (PNO). The control animals were fed synthetic diets containing 5 and 20% peanut oil (PNO) and the experimental groups were fed similar diets, containing the same level of rice bran oil (RBO). There was no significant difference with respect to the organ weights between the control and the experimental groups. In general, groups fed 20% oil gained more weight than groups fed 5% oil. The animals which received rice bran oil in their diet had, in general, comparatively lower levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. On the other hand, animals receiving 20% rice bran oil in their diet, showed an increase of 20% in high density lipoproteins (HDL-C), within 18 weeks (p<0.05), when compared to the animals fed with peanut oil. Similarly, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were lower in RBO-fed groups, than in the PNO-fed groups. There was, however, no significant differences in the cholesterol/phospholipid (C/P) ratio of the two groups. Analysis of plasma and of liver fatty acids indicated, in a general way, the type of fat consumed. There were no significant difference in the P/S ratio, nor any in the oleic/linoleic, oleic/stearic, palmitoleic/palmitic, oleic/palmitic, and oleic/palmitoleic ratios. Furthermore, levels of saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were identical in both the groups. Thus, our results suggest that feeding a high level of rice bran oil (RBO) has no deleterious effect on the growth and blood lipid profile of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cord blood analysis of 21 infants indicated a deficient immunological status of newborn babies as revealed by the content of T lymphocytes and bactericidal activity of leucocytes; however,H thymidine uptake of lymphocytes following PHA stimulation was normal. Serum IG levels were high at birth as compared with IM and IA. The hemoglobin, total protein and albumin levels in plasma were mostly within normal limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three cases of Radicular cyst of upper jaw have been reported. A brief review of literature is given with reference to histopathology and clinical features Management of the radicular cyst has been described briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]