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Highlights: The use of novel nanographdiyne (o-TB-GDY) via anti-solvent additive engineering significantly enhances the nucleation and growth of perovskite crystals, leading to improved film quality, reduced film defects and suppressed non-radiative recombination. o-TB-GDY primarily remains on the surface of the perovskite films after crystallization, where it strongly interacts with the undercoordinated Pb defects for effective passivation. The optimized perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.62% (certified as 25.01%) with good stability. Finding ways to produce dense and smooth perovskite films with negligible defects is vital for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we aim to enhance the quality of the perovskite films through the utilization of a multifunctional additive in the perovskite anti-solvent, a strategy referred to as anti-solvent additive engineering. Specifically, we introduce ortho-substituted-4′-(4,4″-di-tert-butyl-1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl)-graphdiyne (o-TB-GDY) as an AAE additive, characterized by its sp/sp2-cohybridized and highly π-conjugated structure, into the anti-solvent. o-TB-GDY not only significantly passivates undercoordinated lead defects (through potent coordination originating from specific high π–electron conjugation), but also serves as nucleation seeds to effectively enhance the nucleation and growth of perovskite crystals. This markedly reduces defects and non-radiative recombination, thereby increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 25.62% (certified as 25.01%). Meanwhile, the PSCs exhibit largely enhanced stability, maintaining 92.6% of their initial PCEs after 500 h continuous 1-sun illumination at ~ 23 °C in a nitrogen-filled glove box. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hallmark feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is massive intratumoral fibrosis, designated as desmoplasia. Desmoplasia is characterized by the expansion of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and a massive increase in extracellular matrix (ECM). During fibrogenesis, distinct genes become reactivated specifically in fibroblasts, e.g., the disintegrin metalloprotease, ADAM12. Previous studies have shown that immunotherapeutic ablation of ADAM12+ cells reduces fibrosis in various organs. In preclinical mouse models of PDAC, we observe ADAM12 expression in CAFs as well as in tumor cells but not in healthy mouse pancreas. Therefore, we tested prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against ADAM12 in murine PDAC and observed delayed tumor growth along with a reduction in CAFs and tumor desmoplasia. This is furthermore associated with vascular normalization and alleviated tumor hypoxia. The ADAM12 vaccine induces a redistribution of CD8+ T cells within the tumor and cytotoxic responses against ADAM12+ cells. In summary, vaccination against the endogenous fibroblast target ADAM12 effectively depletes CAFs, reduces desmoplasia and delays the growth of murine PDACs. These results provide proof-of-principle for the development of vaccination-based immunotherapies to treat tumor desmoplasia. Synopsis: ADAM12, a disintegrin and metalloprotease, is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Using both subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC mouse models, we show that vaccination against ADAM12 depletes CAFs and delays tumor growth. ADAM12 vaccination induced a reduction of ADAM12+ CAFs, and decreased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). ADAM12 vaccination increased cytotoxic CD8 + T cell response and re-localization of T cells within the tumor tissue. ADAM12 vaccination induced vascular normalization with decreased tumor hypoxia. This study constitutes a proof of principle for the development of vaccination-based immunotherapies to target CAFs and tumor desmoplasia. ADAM12, a disintegrin and metalloprotease, is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Using both subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC mouse models, we show that vaccination against ADAM12 depletes CAFs and delays tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study constructed a comprehensive analysis of cell death modules in eliminating aberrant cells and remodeling tumor microenvironment (TME). Consensus analysis was performed in 490 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients based on 4 types of cell death prognostic genes. Intersection method divided these LUAD samples into 5 cell death risk (CDR) clusters, and COX regression analysis were used to construct the CDR signature (CDRSig) with risk scores. Significant differences of TME phenotypes, clinical factors, genome variations, radiosensitivity and immunotherapy sensitivity were observed in different CDR clusters. Patients with higher risk scores in the CDRSig tended to be immune-excluded or immune-desert, and those with lower risk scores were more sensitive to radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The results from mouse model showed that intense expression of the high-risk gene PFKP was associated with low CD8+ T cell infiltration upon radiotherapy and anti-PD-L1 treatment. Deficient assays in vitro confirmed that PFKP downregulation enhanced cGAS/STING pathway activation and radiosensitivity in LUAD cells. In conclusion, our studies originally performed a comprehensive cell death analysis, suggesting the importance of CDR patterns in reprogramming TME and providing novel clues for LUAD personalized therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although empirical findings have indicated that both familial and neurobiological risk factors contribute to the development of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in children, relatively few studies have investigated how these two factors interact to influence these traits. The current study focused on the combined effects of parental emotion socialization and child's resting heart rate on CU traits. Parents of Chinese children (N = 166) completed the Coping with Children's Negative Scale when children were 9.39 years old (SD = 0.92), while children's resting heart rate data were collected when they were 10.21 years old (SD = 0.72). When they were 11.15 years old (SD = 0.67), parents completed the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits Short-Form. Results showed that parental supportive emotion socialization was negatively associated with CU traits and Callous behaviors in particular. In addition, resting heart rate moderated the relationship between parental emotion socialization and child's CU traits. Findings provide further evidence that an interdisciplinary approach that combines both psychosocial and biological factors is essential to further our understanding of CU traits in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of SST prediction tasks by machine learning approaches, high-resolution and accurate prediction can hardly be achieved with easily accessible SST data. This is because most of the SST data is spatiotemporally discrete and sparse, meaning a small sample size since it is hard to learn the spatiotemporal correlation given the data of limited density. This paper presents a numerical computation-based few-shot learning method for intelligent SST prediction. The proposed method generates synthetic SST sequences via ROMS and merges them with SST data captured by satellites to deal with small sample size. Convolutional LSTM (Conv-LSTM) network is trained end-to-end in order to learn spatiotemporal correlation of time-varying SST and eventually obtain high-resolution and accurate SST predictions. SST data from August to December in 2011 are employed for model training, and the prediction results are compared to reliable SST reanalysis datasets in the experiment, which shows fine performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer (NK) cells are forced to cope with different oxygen environments even under resting conditions. The adaptation to low oxygen is regulated by oxygen‐sensitive transcription factors, the hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs). The function of HIFs for NK cell activation and metabolic rewiring remains controversial. Activated NK cells are predominantly glycolytic, but the metabolic programs that ensure the maintenance of resting NK cells are enigmatic. By combining in situ metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses in resting murine NK cells, our study defines HIF‐1α as a regulator of tryptophan metabolism and cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels. The HIF‐1α/NAD+ axis prevents ROS production during oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and thereby blocks DNA damage and NK cell apoptosis under steady‐state conditions. In contrast, in activated NK cells under hypoxia, HIF‐1α is required for glycolysis, and forced HIF‐1α expression boosts glycolysis and NK cell performance in vitro and in vivo. Our data highlight two distinct pathways by which HIF‐1α interferes with NK cell metabolism. While HIF‐1α‐driven glycolysis is essential for NK cell activation, resting NK cell homeostasis relies on HIF‐1α‐dependent tryptophan/NAD+ metabolism. Synopsis: The transcription factor HIF‐1α has a role in the tryptophan/NAD+ pathway that ensures redox homeostasis of resting Natural Killer (NK) cells. Upon activation, forced HIF‐1α‐driven glycolysis enhances NK cell effector potential. HIF‐1α differentially interferes with the metabolism of resting and activated NK cells via two distinct pathways.In resting NK cells, HIF‐1α has a previously unanticipated role in tryptophan metabolism and the maintenance of free NAD+ levels.During NK cell activation HIF‐1α‐driven glycolysis is essential for full effector function.Forced activation of HIF‐1α can enhance the anti‐metastatic action of NK cells in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the relationships among job resources, psychological capital, work engagement and perceived marketability. A sample of 577 subjects participated in the study. We used structural equation modelling to test a multiple mediation model. The results indicated that job resources were positively related to perceived marketability and that both psychological capital and work engagement mediated this relationship; specifically, job resources influenced participants' perceived marketability through a multiple mediation effect by enhancing psychological capital and work engagement. This study developed an integrated model of the effect of job resources on employees' perceived marketability in the Chinese context. It offered robust evidence for this effect by demonstrating the multiple sequential mediating roles of psychological capital and work engagement. This evidence contributes to the understanding of how and why job resource endowments influence employees' perceived marketability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The undersea volcano, located in the South Pacific island nation of Tonga, violently erupted from 14 to 15 January 2022. The Tonga volcano eruption has aroused extensive discussion in the climate change field. Some climatologists believe that this event will cause little effect on global climate change while others insist that it will trigger "the year without a summer" as the Tambora eruption did in 1815. How will the Tonga volcano eruption affect global climate change? Based on the indices of past volcanic eruptions and the eruption data of El Chichón volcano in 1982, we use a simplified radiation equilibrium model to quantify the stratospheric aerosol radiative forcing and the change in global mean surface air temperature (Ts) caused by the Tonga volcano eruption. The results show that the global average Ts will decrease by about 0.0315–0.1118°C in the next 1–2 years. The Tonga eruption will slightly slow down the global warming in a short period of time, but it will not change the global warming trend in the long term. In addition, we propose a generalized approach for estimating the impact of future volcanic eruption on global mean Ts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) runoff loads of paddy fields in situ under conventional water and fertilizer management measures caused severe water pollution in the Taihu Lake basin. The "water balance method" was implemented to calculate the surface runoff and the N and P runoff loads of the paddy field for 2 years. The total inflow difference in the paddy field between the 2 years was 22.5% with more irrigation and less precipitation in 2013 than in 2014. The soil water depletion of the paddy field was in the range of 47.0–83.3 mm, accounting for an average of 6.4% of the total inflow. The surface runoff was mainly caused by precipitation and artificial drainage, but irrigation return flow should not be neglected in paddy fields in situ. The rainfall runoff volume accounted for an average of 42.2% of the total precipitation. The artificial drainages occurred mainly during the tillering stage of drying, during maturity stage of drying and when the water level was too high in the paddy field. More than half of the irrigation cases would occur as irrigation return flow, which accounted for an average of 11.8% of the irrigation. The variation in N and P concentrations in the surface runoff of the paddy field was predominantly governed by the times of fertilization. Compared to the irrigation volume control, the runoff pollution loads were predominantly governed by the fertilization rate. The mean reduction potential of N and P fertilization was 38.9 kg ha−1 and 7.5 kg ha−1, respectively. Reducing fertilizer rate is the effective way to improve the runoff pollution in paddy fields in the Taihu Lake basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weight reduction has attracted much attention among ship designers and ship owners. In the present work, based on an improved bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method and surrogate model method, we propose a hybrid optimization method for the structural design optimization of beam-plate structures, which covers three optimization levels: dimension optimization, topology optimization and section optimization. The objective of the proposed optimization method is to minimize the weight of design object under a group of constraints. The kernel optimization procedure (KOP) uses BESO to obtain the optimal topology from a ground structure. To deal with beam-plate structures, the traditional BESO method is improved by using cubic box as the unit cell instead of solid unit to construct periodic lattice structure. In the first optimization level, a series of ground structures are generated based on different dimensional parameter combinations, the KOP is performed to all the ground structures, the response surface model of optimal objective values and dimension parameters is created, and then the optimal dimension parameters can be obtained. In the second optimization level, the optimal topology is obtained by using the KOP according to the optimal dimension parameters. In the third optimization level, response surface method (RSM) is used to determine the section parameters. The proposed method is applied to a hatch cover structure design. The locations and shapes of all the structural members are determined from an oversized ground structure. The results show that the proposed method leads to a greater weight saving, compared with the original design and genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]