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Copyright of Basic Research in Cardiology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With an ultrasonic method tissue layer thickness was measured in man in circumscribed superficial tissue areas where the underlaying bone provided good backwall echos. In a 5 mm tissue layer changes of ±0.2% could be reliably detected. Knowing the height of the tissue cylinder between the surface of the skin and the bone allowed to calculate the tissue volume. The ultrasonic probes could therefore serve as miniature plethysmograph. Several probes were attached in the frontal region, sternum, along the vertebral column and along the tibia simultaneously. Changes of the volume content of the superficial shell tissues were induced by orthostasis, water immersion and heat exposure. It was possible to assess quantitatively the volume shifts into or out of the superficial tissues. During orthostasis 166 ml of fluid left the superficial tissues of the cephalad parts of the body and 164 ml could be traced in the dependent parts. Heat exposure was followed by a pooling 140 ml in the tissues studied. The most pronounced tissue volume changes were observed in the forchead region during heat exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In up to six different sides along the body axis during tilting manoeuvres, volume shifts into or out off superficial tissues were followed with a newly developed miniature plethysmograph. It was possible to localized a region where no or only minor volume changes during the tilt table experiments occurred. This region is identical with the Hydrostatic Indifferent Point (HIP) being localized below the apex of the heart in the upper third of abdominal vena cava. Above the HIP fluid is drained out off the tissues during assumption of upright posture whereas below the HIP fluid volume is pooled. The volume changes occurred in two phases. Within the first 5 s in the cephalad parts of the body a rapid decrease occurred, thereafter the volume remained unchanged or even increased; below the HIP within the first 5 s a large volume increase was followed by a slow continuous volume increment. The functional peculiarities of the low pressure system as a whole were visible studying only the superficial shell tissues of the body with the non invasive miniature plethysmographic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)