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Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) are a sub-class of DTN, designed as a specialized ad hoc network suitable for applications such as emergency responses. Unlike traditional networks, in OppNets communication opportunities are intermittent, so an end-to-end path between the source and the destination may never exist. Existing networks have already brought connectivity to a broad range of devices, such as hand held devices, laptops, tablets, PC, etc. The Internet of Things (IoT) will extend the connectivity to devices beyond just mobile phones and laptops, but to buildings, wearable devices, cars, different things and objects. One of the issues for these networks is the selection of the IoT nodes to carry out a task in OppNets. In this work, we implement two Fuzzy-Based Systems: Node Elimination System (NES) and Node Selection System (NSS) for IoT node elimination and selection in OppNets. We use three input parameters for NES: Node's Distance to Event (NDE), Node's Battery Level (NBL), Node's Free Buffer Space (NFBS) and four input parameters for NSS: Node's Number of Past Encounters (NNPE), Node's Unique Encounters (NUE), Node Inter Contact Time (NICT), Node Contact Duration (NCD). The output parameter is IoT Node Selection Possibility (NSP). The results show that the proposed systems make a proper elimination and selection decision for IoT nodes in OppNets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep neural network (DNN) has a deep hierarchy that connects multiple internal layers for feature detection and recognition. In our previous work, we proposed a vegetable recognition system which was based on Caffe framework. In this paper, we propose a vegetable category recognition system using DNN frameworks. We present a Vegeshop tool and website for users. Our system can be accessed ubiquitously from anywhere. We evaluate the performance of our vegetable category recognition using 15 kind of vegetables. Also, we evaluate the performance of learning accuracy and loss for vegetable recognition system which is based on Caffe and Chainer frameworks. In addition, we present the performance of recognition rate for different vegetables with different pixel sizes. The evaluation results show that the learning rate is more than 80%. We noticed that the performance of this recognition system is degraded when the color of the object is yellow. In this case, our system does not recognize the outline of the object by light intensity. From these studies, we found that the results of Caffe are higher than Chainer. For both frameworks, when pixel sizes is 256 × 256 , the results of accuracy is increased rapidly with the increase in iterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have many advantages such as low-cost and increased high- speed wireless Internet connectivity; therefore, WMNs are becoming an important networking infrastructure. In our previous work, we implemented a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based simulation system for node placement in WMNs, called WMN-PSO. Also, we implemented a simulation system based on simulated annealing (SA) called WMN-SA. In this paper, we implement a hybrid simulation system based on PSO and SA, called WMN-PSOSA. We evaluate the performance of WMN-PSOSA by conducting computer simulations considering four different replacement methods. The simulation results show that the rational decrement of Vmax method and linearly decreasing inertia weight method have better performance compared with constriction method and random inertia weight method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opportunistic networks are a subclass of delay-tolerant networks where communication opportunities (contacts) are intermittent and there is no need to establish an end-to-end link between the communication nodes. The internet of things (IoT) present the notion of large networks of connected devices, sharing data about their environments and creating a diverse ecosystem of sensors, actuators, and computing nodes. IoT networks are a departure from traditional enterprise networks in terms of their scale and consist of heterogeneous collections of resource constrained nodes that closely interact with their environment. There are different issues for these networks. One of them is the selection of IoT devices in order to carry out a task in opportunistic networks. In this work, we implement and compare two fuzzy-based systems (FBS1 and FBS2) for IoT device selection in opportunistic networks. For FBS1, we use three input parameters: IoT device storage (IDST), IoT device waiting time (IDWT) and IoT device remaining energy (IDRE). The output parameter is IoT device selection decision (IDSD). For FBS2, we consider four input parameters adding IoT device security (IDSC) as a new parameter. Comparing complexity of FBS1 and FBS2, the FBS2 is more complex than FBS1. But, the FBS2 is more flexible and makes a better selection of IoT devices than FBS1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have many advantages such as low cost and increased high speed wireless Internet connectivity, therefore WMNs are becoming an important networking infrastructure. In our previous work, we implemented a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based simulation system, called WMN-PSO. Also, we implemented a simulation system based on Hill Climbing (HC) and Simulated Annealing (SA) for solving node placement problem in WMNs, called WMN-HC and WMN-SA, respectively. In this paper, we implement two intelligent hybrid systems: PSO and HC based system called WMN-PSOHC and PSO and SA based system called WMN-PSOSA. Then we compare WMN-PSO with implemented intelligent hybrid systems by conducting simulations. Simulation results show that intelligent hybrid systems have better performance than WMN-PSO. Comparing intelligent hybrid systems, the WMN-PSOHC converges faster than WMN-PSOSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability of peers is very important for safe communication in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems. The reliability of a peer can be evaluated based on the reputation and interactions with other peers to provide different services. However, for deciding the peer reliability there are needed many parameters, which make the problem NP-hard. In this paper, we present two fuzzy-based systems (called FBRS1 and FBRS2) to improve the reliability of JXTA-overlay P2P platform. In FBRS1, we considered three input parameters: number of interactions (NI), security (S), packet loss (PL) to decide the peer reliability (PR). In FBRS2, we considered four input parameters: NI, S, PL and local score to decide the PR. We compare the proposed systems by computer simulations. Comparing the complexity of FBRS1 and FBRS2, the FBRS2 is more complex than FBRS1. However, it also considers the local score, which makes it more reliable than FBRS1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, will be very important for future distributed systems and applications. In such networks, peers are heterogeneous in providing the services and they do not have the same competence of reliability. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate whether a peer is trustworthy or not for file sharing and other services. In this paper, we propose two fuzzy-based trustworthiness system for P2P communication in JXTA-overlay. System 1 has only one fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and uses four input parameters: mutually agreed behaviour ( MAB), actual behaviour criterion ( ABC), peer disconnections ( PD) and number of uploads ( NU) and the output is peer reliability ( PR). System 2 has two FLCs. In FLC1 use three input parameters: number of jobs ( NJ), number of connections ( NC) and connection lifetime ( CL) and the output is actual behavioural criterion ( ABC). We use ABC and reputation ( R) as input linguistic parameters for FLC2 and the output is peer reliability ( PR). We evaluate the proposed systems by computer simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed systems have a good behaviour and can be used successfully to evaluate the reliability of the new peer connected in JXTA-overlay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of wireless mobile terminals, which cooperate by routing packets to each other creates a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). MANETs are continuing to grow their interest in research environment and they are attracting attention for their potential use in several fields such as collaborative computing and disaster recovery environments. Considering mobility of the terminals, the topology changes rapidly and routing becomes a key process for operation of MANETs. In this paper, we analyze the performance of Better Approach To MANET (BATMAN) routing protocol in an outdoor bridge environment considering mobility and vertical communication. We implement two scenarios on our testbed and evaluate the performance in terms of throughput and packetloss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have become an important networking infrastructure for providing cost-efficient broadband wireless connectivity. WMNs are showing their applicability in deployment of medical, transport and surveillance applications in urban areas, metropolitan, neighboring communities and municipal area networks. In this paper, we deal with connectivity and coverage problem of WMN. Because these problems are known to be NP-Hard, we propose and implement a system based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs). We evaluate the performance of the proposed system by different scenarios using different metrics such as client distribution, crossover rate, mutation rate, coverage area and giant component. The simulation results show that for 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 grid area, Linear Ranking is good selection operator and offers the best network connectivity and user coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the performance analysis of two link state routing protocols: OLSR and B.A.T.M.A.N.. We investigate the effect of mobility and topology changing in the throughput of a MANET testbed. We study the impact of best-effort traffic for two link state routing protocols. We also investigate the impact of multi-flow traffic in the network. Experimental time is 10 s. In this work, we consider three experimental models and we assess the performance of our testbed in terms of throughput, round trip time and packet loss. From our experiments, we found that B.A.T.M.A.N. protocol has better goodput than OLSR protocol. However, for mobile nodes, OLSR protocol has better goodput than B.A.T.M.A.N. protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alstroemeria plants were surveyed for viruses in Japan from 2002 to 2004. Seventy-two Alstroemeria plants were collected from Aichi, Nagano, and Hokkaido prefectures and 54.2% were infected with some species of virus. The predominant virus was Alstroemeria mosaic virus, followed by Tomato spotted wilt virus, Youcai mosaic virus (YoMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alstroemeria virus X and Broad bean wilt virus-2 (BBWV-2). On the basis of nucleotide sequence of the coat protein genes, all four CMV isolates belong to subgroup IA. CMV isolates induced mosaic and/or necrosis on Alstroemeria. YoMV and BBWV-2 were newly identified by traits such as host range, particle morphology, and nucleotide sequence as viruses infecting Alstroemeria. A BBWV-2 isolate also induced mosaic symptoms on Alstroemeria seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide sequence analysis in the invertebrate chordate, Ciona intestinalis, has provided a comprehensive picture of immune-related genes in an organism that occupies a key phylogenetic position in vertebrate evolution. The pivotal genes for adaptive immunity, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes, T-cell receptors, or dimeric immunoglobulin molecules, have not been identified in the Ciona genome. Many genes involved in innate immunity have been identified, including complement components, Toll-like receptors, and the genes involved in intracellular signal transduction of immune responses, and show both expansion and unexpected diversity in comparison with the vertebrates. In addition, a number of genes were identified which predicted integral membrane proteins with extracellular C-type lectin or immunoglobulin domains and intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) (plus their associated signal transduction molecules), suggesting that activating and inhibitory receptors have an MHC-independent function and an early evolutionary origin. A crucial component of vertebrate adaptive immunity is somatic diversification, and the recombination activating genes (RAG) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) genes responsible for the Generation of diversity are not present in Ciona. However, there are key V regions, the essential feature of an immunoglobulin superfamily VC1-like core, and possible proto-MHC regions scattered throughout the genome waiting for Godot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare case is reported of a 23-year-old woman with serous surface papilloma of borderline malignancy (SSPBM) of the left ovary associated with a foci of peritoneal “implant,” as well as the coexistence of mucinous cystadenoma of the right ovary. The histologic diagnosis of these tumors was classified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. To confirm the histologic diagnosis, special staining was performed both with AIcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and PAS with diastase digestion, and with immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), neuron-specific enolase, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). After hematoxylin and eosin staining of the tissue samples, the right ovarian tumor was diagnosed as benign mucinous cystadenoma, and the left ovarian tumor was identified as serous surface papilloma with no apparent stromal invasion, but showing proliferating activity and nuclear abnormality (SSPBM). The histologic features of the peritoneal lesion resembled those of the SSPBM of the left ovary, and showed no invasion of underlying normal tissue. Moreover, both the SSPBM and the peritoneal lesion showed similar patterns on special staining. The summary diagnosis was SSPBM of the left ovary associated with a foci of peritoneal noninvasive “implant” and coexistent mucinous cystadenoma of the right ovary. Regardless of whether or not the peritoneal loci represented an autochthonous multicentric tumor of the peritoneum or a secondary implant from the left SSPBM, the less aggressive histologic character of her tumors has allowed this patient to survive for 8 years after fertility-retaining surgery with no sign of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]