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The linear induction motor based on local public transport has turned out to be more cost-effective in respect of energy cost as well as maintenance. This is due to the fact that linear induction motors constitute a strong durability rate, simple geometrical structure, large force application capability, and independent adhesiveness that make the motor more advanced than conventional motors based on propulsion systems. The single linear induction motor for urban transit modeled by T-type equivalent circuit model enhancement is proposed in this paper. For the proposed system, a double-sided and single-sided linear induction motor is described. For the linear induction motor, the converter control strategies are implemented which is responsive to the velocity and force/current control system, and their integrated performance propulsion drives is described in this paper. Finally, the efficiency and other intrinsic factors needed for the structure's performance assessment are derived. The relationship between penetration depth and frequency is performed and the penetration rapidly drops at low frequencies and tends to stabilize beyond 10 Hz, with the Al having a relatively larger penetration depth. Finally, the performance analysis such as variation in the number of poles, mechanical air gap, penetration depth and frequency variations are calculated on the basis of various features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Ubiquity of Scarcity" is a document that explores the concept of scarcity in different contexts. It discusses the shift in Aboriginal Australian art from communal creation to individual artist signatures due to Western property rights. The document also examines how companies like Uber and Airbnb have commodified and monetized once-shared practices like hitchhiking and borrowing from neighbors. It further explores scarcity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, and economic booms. The document concludes with an overview of nine articles in a special issue on scarcity, covering topics such as consumer behavior, business strategies, and societal implications. It highlights studies on how families respond to resource scarcity, the association between loneliness and mental health issues, and the connection between scarcity of coping resources and addictive consumption. The document acknowledges the contributions of researchers in the field of scarcity. [Extracted from the article]

An ongoing debate in the United States relating to COVID-19 features the purported tension between containing the coronavirus to save lives or opening the economy to sustain livelihoods, with ethical overtones on both sides. Proponents of opening the economy argue that sustaining livelihoods should be prioritized over virus containment, with ethicists asking, "What about the risk to human life?" Defendants of restricting the spread of the virus endorse saving lives through virus containment but contend with the ethical concern "What about people's livelihoods and individual freedoms?" A commonly held belief is that political ideology drives these differential preferences: liberals are more focused on saving lives, whereas conservatives favor sustaining livelihoods with no additional government intervention in the free-market economy. We examine these lay beliefs among US residents in four studies and find that economic system justification (ESJ), an ideology that defends the prevailing economic system when under threat, is a reliable psychological predictor beyond political ideology. Specifically, compared to those who scored low on ESJ, people who scored high on ESJ judged China as more justified in downplaying the spread of virus to protect its interest in the global free-market economy, supported in-person over online learning, viewed shelter in place as less desirable, and perceived the opening of the Texas economy as more legitimate. We also find that multiple psychological mechanisms might be at work—resistance to market interventions, perceived legitimacy of opening the economy, perceived seriousness of the health crisis, and violation of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high precision, high speed, and high fault tolerance capability, the linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) is applied in digital control technologies as well as electronic switching devices. The LSRM is considered as a good substitute for conventional linear drive systems for long-way transportation. In this paper, a single-stator and double-stator longitudinal flux-type LSRM for high-speed transit system is proposed. Since the flux in the longitudinal arrangement is in the same alignment as the motion of the translator, the proposed system is easier to construct, mechanically stable with minimum eddy current loss. It also produces the magnetic flux along the direction of motion, which makes it highly suitable for high-speed linear transit application. The proposed conceptual LSRM differs from the conventional LSRM, in such a way that the active stator holds the excitation windings, while at the same time it acts as a translational body that moves over the stationary translator bed. The motor characterization is performed in ANSYS electromagnetic simulation tool, to determine the applied forces, coupling inductance, and strength of the magnetic field of the proposed LSRM for the traction propulsion system. The finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized here to analyze the modeled configuration, for verification of the design and performance prediction of the proposed LSRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five studies examine how perceived financial constraints and abundance determine when consumers will engage in solitary or social purchases. When financially constrained, consumers prefer solitary (vs. social) purchases. We also identify self-construal as a moderator of how consumers spend their discretionary income. While independent consumers prefer solitary (vs. social) purchases, interdependent consumers prefer social (vs. solitary) purchases. Interestingly, when consumers have adequate discretionary income, independent as well as interdependent consumers have similar preferences for solitary and social purchases. In addition, for interdependent consumers, communal norms mediate the preference for social purchases. Finally, for independent consumers, making the communal norm salient reverses their preference for solitary purchases, resulting in a preference for social purchases. Our findings suggest how managers can effectively promote different types of purchases under varying financial resource conditions in their global communication strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandemics have been an unfortunate but consistent facet of human existence over centuries, threatening lives as well as livelihoods globally. Disconcertingly, their frequency persists, with four "major" pandemics disrupting the planet in the last 65 years and more expected in the future. While many of the economic and health consequences of pandemics are well-documented, their marketing implications are less understood. Addressing this gap, we develop a broad, conceptual framework to highlight the characteristics and impacts of pandemics as they relate to marketing. We first identify four macro-level forces that characterize pandemics and highlight their marketing implications. Next, using the 7P marketing mix model as the organizing structure, we discuss these implications at a micro-level and identify a set of research questions to stimulate further inquiry, not only to generate deeper insights pertaining to pandemics' marketing implications but also to envision new developments in these areas. Finally, we identify pandemics' disproportionate impacts on and implications for some industry sectors, including healthcare, retail, education, hospitality, and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) has proven its suitability in transit applications due to the advantages of direct drive, low cost and simple mechanical structure. In evolution of LSRM, its force performance is the prime concern for the manufacturers. This factor is mainly governed by its physical design. Force characteristics are quite important for obtaining precise design of the LSRM. Because of its nonlinear characteristics, quantitative measurement method for measuring various parameters of the LSRM has not been generalized. This paper discusses finite element analysis-based design considerations for measuring various performance parameters of the LSRM. The paper incorporates the design studies of the LSRM as per analytical expressions and validated using finite element method (FEM)-based ANSYS/Maxwell software. Finite element analysis includes measurement of force, flux and inductance characteristics of the LSRM. Further, it optimizes the motor parameters for maximizing the thrust force of the motor. The proposed study is crucial in estimating various performance parameters of the LSRM using FEM and propagating the traceability chain in parameter estimation of LSRM using three-dimensional FEM-based model of the motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear Motors forms an integral part of propulsion systems used in linear motor propelled high-speed transport systems. Generally, motors such as linear induction and linear synchronous are preferred worldwide for these applications. In spite of showing the immense capabilities, linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) is still under research for applications in high-speed systems. This paper focuses on a LSRM with enhanced propulsion force for the application in high-speed transportation systems. It has a linear structure with moving translator for direct force transmission and two-teeth in each stator pole to attain better force performance. In the proposed motor, translator teeth count is more as compared to the stator teeth count. A 6/16 LSRM with three- phase split-teeth stator has been proposed. The performance of the proposed 6/16 LSRM has been compared with 6/4 and 6/8 three-phase conventional motors to highlight the improvements in the proposed motor. The paper also modifies the proposed 6/16 LSRM into 12/32 configuration to analyse its force ripple reduction capability. The performance of the 6/16 is compared with the 12/32 LSRM. All the motors are modelled and analysed in 3D with the help of finite-element analysis (FEA). The paper optimizes the 6/16 LSRM using parameter based cumulative deterministic optimization algorithm (PBCDOA) to maximize its propulsion force. The FEA based analysis shows better force performance for the proposed motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consistently rising environmental concerns and depleting petroleum resources have accentuated the need of sustainable, energy efficient and clean means of transport. This has provided the impetus to the research and development of clean alternatives for existing public transportation systems. Development of linear motor-propelled, contact-less maglev systems is considered a promising alternative to conventional on-wheel rail transport technology. Maglev technology primarily focuses on improving the performance, speed, fuel economy, driving range and operating cost of the transit system. These parameters vary with the design and efficiency of the electrical system used in maglev-based transportation systems. To present this study, firstly, a detailed survey of the important constituents of a maglev electrical system has been carried out with techno-economic perspectives. Contemporary maglev technologies have then explored along with their respective advantages and limitations. Electrical systems form the heart of maglev systems and, therefore, this paper presents the components of a standard electrical system together with the comparative analysis in terms of present trends, on-going technological advancements and future challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research investigates the interactive influence of self-construal and product feature centrality on product judgment tasks. Feature centrality refers to the extent to which a feature is integral to the product concept and its network of correlated features, and contributes to the coherence of the product's conceptual representation. While the categorization literature suggests that central features (versus less central features) are weighted more when consumers make judgments about a product, across two studies we find such effect is bounded by individuals' self-construal. In particular, whereas independent consumers, adopting an analytical thinking style, rely more on central features than less central features in product categorization and evaluations, interdependent consumers, employing a holistic thinking style, use both features to form their judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We undertook this study to assess the response of hepatitis B vaccination in dialysis patients and the effect of vitamin D level on the immunogenicity to hepatitis B vaccination. It was an observational study, which included 60 patients of end-stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis. Patients with anti-HBs antibody positive at baseline were excluded. All received intramuscular recombinant hepatitis B vaccination at 0, 1, 2, and 6 months 20 μg on each deltoid muscle bilateral. Anti-HBs antibody titers were measured at 4 and 7 months of vaccination and the titer ≥10 mIU/mL was considered as 'positive'. Vitamin D levels were measured at baseline before starting the vaccination. The mean vitamin D level was 15.0 ± 7.8 ng/mL. The vitamin D level <10 and <20 were 23.3% and 83.3 %, respectively. The patients on hemodialysis had relatively higher vitamin D level than on peritoneal dialysis patients, i.e. 16.3 ± 8.5 and 11.5 ± 3.1 ng/mL, respectively ( p = 0.03). Overall, 38 patients responded to the immunization (63.3 %) and 11 patients were non-responders (36.7 %) at 4 months. Difference of vitamin D level in responder (16.6 ± 9.1 ng/mL) and non-responder (12.4 ± 4.1 ng/mL) was not significant ( p = 0.16). At 7 months (1 month after completion of vaccination) 61.9 % were responders and 38.1 % were non-responders. The vitamin D level in responders and non-responders were statistically not significant ( p = 0.11). In responder, titer ≥100 mIU/mL was seen in 30 % at 4 months and in 42.9 % at 7 months ( p = 0.05). In the good and weak responders at 7 months, vitamin D levels were 21.5 ± 10.8 and 10.1 ± 3.7 ng/mL, respectively ( p = 0.37). The association of vitamin D level and anti-HBs antibody titer were not significant ( r = 0.03 and 95 % CI was −0.43 to 0.48, p = 0.89) in those who responded. Most patients on dialysis were vitamin D deficient. Vitamin D levels did not differ between responding and non-responding dialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies examined cognitive responses to comparative advertising that was valuated, i.e., was either negative or positive. Negative comparative advertising featured the advertised brand derogating the comparison brand (I'm OK, you're not OK). Positive comparative advertising claimed superiority over the comparison brand in a nonderogatory manner (You're OK. I'm more OK). Subjects were exposed to either a negative comparative ad or a positive comparative ad. In study I, the ad featured either a high or low share advertised brand and either a high or low share comparison brand while in study 2, the ad featured advertised and comparison brands with either a strong or weak reputation. Across both studies, it was found that negative comparative advertising evoked significantly higher counteraugmentation and lower claim acceptance than its positive counterpart. Also, when the advertised brand had a high share relative to the comparison brand, counterargumentation was also and claim acceptance was higher vis-a-vis when the advertised brand had a low share relative to the comparison brand. Findings pertaining to brand reputation were mixed. Managerial and future research implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]