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The presence of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a hazardous gas emanating from various sources including vehicles, industrial power plants, indoor combustion appliances, and tobacco smoke, underscores the importance of effective monitoring. Early risk assessment and continuous vigilance are vital to mitigate potential respiratory and cardiovascular consequences associated with prolonged exposure. To address this need, we have developed a cost-effective metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived SnO2-ZnO-based gas sensor for NO2 detection. Different combinations of SnO2-ZnO were synthesized by varying the Sn/Zn molar ratio. The sensor SZ 1–0.5, having Sn/Zn = 1/0.5, demonstrated a superior response (Rg/Ra = 7.37) compared to bare SnO2 and ZnO towards 100 ppm of NO2 at 225°C. The fabricated SZ 1–0.5 sensor showed a good response time of 100 s with outstanding selectivity, cyclability, and repeatability. The enhanced gas-sensing characteristics of the sensor are attributed to the formation of heterojunctions. The gas-sensing mechanism is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) are showing versatile possibilities in cutting-edge applications, including non-volatile memory, neuromorphic computing, and nano-photonics. However, for embedded phase-change memory applications, conventional PCMs suffer from insufficient thermal stability because of their relatively low crystallization temperatures (Tx). Although doping with additional alloying elements could improve the amorphous stability, it also increases the tendency towards compositional partitioning and phase separation. Recently, a two-dimensional (2D) layered compound CrGeTe3 (CrGT) was developed as a PCM, showing a high Tx ~ 276 °C with an inverse change in resistive-switching character upon phase transition. Here, we report a high-throughput materials screening for 2D layered phase-change chalcogenides. We aim to clarify whether the high Tx and the inverse electrical resistance contrast are intrinsic features of 2D PCMs. In total, twenty-five 2D chalcogenides with CrGT trilayer structures have been identified from a large database. We then focused on selected layered tellurides by performing thorough ab initio simulations and experimental investigations and confirming that their amorphous phase indeed has a much higher Tx than conventional PCMs. We attribute this enhanced amorphous stability to the structurally complex nuclei required to render crystallization possible. Overall, we regard InGeTe3 as a balanced 2D PCM with both high thermal stability and large electrical contrast for embedded memory applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards blended solid fuel processing technologies, the present study is first attempt to utilize de-oiled microalgae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa NCIM2738, as a binder to densify low-rank coal waste to formulate upgraded biomass-blended coal composites. The de-oiled biomass has shown similar gross calorific value (18.62 MJ/kg), sulfur content (1.45%), and low ash content (18%) in comparison to coal. Fuel characteristics of biomass-blended coal composites of 20:80 ratio showed gross calorific value (19.0 MJ/kg), fuel ratio (1.85), and low sulfur content (< 1%). The multi-objective optimization strategy is used to optimize the molding pressure, average particle size, and binder ratio for maximization of the mechanical performance indicators such as compressive strength and drop strength of biomass-blended coal composites. The maximum compressive strength and drop strength of blended composites at multi-objective optimized conditions after model validation (R2 > 0.99) are observed to be 14.6 MPa and 97.8%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared analysis is used to evaluate structural variation during coal-microalgae interaction. Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetric, and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTG-DTA) are conducted to determine characteristic temperature points and heat involvement during combustion. TGA-DTG-DTA showed remarkable shifting of ignition point from 335 °C (parent coal) to 301–299 °C (blended coal composites), extended burnout temperature (47–82 °C higher than parent coal), and excessive exothermic heat involvement (3305–3363 μVs/mg) during composite combustion. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm–based artificial neural network model was applied to validate the thermal analysis of coal, microalgae, and blended composites, which offers an excellent tool for studying thermochemical conversions. An in-depth investigation of mechanical-thermal aspect of the coal-biomass energy system will provide new possibilities to select microalgae as binder with optimized binder ratios which can apply in coal-based power plants as sustainable and affordable fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study evaluates the effectiveness of combining the Epley Maneuver with the Dizzy-Fix Training Device in treating Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), aiming to enhance treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 50 patients diagnosed with posterior canal BPPV were allocated into two groups: one receiving the traditional Epley Maneuver and the other undergoing the Epley Maneuver supplemented with the Dizzy-Fix Training Device. Key measures included the proportion of symptom-free patients at one month, changes in the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) scores, the recurrence rate within one month, and patient satisfaction. Results: The Dizzy-Fix group achieved a significantly higher symptom resolution rate by day 7 (90% vs. 60%) and reported greater patient satisfaction (4.5/5 vs. 3.8/5) compared to the Epley Maneuver alone group. Additionally, this group exhibited a more substantial decrease in DHI scores (from an average of 30 to 5) and a lower recurrence rate (10% vs. 40%) within the first month post-treatment. Conclusion: Incorporating the Dizzy-Fix Training Device with the Epley Maneuver significantly improves the management of BPPV, evidenced by faster symptom resolution, enhanced patient satisfaction, and reduced symptom recurrence. These findings underscore the value of integrating real-time visual feedback technologies in vestibular rehabilitation, promising better patient outcomes, and advancing the quality of care in BPPV treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying auditory impairments early in newborns is essential to prevent developmental delays. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) screenings play a critical role in newborn hearing assessments. However, the ideal timing post-birth for these tests remains unclear. This study evaluates the efficacy of OAE screenings within the first five days after birth to determine the most effective timing. An observational study involved 1,013 full-term neonates at a tertiary care centre. These neonates underwent Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (TEOAE) screenings daily from Day 1 to Day 5, following WHO and JCIH guidelines. The study assessed pass rates, false positives, and false negatives, with follow-up screenings at one and three months for neonates with initial ambiguous results. The study found that screening efficiency significantly increased, with Day 1 pass rates at 8% (81 neonates) and 98% (992 neonates) by Day 5, marking a significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy (p < 0.001). False positive rates dropped from 92% on Day 1 to 2% by Day 5, and false negatives decreased to below 1%. Sensitivity and specificity reached their peak at 98% and 99.5%, respectively, on Day 5. Our study findings advocate for adjusting neonatal hearing screening protocols to include OAE tests on the fifth day post-birth, optimizing clinical efficacy through enhanced diagnostic accuracy and reducing the logistical and emotional burdens on families and healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates the comparative effectiveness of Click Auditory Brainstem Response (Click ABR) and Multiple Auditory Steady-State Response (Multi-ASSR) in identifying hearing impairments in infants. Recognizing auditory issues early is crucial for a child's cognitive and language development, as emphasized by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) and the American Academy of Audiology (AAA). While Click ABR is widely utilized, Multi-ASSR offers a modern technique for detailed hearing assessment. Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted on 111 infants aged 1–6 months, previously screened for hearing at a tertiary care centre. The study employed both Click ABR and Multi-ASSR to evaluate their respective efficacy in assessing infant hearing. Results: Click ABR detected normal hearing in 87.4% of the infants, slightly higher than Multi-ASSR's 84.7%. A noteworthy finding was the higher incidence of bilateral versus unilateral hearing loss, with Click ABR identifying bilateral loss in 10 infants and unilateral loss in 4, compared to Multi-ASSR, which found bilateral loss in 12 infants and unilateral loss in 5. There was a minor but significant difference in auditory thresholds between the methods, with a mean discrepancy of 1.2 dB and a significant statistical variance (t-value of 15; p < 0.001), indicating variations in sensitivity. Conclusion: Both Click ABR and Multi-ASSR are indispensable tools in paediatric audiology, each with unique advantages. Click ABR excels in efficiency, suitable for rapid assessments and early detection. In contrast, Multi-ASSR offers comprehensive frequency-specific data, facilitating thorough evaluations. Healthcare professionals must grasp these methods' strengths to optimize infant hearing screenings and enhance early intervention strategies, aligning with JCIH and AAA guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thyroid nodules pose a frequent clinical dilemma, requiring the use of precise and expedient diagnostic methods. The effectiveness of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) in relation to histopathology, which is considered the standard method, continues to be a prominent area of investigation. TIRADS provides a systematic evaluation based on ultrasound imaging. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) in the assessment of thyroid nodules, in comparison with histopathological findings. Methods: A retrospective design was employed to analyze data obtained from a sample of 100 patients, ranging in age from 19 to 82 years. The main objective of the study was to assess ultrasonography (USG) findings using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) as the major outcome measure. The secondary outcome measure was based on histological evaluations. Multiple statistical tests were utilized, such as linear regression and the kappa statistic. Results: The outcomes of this study indicate a significant association between TIRADS and histopathology results, particularly in the higher risk groups. The study findings indicate that the diagnostic value of TIRADS III, IV, and V is supported by the respective malignancy risks of 4.1%, 90%, and 100%. Conclusion: The appropriate utilization of TIRADS can function as a dependable first method for evaluating thyroid nodules, although it is essential to supplement this approach with histological examinations in order to obtain a thorough understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common vestibular disorder, predominantly affecting the posterior semicircular canal (PSC), and significantly impacts the quality of life (QoL) of patients. This study assesses the effectiveness of Epley's manoeuvre in improving QoL in patients with PSC–BPPV. This prospective analytical study, conducted at a tertiary care centre from January 2021 to December 2022, included 93 adult patients diagnosed with PSC–BPPV via the Dix–Hallpike test. Participants were evaluated using the dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) and visual vertigo analogue score (VAS) at baseline and on days 3, 10, and 30 post-treatments with Epley's manoeuvre. Data analysis focused on changes in DHI and VAS scores to assess the impact of treatment. The cohort comprised 58.1% males and 41.9% females, with a significant majority over 50 years of age. Notably, 90% of patients reported improvement by the first follow-up. Both DHI and VAS scores showed a statistically significant decrease over the follow-up period (p < 0.05), indicating a reduction in perceived dizziness and visual vertigo symptoms post-treatment. Epley's manoeuvre effectively improves the QoL in patients with PSC–BPPV, as evidenced by significant reductions in DHI and VAS scores. This study contributes to the evidence supporting Epley's manoeuvre as a key intervention in PSC–BPPV treatment, emphasizing its role in enhancing patient outcomes in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplanted stem cells (˃95%) into ischemic myocardium die because of unfavourable conditions. Moreover, hypoxia role in the cell cycle regulation has been studied in transformed/immortalized cell lines which may have altered cell cycle regulators and/or mutated and, can't be transplanted in patients. We quest to find out the mechanism of cell cycle regulation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to regulate its survival and proliferation in repair processes. Additionally, critically analysed role of hypoxamiR-210-3p, and cell cycle regulators that can regulate cell proliferation under hypoxic conditions. Bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) isolated from young male Fischer-344 rats by flushing the cavity of femur and propagated in vitro under 1% hypoxia for 72 h showed an increased in cell proliferation (> 30%, p < 0.05) compared to normoxia. miR-210-3p, role in cell proliferation under hypoxic condition was confirmed by knockdown. Loss of function studies with transfection of anti-mir-210-3p, we observed decrease in proliferation of BM-MSC under hypoxia. Furthermore, BM-MSC proliferation due to miR-210-3p was confirmed using CFSE assay and flow cytometry, in which more cells were observed in S-phase. Mechanistically, western blot analysis showed miR-210-3p inhibition upregulates p53 and p21 expression and subsequent decrease in pAkt under hypoxia. On contrary, CFSE and Western blot under normoxic conditions showed downregulation of p53 and p21 whilst upregulation of pAkt indicated the key role of miR-210-3p in BM-MSC proliferation. Our results demonstrate the role of miR-210-3p in BM-MSC proliferation under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions and illustrate the potential mechanism via the regulation of pAkt, p53 and p21. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advanced osteoarthritis of knees with varus deformity consists of attenuation of lateral structures with contracture of the posteromedial structures and formation of medial osteophytes. The conventional step-wise medial and posteromedial release with measured resection may sometimes hinder achievement of perfectly balanced flexion and extension gaps with maintenance of flexion stability, without the use of a constrained prosthesis. Medial femoral epicondylar sliding osteotomy tailors the balancing to the need of the kinematics of the native knee and precludes the use of a constrained implant. Methods: 15 patients with Ahlbäck Grades III through V osteoarthritic changes at Howrah Orthopaedic Hospital were included in a prospective cohort case series with a minimum period of follow-up being 12 months. Physical examination, clinical questionnaire and radiographic evaluation were done post-operatively for objectification by functional Knee Society and Oxford Knee Scores respectively. Results and Analysis: The mean post-operative femorotibial angulation ameliorated to a value of 3.73 ± 1.58° from 18.67 ± 4.2° in the pre-operative stage. The mean overall Range of Motion of operated knee was 109.87 ± 6.86° with no residual frontal laxity and/or laxity in the coronal plane. The mean amount of resection of tibial plateau in patients with severe varus deformity was kept to a minimum, 6.56 mm from the least deficient portion of the lateral condyle. There were no complications as regards component loosening and/or surgical-site infection. Conclusion: The main objective of balancing a severely varus-afflicted knee is to preserve as much of the Medial Collateral Ligament as possible, to retain its check rein function and not jeopardise the stability. This is ensured by distalisation and posteriorizing the medial epicondyle by an incomplete osteotomy in addition to modest tibial resection fetching a non-isometric point of knee flexion. All osteotomies united by bony union and restoration of kinematic alignment. The limitation of this study however includes the lack of long-term results, such as late instability and polyethylene wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image encryption plays a crucial role in safeguarding sensitive visual data from unauthorized access. In this research, we propose a novel hybrid approach for image encryption that combines the strength of chaotic maps and the optimization power of Genetic Algorithm (GA). The proposed method aims to enhance encryption security, complexity, and robustness to various attacks. The encryption process begins with the application of a chaotic map, specifically the Sine fusion chaos, to scramble the positions of image pixels. This chaotic map introduces chaos and non-linearity, rendering the image data indiscernible. In the subsequent step, AES and Genetic Algorithm is introduced to encrypt the image. The GA dynamically evolves the encryption process, aiming to find an optimal cipher image that maximizes encryption security and minimizes the possibility of unauthorized decryption. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms traditional image encryption methods in terms of resistance to attacks, robustness, and visual obfuscation. This suggested work demonstrated the algorithm's resilience to statistical attacks by achieving a maximum entropy of 7.99 and almost zero correlation, despite numerous analyses being conducted on the algorithm. The security analysis reveals the strength of our scheme against various cryptographic attacks. The hybrid encryption technique is suitable for applications requiring heightened image security, such as medical imaging, confidential document transfer, and satellite imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-dimensional Co finite element model (FEM) based on cubic-order beam theory in conjunction with the artificial neural network–genetic algorithm (ANN–GA) and artificial neural network–grey wolf optimization (ANN–GWO) metamodels has been adopted for the bending analysis of the pervious composite beam. The axial displacement field is a third-order equation and a function of the variation of the thickness of the beam. The parabolic variation of the shear stress is assumed; therefore, the shear stress value is zero at the extreme surface of the beam. The validation of the presented model has been done with the published research work and found suitable for further analysis. The Monte Carlo simulation–finite element method (MCS–FEM) has been developed and coded in the FORTRAN environment. The dataset obtained from MCS–FEM is used for the training and testing of the machine learning model. The ANN–GA and ANN–GWO metamodels are coded in the MATLAB environment. The various statistical parameters, regression analysis, and rank analysis have been done to find out the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed soft computation metamodels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging, a natural biological process, presents challenges in maintaining physiological well-being and is associated with increased vulnerability to diseases. Addressing aging mechanisms is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies against age-related ailments. Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a medicinal herb widely used in traditional medicine, containing diverse bioactive compounds that have been studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are associated with potential health benefits. Using network pharmacology, this study investigates the anti-aging function and underlying mechanisms of R. officinalis. Through network pharmacology analysis, the top 10 hub genes were identified, including TNF, CTNNB1, JUN, MTOR, SIRT1, and others associated with the anti-aging effects. This analysis revealed a comprehensive network of interactions, providing a holistic perspective on the multi-target mechanism underlying Rosemary's anti-aging properties. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the relevant biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components involved in treating aging-related conditions. KEGG pathway analysis shows that anti-aging targets of R. officinalis involved endocrine resistance, pathways in cancer, and relaxin signaling pathways, among others, indicating multifaceted mechanisms. Genes like MAPK1, MMP9, and JUN emerged as significant players. These findings enhance our understanding of R. officinalis's potential in mitigating aging-related disorders through multi-target effects on various biological processes and pathways. Such approaches may reduce the risk of failure in single-target and symptom-based drug discovery and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Nernst growth model equations are used to explain the anodic biofilm (ABF) modeling, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) at various growth stages of biofilm, and polarization curve modeling for its electron generation behavior in a miniaturized single-chambered microbial fuel cell (SMFC). Kinetic constants of various growth model equations were determined using non-linear regression analysis. Maximum specific growth rate (μmax) at anodic surface is observed 0.016 h−1 at a glucose concentration of 12 g L−1, whereas retardation in μmax is observed 14 g L−1 or more in SMFC. LSV results showed maximum current density of 6720.56 mA m−2. Anode performance in SMFC is examined through polarization curve resulting maximum open-circuit voltage (OCV), minimum charge transfer loss, and ohmic loss for NWG (NiWO4 impregnated on rGO), NiWO4, rGO, and plain CC (carbon cloth) anode. These results demonstrate significant enhancement in performance of MFC to lead towards model-based process controlling for significant scale-up in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to explore and identify the impacts of nasal septum deviation and turbinate hypertrophy on respiratory function, sleep quality, and overall well-being. Additionally, the study aimed to establish the therapeutic efficacy of surgical intervention and comprehensively analyse the additional advantages of wearable sleep trackers when combined with established diagnostic techniques. Methods: A prospective cohort of 150 participants (75 with nasal septum deviation and 75 with turbinate hypertrophy) underwent surgical intervention. The NOSE scale, PSQI, SF-36, and wearable sleep tracker data were employed for pre- and post-surgical evaluations. Objective measurements, such as nasal airflow and acoustic rhinometry, were also used. Multivariate regression was utilised to identify potential predictors of post-surgical outcomes. Results: The cohort had a mean age of 41 years with evenly balanced gender distribution. Both conditions showed post-surgical improvements in respiratory function, sleep quality, and quality-of-life. Wearable sleep tracker data provided insights into REM sleep duration and interruptions during sleep. The results indicated significant disturbances in sleep patterns in individuals with nasal septum deviation before undergoing surgery. Duration of the nasal condition was found to be a significant factor in predicting outcomes. Conclusion: Nasal septum deviation and turbinate hypertrophy had a significant impact on sleep patterns, overall well-being, and respiratory function. Surgical interventions provided significant relief, and wearable sleep tracker integration provides deeper insights into sleep disorders. The study highlights the importance of early intervention and the benefit of modern technologies in clinical evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehensively understand the manifestation, treatments, and resultant consequences of temporal bone fractures, given their substantial impact on auditory and balance systems and the overall quality of life. A prospective study, adhering to the STROBE guidelines, spanning five years (2011–2015) was conducted on 83 male patients aged between 20 and 54 years, diagnosed with temporal bone fractures primarily caused by road traffic accidents. Evaluations comprised symptom presentation, otologic manifestations, radiological classifications, and management strategies, including both conservative and surgical interventions. Our study found that patients commonly presented with symptoms such as Oto-haematorrhoea, hearing impairment, and vertigo. Specifically, longitudinal fractures were the most frequent radiological finding, occurring in 63 cases (p < 0.001 for road traffic accidents). In terms of treatment outcomes, there was a notable improvement in the average hearing threshold, decreasing from 50 dB to 25 dB post-treatment (p < 0.001), and the air-bone gap reduced from 30 dB to 10 dB (p < 0.001). Audiometric outcomes varied significantly with fracture type, showing severe hearing loss was more common in transverse fractures (50%, p < 0.001) compared to longitudinal and mixed fractures. Additionally, the study revealed a significant reduction in the incidence of post-trauma vertigo over eight weeks (p < 0.001), underscoring the importance of early and appropriate intervention in managing temporal bone fractures. Efficient early detection and tailored interventions for temporal bone fractures lead to optimistic results. This research underscores the imperative for healthcare practitioners to adopt a comprehensive approach, from initial diagnosis to ongoing monitoring, to achieve optimal patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was to explore the psycho-social impacts of Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) screenings on families. This involved understanding the initial responses of parents to test results, identifying any resulting concerns, and acknowledging the coping mechanisms utilized to handle these unexpectedly encountered difficulties. This retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2021 to December 2022 at a tertiary care facility. An extensive assessment was carried out on 1100 newborns that had undergone the OAE screening. Parental emotional reactions, worries regarding their child's prospects, and employed coping mechanisms were determined using structured questionnaires and interviews. The study aimed to explore the link between socio-economic status and varying levels of post-test anxiety and to study the effect of immediate post-screening counselling. A notable emotional reaction was observed, with 85% of parents, whose neonates were advised for subsequent tests, showing signs of shock and denial. Apprehensions related to the child's growth and societal acceptance were dominant, with 70% parents concerned about potential hurdles. There was a marked correlation between a lower socio-economic status and elevated post-test anxiety. Prompt counselling post-screening resulted in a substantial reduction in parental stress and anxiety levels. While the relevance of OAE testing concerning neonatal health is unequivocal, the psycho-social repercussions it imposes on families are significant. The findings underscore the need for holistic healthcare approaches that not only focus on physiological outcomes but also prioritize the mental well-being of families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic potential of chemically synthesized AuNPs has been demonstrated in various types of cancer. However, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized using typical chemical methods have concerns regarding their environmental safety and adverse impact on human well-being. To overcome this issue, we used an environmentally friendly approach in which gold nanoparticles were synthesized using Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE). The present research was mainly focused on the biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE-AuNPs) and explore its anticancer potential against Dalton's Lymphoma (DL) cells. Characterization of the MLE-AuNPs was conducted using UV-Vis Spectroscopy to confirm the reduction process, FTIR analysis to ascertain the presence of functional groups, and XRD analysis to confirm the crystallinity. SEM and TEM images were used to examine size and morphology. After characterization, MLE-AuNPs were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on Dalton's lymphoma cells, and the results showed an IC50 value of 75 ± 2.31 µg/mL; however, there was no discernible cytotoxicity towards normal murine thymocytes. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed G2/M phase cell cycle arrest mediated by the downregulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 and upregulation of p21. Additionally, apoptosis induction was evidenced by Annexin V Staining, accompanied by modulation of apoptosis-related genes including decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased expression of Bax, Cyt-c, and Caspase-3 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Collectively, our findings underscore the promising anti-cancer properties of MLE-AuNPs, advocating their potential as a novel therapeutic avenue for Dalton's lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleoside analogs are a common form of chemotherapy that disrupts DNA replication and repair, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a significant mechanism through which these drugs exert their anticancer effects. This study investigated a new nucleoside analog called FNC or Azvudine, and its impact on ROS production and cell viability in Dalton's lymphoma (DL) cells. The study found that FNC treatment resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in ROS levels in DL cells. After 15 and 30 min of treatment with 2 and 1 mg/ml of FNC, mitochondrial ROS production was observed in DL cells. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to FNC caused structural alterations and DNA damage in DL cells. The results suggest that FNC's ability to impair DL cell viability may be due to its induction of ROS production and indicate a need for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytotoxic nucleoside analogs (NAs) hold great promise in cancer therapeutics by mimicking endogenous nucleosides and interfering with crucial cellular processes. Here, we investigate the potential of the novel cytidine analog, 4′-azido-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro(arbino)cytidine (FNC), as a therapeutic agent for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) using Dalton's lymphoma (DL) as a T-cell lymphoma model. FNC demonstrated dose- and time-dependent inhibition of DL cell growth and proliferation. IC-50 values of FNC were measured at 1 µM, 0.5 µM, and 0.1 µM after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Further elucidation of FNC's mechanism of action uncovers its role in inducing apoptosis in DL cells. Notable DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation point to activated apoptotic pathways. FNC-induced apoptosis was concomitant with changes in cellular membranes, characterized by membrane rupture and altered morphology. The robust anticancer effects of FNC are linked to its capacity to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, prompting oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, FNC disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, further promoting apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptotic genes, with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, implicates the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, FNC-induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was mediated through modulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21. Overall, this study highlights the potential of FNC as a promising therapeutic agent for NHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated human health risks have been studied in India. However, a comprehensive overview is not available in India, this review highlights the possible sources, and associated cancer risks in people living in different zones of India. Different databases were searched for the scientific literature on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in India. Database searches have revealed a total of 55 studies conducted at 139 locations in India in the last 14 years between 1996 and 2018. Based on varying climatic conditions in India, the available data was analysed and distributed with four zone including north, east, west/central and south zones. Comparatively higher concentrations were reported for locations in north zone, than east, west/central and south zones. The average concentrations of ∑PAHs is lower in east zone, and concentrations in north, west/central and south zones are higher by 1.67, 1.47, and 1.12 folds respectively than those in east zone. Certain molecular diagnostic ratios and correlation receptor models were used for identification of possible sources, which aided to the conclusion that both pyrogenic and petrogenic activities are the mixed sources of PAH emissions to the Indian environment. Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalency for different zones is estimated and presented. Estimated Chronic daily intake (CDI) due to inhalation of PAHs and subsequently, cancer risk (CR) is found to be ranging from extremely low to low in various geographical zones of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The world is experiencing exponential growth in communication, especially wireless communication. Wireless connectivity has recently become a part of everyone's daily life. Recent developments in low-cost, low-power, and miniature devices contribute to a significant rise in radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EM) radiation exposure in our environment, raising concern over its effect on biological systems. The inconsistent and conflicting research results make it difficult to draw definite conclusions about how RF-EM radiation affects living things. Objectives: This study identified two micro-environments based on their level of exposure to cellular RF-EM radiation, one with significantly less exposure and another with very high exposure to RF-EM radiation. Emphasis is given to studying the metabolites in the urine samples of humans naturally exposed to these two different microenvironments to understand short-term metabolic dysregulations. Methods: Untargeted 1H NMR spectroscopy was employed for metabolomics analyses to identify dysregulated metabolites. A total of 60 subjects were recruited with 5 ml urine samples each. These subjects were divided into two groups: one highly exposed to RF-EM (n = 30) and the other consisting of low-exposure populations (n = 30). Results: The study found that the twenty-nine metabolites were dysregulated. Among them, 19 were downregulated, and 10 were upregulated. In particular, Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate and the TCA cycle metabolism pathway have been perturbed. The dysregulated metabolites were validated using the ROC curve analysis. Conclusion: Untargeted urine metabolomics was conducted to identify dysregulated metabolites linked to RF-EM radiation exposure. Preliminary findings suggest a connection between oxidative stress and gut microbiota imbalance. However, further research is needed to validate these biomarkers and understand the effects of RF-EM radiation on human health. Further research is needed with a diverse population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oryza sativa (Rice) is one of the most cultivated staple food crops in India. The crop is affected by Rice False Smut (RFS) caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (UV), which leads to a substantial reduction in the crop yield, and the mycotoxins released pose a health risk. In the present study, bacterial strains were isolated from rhizosphere soil samples collected from the eastern regions of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 105 isolates were screened for their antagonistic activity against U. virens and the best four among them were selected and identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Three isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, and one as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Additionally, plant growth promoting (PGP) traits such as siderophore production, IAA production, phosphate solubilization, HCN production etc. were assessed. To assess the biocontrol activity and PGP properties in rice a talc-based bioformulation was prepared using bacterial isolates. The control of UV infection was tested on rice variety HKR-126 involving 10 treatments with screened isolates. Enhanced germination was recorded in all bacterial treatments of UV infected seeds. Greenhouse experiments were also carried out to evaluate the biocontrol efficiency until the harvest stage, as well as plant growth in different stages. Collectively, the results suggested that biopriming with talc-based formulations consisting of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens can serve as an alternative to fungicides to control the severity of UV disease in susceptible rice varieties, along with improving overall plant growth and fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based nanofibers were synthesized through electrospinning and infused gibberellic acid (GA3) to form microcapsules and evaluated for efficacy on seed quality enhancement. The polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA at 15%), was used to synthesize nanofibers (281 nm) and, upon infusion of the analyte (GA3 at 100 ppm), resulted in the formation of microcapsules, where characterization of morphology and analyte integration was done through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. GA3-infused microcapsules were coated on fresh and accelerated-aged maize seeds, and germination potential tests were performed as per the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) seedling group number (A 1-2–3-2). The evaluation of seed enhancement of aged seeds showed the effect of precision coating (GA3-infused microcapsules) in attaining superior seedling performance even after triggering the seed deterioration process through accelerated aging. The results revealed that the seed quality parameters like higher germination (80%), seedling length (23 cm), seedling dry weight (0.53 g), and vigor indices had been significantly enhanced due to GA3-infused microcapsules coating in aged maize seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research has demonstrated that Tinospora cordifolia acts as an anti-aging agent in several experimental models, generating global interest in its underlying molecular mechanisms of this activity. The aim of the study was to identify the possible phytochemical compounds of T. cordifolia that might combat age-related illness through integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking techniques, and molecular dynamics (MD) study to explore their potential mechanisms of action. To carry out this study, several databases were used, including PubChem, KNApSAcK family database, PubMed, SwissADME, Molsoft, SwissTargetPrediction, GeneCards, and OMIM database. For network development and GO enrichment analysis KEGG, ShinyGo 0.77, and the STRING database were used. For better analysis, the networks were also constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.1. The Cytoscape network analyzer tool was used for data analysis, and molecular docking was done via Vina-GPU-2.0. The best compounds and AKT1 were finally subjected to MD simulation for 100 ns. The CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape identified ten key targets, commonly called hub genes, including AKT1, GAPDH, and TP53, and so on. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the relevant biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions involved in treating aging-related disorders. KEGG pathway analysis involved neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions, lipid and atherosclerosis, and cAMP signaling. The docking of 100 T. cordifolia compounds with AKT1 demonstrated good binding affinity, particularly for Amritoside, Sitagliptin, Berberine, and Piperine. Finally, the relative stability of four-hit phytochemicals was validated by MD simulation, which may be the most crucial compound for anti-aging activity. In conclusion, this study used network pharmacology, molecular docking, and MD simulation to identify the compounds in T. cordifolia and proposed a potential mechanism for anti-aging activity. These results suggest future directions for the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive physical electro-thermal modeling approach is explored to investigate the intricate mechanisms underlying filament formation and the effect of surface perturbation in nanoscale Y2O3-based memristors. The approach integrates fundamental principles of solid-state physics, electrochemistry, and materials science to develop a detailed physical model that captures the key phenomena governing the operation of Y2O3 memristors. The simulation is carried out in a semiconductor physics-based tool, i.e., COMSOL Multiphysics with a defined MATLAB script, wherein simulation is based on the minimum free energy of the used materials at an applied input voltage. The fundamental processes in filament growth include ion migration, redox reactions, and vacancy dynamics within the Y2O3 lattice. Furthermore, the influence of surface perturbation on the overall device behavior, grain boundaries, and electrode interactions impact on memristor performance is also investigated. The surface perturbations significantly influenced the switching dynamics of the memristor, including variations in switching voltages, ON/OFF current ratio, filament radius, and filament temperature during the switching process. Therefore, the presented findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms at play in Y2O3 memristors, offering valuable guidance for the design and engineering of these nanoscale devices for next-generation memory and neuromorphic computing applications. This physical modeling approach not only enhances our comprehension of memristor behavior but also paves the way for the development of more efficient and reliable memristor-based technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a digital morphological filtering method based on a novel structuring element (SE) formulated using fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and cross-convolution of window functions. The highlighting feature of this newly formulated filter is its flexibility in adding an adaptive nature to classical morphological filtering. Until now, every method listed in the literature makes a convenient assumption that noises corrupting ECG signal are Gaussian and model the filter around this assumption. Addressing this shortcoming, the first-of-its-kind filter adopts the α -stable distribution model (of which Gaussian distribution is a special case) of noise to better replicate the real-time noises interfering with ECG signals. The designed filter can suppress the noise and adapt to the changes in ECG signal morphology for better reconstruction. The proposed filter is tested on MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database. The simulation results show improved performance in several quantitative metrics, demonstrating the superiority of our suggested method over the currently used state-of-the-art techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation focuses on microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bombax ceiba bud powder (BCBPAgNPS). In the present report, different microwave powers, i.e., 100 w, 180 w, 300 w, 450 w, 600 w, and 900 w, were used to prepare an aqueous extract of Bombax ceiba bud powder (BCBP) and in the fabrication of nanoparticles. The phytochemicals, especially polyphenols and flavonoids, present in the isolated extract served as a capping, reducing, and stabilizing agent for the developed nanoparticles. UV–Visible spectroscopy, particle size analyzers, EDX, SEM, and XRD were used to characterize the produced nanoparticles. UV–Visible analysis revealed that the strong absorption peak lies between 400 and 429 nm, which preliminary indicates the formation of BCBPAgNPS. The XRD patterns of the developed nanoparticles revealed the crystalline character and anatase form of the developed nanoparticles. The SEM analysis of the developed BCBPAgNP exhibited that the average particle size of the developed BCBPAgNPS was found to be in the range of 10–55 nm, and the shape of the developed BCBPAgNPS was found to be spherical. The developed BCBPAgNPS worked efficiently as a photocatalyst in the degradation of the malachite green dye solution and as an effective antimicrobial agent against B. cereus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the frontier research areas in the field of gas sensing is high-performance room temperature-based novel sensing materials, and new family of low-cost and eco-friendly carbon nanomaterials with a unique structure has attracted significant attention. In this work, we propose a novel low-cost flexible room temperature ammonia gas sensor based on nitrogen-doped carbon nano-onions/polypyrrole (NCNO-PPy) composite material mounted low-cost membrane substrate was synthesized by combining hydrothermal and in-situ chemical polymerization methods. The proposed flexible sensor revealed high sensing performance when employed as the sensing material for ammonia detection at room temperature. The NCNO-PPy ammonia sensor exhibited 17.32% response for 100 ppm ammonia concentration with a low response time of 26 s. The NCNO-PPy based flexible sensor displays high selectivity, good repeatability, and long-term durability with 1 ppm as the lower detection limit. The proposed flexible sensor also demonstrated remarkable mechanical robustness under extreme bending conditions, i.e., up to 90° bending angle and 500 bending cycles. This enhanced sensing performance can be related to the potential bonding and synergistic interaction between nitrogen-doped CNOs and PPy, the formation of defects from nitrogen doping, and the presence of high reactive sites on the surface of NCNO-PPy composites. Additionally, the computational study was performed on optimized NCNO-PPy nanocomposite for both with and without NH3 interaction. A deeper understanding of the sensing phenomena was proposed by the computation of several electronic characteristics, such as band gap, electron affinity, and ionization potential, for the optimized composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waardenburg Syndrome Type 2 (WS2) is a rare hereditary condition with a low prevalence, characterized by abnormalities in both auditory function and pigmentation. We present a case of a 2-year-old female child who exhibited reduced vocalizations, delayed speech development, and distinctive heterochromic irides. Initial auditory assessments revealed bilateral severe to profound hearing loss. Subsequent MRI findings confirmed bilateral aplasia of the posterior semicircular canals, consistent with a diagnosis of Waardenburg syndrome type 2. While standard treatments using bilateral Behind-The-Ear (BTE) power hearing aids yielded only modest improvements, cochlear implantation significantly enhanced auditory perception and speech abilities within 18 months. This report underscores the diagnostic intricacies of WS2 and highlights the profound benefits of cochlear implantation in addressing associated auditory challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects nearly 10% of the global population, leading to substantial economic and quality-of-life burdens. While patient education has improved outcomes in other chronic conditions, its impact on CRS remains understudied. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured patient education program on the psychological well-being and symptom severity of individuals diagnosed with CRS. This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial conducted in a tertiary care centre from January 2021 to December 2022. We enrolled 200 adult patients diagnosed with CRS based on the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps guidelines. Participants were randomized into two groups: the control group, receiving conventional CRS medical management, and the intervention group, receiving conventional treatment plus a structured patient education program. By the end of the study, 100 participants from each group completed the 2-year follow-up. The intervention group showed significant improvements in psychological well-being, with HADS scores decreasing from 10 ± 3.5 to 7 ± 3.0. CRS symptom severity, as measured by SNOT-22 scores, also significantly improved in the intervention group, dropping from 45 ± 10 to 35 ± 9. Additionally, the intervention group had fewer acute CRS flare-ups over two years compared to the control group. Adherence to nasal spray usage was higher in the intervention group, and feedback on the educational program was largely positive. A structured patient education program, when added to conventional CRS treatment, enhances psychological well-being, and reduces symptom severity. Given these promising results, there's need to integrate patient education into standard CRS management and explore its long-term benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auditory Neuropathy (AN) poses a substantial challenge in neonatal auditory screenings due to its complex course and potential for delayed onset. Early identification and intervention are important for optimizing developmental outcomes. This study aimed to explore the prevalence, determinants, and temporal progression of AN in neonates, and assess the therapeutic benefit of amplification devices on their communication skills. The study utilized a longitudinal cohort design to analyze a cohort of 200 neonates from a tertiary care center over the duration from January 2021 to December 2022. Auditory evaluations were conducted at specified intervals, utilizing a comprehensive battery of auditory assessments. Statistical analyses, including regression models, were employed to identify associations between various determinants and the progression of AN. The results of the study revealed a significant correlation between low birth weight and familial history with onset of AN. The data also revealed a gradual rise in AN prevalence over the study duration. However, a negative correlation was observed between AN severity and communication skills. The utilization of hearing aids was associated with enhanced communication outcomes. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive auditory screenings in newborns, particularly emphasizing the early detection and intervention of AN. Based on empirical findings, it emerged that amplification devices, particularly hearing aids, have the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of auditory neuropathy (AN) on communication skills. This study provides a valuable contribution to the academic debate by highlighting the need for strengthening neonatal auditory screening protocols. The findings have profound implications for clinical practices, highlighting the role of early interventions in optimizing developmental prospects for neonates diagnosed with AN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research was to meticulously evaluate the therapeutic potential of steroid nebulization, administered over a 2-week period post-tracheostomy, in attenuating postoperative complications with a concentrated emphasis on tracheal stenosis. The study spanned three years, commencing in 2019 and concluding in 2022, examining a patient cohort of 400 individuals. Utilizing a retrospective cohort methodology, the participants were systematically stratified into two cohorts: those subjected to steroid nebulization (n = 200) and a control group (n = 200). Adverse outcomes were bifurcated into minor complications, which encompass stomal infections and inflammations, and major complications, which include bleeding, tracheoesophageal fistula, and tracheal stenosis. These complications were evaluated at distinct post-operative junctures: 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The primary outcome was deduced through a rigorous multivariate logistic regression model, incorporating variables such as age, sex, and the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Analytical data unveiled that the cohort administered with steroid nebulization manifested a statistically significant diminution in the incidence of complications when juxtaposed with the control group (25 vs. 38%). Predominantly, the incidence of tracheal stenosis was discernibly lower in the steroid nebulization group (10 vs. 22%). The multivariate analytical framework further corroborated the pivotal role of steroid nebulization in substantially reducing the propensity for tracheal stenosis. The therapeutic intervention of steroid nebulization in the aftermath of a tracheostomy procedure presents a commendable avenue in curtailing major complications, with an acute focus on tracheal stenosis. To fortify these preliminary findings, it is quintessential to undertake more exhaustive studies, such as randomized controlled trials, to ascertain the optimal regimen concerning nebulization's timing, dosage, and duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the development of superparamagnetic and multifunctional Dy doped ZnDyxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) ferrite using sol–gel auto-combustion (SG) technique to remove the crystal violet pollutant found in textile industry wastewater using the adsorption and photocatalysis processes. The pure phased spinel cubic crystal structure was achieved for the prepared ferrite nanoparticles, as confirmed through the XRD results. The calculated crystallite size employing the Scherrer formula by taking the high intensity (311) peak was in the range of 26–35 nm. FESEM pictures confirm the presence of spherically shaped grains with definite grain boundaries. With the increasing doping content of Dy, the band gap for the produced photocatalysts was decreased from 1.47 to 1.11 eV. We demonstrated that our prepared Dy doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles behave as a soft magnetic material based on the magnetic measurement data by exhibiting the hysteresis behaviour with low rentivity and coercivity. This indicates the tendency of zinc nanoparticles to exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour at ambient temperature under an external magnetic field. ZnDy0.03Fe1.97O4 (x = 0.03) sample exhibits greater reactivity with a discolouring rate of 92.30% as compared to the ZnFe2O4 degradation rate of 83.07% during 120 min of irradiation under the natural sunlight. Furthermore, the adsorption/photocatalytic activities are amplified as the content of the dopant (Dy) rises, suggesting that the dopants are crucial to the photocatalytic breakdown and the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) dye. Using the antibacterial analysis, it was noted that ZnFe2O4 (x = 0.00) shows the zone of inhibition (ZOI) for both the strains, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi. With all the excellent magnetic, adsorption, photocatalytic, and antibacterial behaviours, the multifunctional magnetic nanomaterials will be highly beneficial for environmental and biological usages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The surgical approach for cranial reconstruction is influenced by the presence of pre-existing scar tissue. Scars that lie within the vicinity of cranial defect require modification. Purpose: The present study was conducted to analyse co-relation between craniectomy scar and cranioplasty incision. Materials and Methods: A retrospective evaluation of 70 patients who were divided into three groups based on location of cranioplasty incision line was done. In group I, incision was located parallel and outside the scar; group II, incision was located over the scar; and group III, mixed and criss-cross incision was present. The primary outcome variable of interest was to analyse co-relation between craniectomy and cranioplasty incisions. Results: There were 45 cases of group I, 15 cases of group II and 10 cases of group III. Thirty-three patients had defect on left side, 26 had on right side, and 10 had bifrontal defect. No significant association was noted between the site and cranioplasty incision (Chi2 = 9.155, p = 0.433 and likelihood ratio = 9.487, p = 0.394). Conclusion: Well-vascularized broad-based scalp flap that provides adequate exposure and located on healthy bone irrespective of pre-existing craniectomy scar forms the mainstay of successful cranial reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical profile varies in patients with Wilson's disease (WD). There is paucity of data regarding adult and pediatric patients with hepatic WD. Methods: As many as 140 consecutive patients diagnosed with hepatic WD between December 2006 and January 2021 were included in the study. Data was collected regarding the demographic parameters, clinical presentation, extrahepatic organ involvement, liver histology and laboratory investigations. Adult and children (0–14 years) with hepatic WD were compared regarding these features. Result: Eighty-eight adults and 52 children were included in the study. The median age of presentation was 17 years (range: 1.1–42 years). Male preponderance was seen (adult 68/88, 69%; children 40/52, 77%). Adults as compared to children presented more commonly as cirrhosis (52/88 vs. 15/52, p = 0.0005) and with hepatic decompensation (35/88 vs. 9/52, p = 0.005). Presentation with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) was more common in children (10/52 vs. 2/88, p = 0.0005). Twenty-eight-day mortality was 50% (5/10) in children and none in adults presenting with ACLF. Nazer's Prognostic Index (≥ 7) and New Wilson Index were more accurate in predicting mortality among children with ACLF with AUROC 1, while AARC (APASL ACLF Research Consortium) was less accurate with AUROC 0.45. Liver histology findings were similar in adults and children. Extrahepatic involvement was also similar. (8/88 in adults vs. 3/52 children, p value 0.48). Conclusion: Most patients with WD present as cirrhosis in adulthood. ACLF is more common in children. Nazer's prognostic index and new Wilson Index score are accurate in predicting mortality in children with ACLF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil enzyme activities are closely associated with soil organic carbon (SOC) or microbial biomass carbon (MBC). High correlation between SOC and MBC masks their individual effects on enzyme activities. Expressing soil enzymes activity relative to soil organic carbon (SOC) or Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC) would normalize the differences in SOC/MBC. A long term subtropical rice-wheat system was selected to study the variation in soil-specific enzyme activity (per unit SOC and MBC) in soil aggregates under integrated nutrient management. Soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and the enzyme activities like acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), dehydrogenase (DHA), fluorescien diacetate hydrolysing capacity (FDA) and urease were measured in three aggregate size fractions viz., >2000, 2000–250 and <250 µm. Integrated nutrient management practices significantly increased the specific enzyme activities expressed in relation to SOC and MBC. Aggregate size fractions of 2000–250 µm size exhibited higher specific enzyme activities, when expressed in terms of SOC. Enzyme activity (per unit MBC) in aggregates also followed the same pattern with an exception to dehydrogenase activity which was almost uniform across all the aggregates size fractions. Aggregates of larger size do not always possess higher enzymes activity; even smaller macroaggregates were able to retain stable extracellular enzyme activity per unit of SOC or MBC. This study opens an alley to express soil enzymatic activities relative to SOC or MBC level in the soils, rather than expressing absolute activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of digital communication and data security, image encryption plays a crucial role in safeguarding sensitive information. Protecting sensitive visual data from unauthorized access drives the pursuit of advanced image encryption methods. This paper proposes a novel approach to enhance image encryption by combining the power of a chaotic map, elliptic curve cryptography, and genetic algorithm. The chaotic map, specifically Arnold’s cat map, is employed to introduce chaos and randomness into the encryption process. The proposed image encryption process involves applying Arnold’s cat map for shuffling the pixel positions, followed by elliptic curve cryptography for encrypting the pixel values using public and private keys. Additionally, a genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the key generation process, enhancing the security of the encryption scheme. The combined utilization of these techniques aims to achieve a high level of confidentiality and robustness in image encryption. The algorithm underwent thorough analysis. It achieved a maximum entropy score of 7.99, indicating a high level of randomness and unpredictability in the encrypted data. Additionally, it exhibited near-zero correlation, which suggests strong resistance against statistical attacks. Moreover, the cryptographic range of possible keys was found to be 2 511 . This extensive key space makes the algorithm highly resilient against brute force attacks. It took only 0.5634 s to encrypt a moderately sized 512 × 512 pixel image with an 8-bit image on a standard desktop computer with a 2.3 GHz processor and 16 GB of RAM. The experimental findings confirm that the proposed approach is highly effective and efficient in safeguarding sensitive image data from unauthorized access and potential attacks. This scheme has the benefit of allowing us to protect our private image data while it’s being transmitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a reliable communication system tailored for post-disaster scenarios, where the existing terrestrial communication infrastructure is entirely disrupted by natural calamities. To encounter the situation, a Temporary Base Station (TBS) is deployed in the heart of the disaster-stricken area. However, due to the limited coverage area of the TBS, reaching far users becomes unattainable. To address this, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are proposed as flying relays with indirect connectivity, utilizing Half-Duplex/Full-Duplex (HD/FD) Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) schemes, abbreviated as HDU/FDU-NOMA. The UAVs, strategically positioned around the TBS on a circular path, can move radially outward or inward based on far user throughput demands and also serve as near-users. Moreover, a Weibull fading distribution (WD) is taken into account for both links, encompassing transmissions from far-users to UAVs and from UAVs to TBS. To assess communication reliability, exact and closed-form expressions for outage probability and throughput performance are derived. These expressions aid in identifying optimal UAV locations to achieve throughput fairness for both far-users and near-users, as well as maximizing throughput for far-users. Additionally, the proposed scheme's outage and throughput performance is demonstrated to surpass that of corresponding Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) schemes in the uplink. Simulation results conform to the analytical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a potential alternative to fossil fuel, biofuel production from microalgae pyrolysis is a promising renewable energy resource. In this aspect, systematic investigation of thermal behavior and kinetic analysis is crucial to select suitable microalgae as a pyrolysis feedstock. The present study used model-fitted Coats Redfern (CR) and model-free distributed activation energy model (DAEM) to screen suitable de-oiled microalgae biomass as pyrolysis feedstock. Thermogravimetric data analysis of eight different CR models, based on three different reaction mechanisms, confirmed that slow pyrolysis of de-oiled microalgae biomass is governed by heat and mass diffusion mechanism. According to DAEM approach, apparent activation energy of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella vulgaris, and Dunaliella sp. is 55.87 ± 11.16, 56.09 ± 6.32, 46.58 ± 5.55, 55.26 ± 13.14, and 68.09 ± 10.62 kJ/mol, respectively, which is similar to CR approach. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS of studied microalgaes are estimated in the range of 41.23–62.74 kJ/mol, 177.87–197.73 kJ/mol, and 0.19–0.22 J/mol•K, respectively. This study used a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (Conv1D) and long short-term memory (LSTM)-based Conv1D-LSTM model to predict microalgal pyrolysis data. The best deep neural network model (DNN6) showed minimum MSE (10−6) and high regression coefficient (R2 > 0.997) for 10, 20, and 30 °C/min heating rates. The proximate and ultimate results were statistically analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). These research findings can be referenced for systematic screening of microalgae as pyrolysis feedstock and encourages artificial intelligence (AI) application in microalgae pyrolysis studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of independent variables, i.e., barley flour (30 to 50%), water content in liquid whey (83.3 to 93.3%), and dough resting time (90 to 150 min), on liquid whey incorporated wheat-barley buns (LWWBb). To optimize the independent variables, Response Surface Methodology using Box–Behnken design was applied, and their effect on the overall acceptability score, crude fat (g), total dietary fiber (g), firmness (g), and springiness (g) were observed. The optimized nutritious LWWBb was obtained at barley flour (45.60%), water content in liquid whey (91.70%), and dough resting time (125 min). Comparative analysis of optimized LWWBb (O-LWWBb) and refined wheat flour bun (RWb) were done for physical and nutritional characteristics. The results of comparative analysis revealed that O-LWWBb has 2.95 g/100 g, 51.51 mg/100 g, 158.39 mg/100 g, 1.95 mg/100 g, and 26.96% more fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and antioxidant activity, respectively, as compared to RWb. The study discloses that highly nutritious buns can be developed successfully by utilizing liquid whey and wheat-barley flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experimental work is focused on designing and standardizing a direct method of measuring the drag force on a tapered cylinder in a water tunnel. The model considered in the present study is a tapered cylinder of 70:1 taper ratio (with a mean diameter( D m ) of 8 mm) placed in a water tunnel test section. The drag force is measured directly, which is acquired by using a force transducer setup (strain-gauge-based), augmented with a lever arm to amplify or attenuate the force. Multiple calibrations of the load cells were done to ensure the repeatability of experiments. The taper cylinder model is suspended inside the water tunnel and the drag force is obtained for various Reynolds numbers (based on mean diameter). It was found that the drag coefficient was ≈ 10-20 % less than a circular cylinder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]