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Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs after intense eccentric contractions or after performing unaccustomed exercise. Chamomile and ibuprofen may prevent or attenuate DOMS symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simultaneous intake of chamomile and ibuprofen on markers of muscle damage, pain, and inflammation after exhaustive eccentric exercise in young men. In a double blind randomized clinical trial, 40 young men participated voluntarily in the study and were randomly and equally assigned to groups including chamomile (Cham; 1600 mg/day), ibuprofen (IBP; 1600 mg/day), chamomile + ibuprofen (Cham-IBP; 800 mg/day ibuprofen and 800 mg/day chamomile), and placebo. Participants performed a bout of exhaustive eccentric exercise following a week of supplementation. Blood samples were collected before the start of supplementation, before the eccentric exercise, 24, 48, and 72 h after the eccentric exercise and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured in the plasma. In addition, muscle soreness, Sargent jump test (SJ), and knee range of motion (ROM) as functional capacity were measured. The results showed that ROM significantly improved 48 h post exercise in all three treatment groups (p ≤ 0.05). Also, chamomile supplementation significantly improved MS, SJ, AST, and ALT more than ibuprofen, and chamomile + ibuprofen compared to the placebo group (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, chamomile is more effective than ibuprofen or combination of chamomile and ibuprofen in attenuating muscle soreness after intense muscle-damaging exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the combination effect of exercise training and eugenol supplementation on the hippocampus apoptosis induced by CPF. 64 adult male albino rats were randomly selected and devided into eight groups of eight including: control, exercise (EXE), chlorpyrifos (CPF), Control + Oil (Co + Oil), Control + DMSO (Co + DMSO), chlorpyrifos + eugenol (CPF + Sup), chlorpyrifos + exercise (CPF + Exe) and, chlorpyrifos + exercise + eugenol (CPF + Exe + Eu). Four experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection (5 days a week) of 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF in DMSO for 6 consecutive weeks. The exercise groups performed aerobic 5 days per week over 4 weeks. Eugenol were administered by gavage. Finally, the animals were sacrificed using CO2 gas (a half of the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and then perfused) to evaluate hippocampus histology and parameters. The results of this study showed that CPF injection significantly decreased BDNF, AChE and ATP in CA1 area of the hippocampus (p ˂ 0.05). Also, CA1 apoptosis by tunnel assay, it was found that CPF receiving groups with different dosage, showed a significant increase compared to other groups, which was confirmed by increasing cytochrome C and procaspase-3 in CPF groups (p ˂ 0.05). The result of this study show that 4 weeks of exercise training and eugenol supplementation does not improve the destructive effects of CPF in CA1 area of the hippocampus. As a result, it is recommended that future studies longer periods for treatment with exercise and eugenol supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) with increased oxidative stress, structural destruction, and hemostasis of testicular tissue leads to male infertility. The present study investigated the protective effect of exercise (Exe) and eugenol supplementation (Sup) on CPF-induced testicular spermatogenic disorders in male rats. In this experimental study, 21 adult male albino rats were divided into seven groups, control (Co: 6 weeks), CPF (6 weeks), Co + Oil (2 weeks healthy food and 4 weeks oil), Co + Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO: 6 weeks), CPF + Sup (2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Sup), CPF + Exe (2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Exe), and CPF + Exe + Sup (2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Exe + Sup) group. All treatments were done intraperitoneally (5 days a week). Exe groups were subjected to run at moderate exercise intensity for 5 days per week over 6 weeks. DMSO groups were administered to the equal volume of vehicle for 6 consecutive weeks. Finally, the animals were sacrificed with Co2 gas and then alterations in testicular histology and sperm parameters were evaluated. Protein expression of PLZF and IGFα in the CPF group showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (p ˂ 0.001 for both). It was shown that CPF + Exe + Sup (p ˂ 0.001) and CPF + Sup (p ˂ 0.01) groups had a significant increase in protein expression of PLZF, but the protein expression of IGFα showed a significant increase just in the CPF + Exe + Sup group (p ˂ 0.001). Also, CPF caused a significant decrease in Leydig counts, Sertoli cell count, spermatogonium counts, spermatocyte cell count, spermatid cell count, and tunica thickness as well as a significant increase in testicle diameter (p ˂ 0.01) and ducts diameter compared with the control group. It seems that aerobic exercise with eugenol supplementation suppresses the disruption effects of CPF on testicular tissue (cellular and structural) by increasing the antioxidant capacity and improving the secretion of sex hormones. Therefore, the aerobic exercise with supplement of the eugenol has potential therapeutic targets for male infertility that need further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]