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Research on paranoid beliefs in adolescents is in its infancy. Valid and reliable assessments are essential to advancing the field, yet there is no current consensus as to which are optimal to use in this population. This study compared the psychometric properties of two measures of paranoia in a general population adolescent sample. A cross-sectional study with quota sampling (gender and age) recruited adolescents (14–17 years) from the UK (n = 262) and USA (n = 200), who completed the Revised Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS) and the Bird Checklist for Adolescent Paranoia (B-CAP). We assessed factor structures, intercorrelations, overlap of participants identified as at-risk for paranoid thoughts via both scales, convergent validity (scales with one another) and discriminant validity (distress, wellbeing, bullying and discrimination). Both scales performed equally well in terms of factorial validity. Intercorrelations between the subscales and with general distress were high for both measures. However, a substantial percentage of participants were identified as having paranoid beliefs according to the R-GPTS but not the B-CAP. Furthermore, the B-CAP showed a very high correlations (0.69 ≤ r ≤ 0.79) with self-reported bullying experiences, which bordered on multicollinearity. Findings highlight the possibility that B-CAP may risk confounding paranoid beliefs with exposure to bullying more so than R-GPTS, and that B-CAP may miss instances of elevated paranoia that are captured by the R-GPTS. Future research needs to further explore this by validating both scales with an external (e.g., interview-based) criterion for paranoia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beaches along the coastal town of Thoothukudi, Veerapandiyapattinam, Kallamozhi and Kulasekharapatnam of Tamil Nadu state, India, were identified for conducting field experiments to understand the tide and wave-induced hydraulic dynamics on the beach groundwater. The stress due to the pressure radiation along the floor of the surf zone is dynamic and consequent to the tide and wave conditions above the surf zone floor. The wave breaks when the trough of the wave amplitude touches the ocean floor resulting in the dissipation of kinetic energy that is directly proportional to factors related to tidal heights, ocean floor slope conditions, ocean floor characteristics and the dynamics of wind and wave energies. To understand the influence of surf zone parameters on the beach groundwater, three piezometric wells were installed perpendicular to the seashore at a distance of 5 m each in the experimental sites to record the beach groundwater fluctuations. A newly built chart recorder was used to continuously record the coastal groundwater fluctuations. The time lag was determined by comparing the sea tide levels with the levels of the beach groundwater in the piezometric wells. The tidal and wave conditions contribute the maximum to the beach groundwater fluctuations and the time lag with the distances from the runoff line of the beach. The time lag in beach groundwater fluctuations between the piezometric wells perpendicular to the coastline is due to the cumulative effect of the surf zone conditions and the nonlinear impermeable beach groundwater table boundary conditions. Hourly data of varying water levels were extracted from piezometric well charts that were later compared with the hourly tidal fluctuations. The porosity and permeability of the beaches were calculated through soil samples of each piezometric well for determining seawater intrusion and beach groundwater discharge rate. The influence of the surf zone stress radiation on the beach groundwater can be understood by comparing the varying energy levels of the surf zone owing to the combined impacts of tides and waves with the fluctuations and the time lag in fluctuations between the evenly spread piezometric wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paranoia in adolescents is common, but research on attenuating it is scarce. Focusing on values and enhancing value-based acts is a low intensity method for attenuating paranoia in adults. This randomised trial compared a brief (30-min, self-directed) values-plus-goals intervention to an active control for adolescents with high nonclinical paranoia (Paranoia Scale ≥ 53), delivered in schools. The study also investigated the role of self-esteem. Methods: Ninety adolescents were randomly assigned to condition. Paranoia (primary outcome) and self-esteem (potential mediator) were assessed at baseline (T1), and two- (T2) and six-weeks (T3) after baseline. Results: Results were analysed using intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analysis. Using ITT analysis, the Condition*Time interaction was significant (F(2, 168) = 3.98, p =.02), paranoia was significantly lower at T3 following values-plus-goals as compared to control (d = 0.64). Differences were not significant using per protocol analysis (F(2, 106) = 1.61, p =.21). The between group effect size at T3 was (d = 0.61). The Condition*Time interaction for self-esteem was not significant (F(2, 112) = 2.86, p =.06). Conclusions: Tentatively, findings suggest that a brief values-plus-goals intervention can reduce paranoia in adolescents relative to an active control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) study is essential for groundwater in coastal terrace at Tiruchendur. The famous Murugan Temple is located in the area and around 25,000 people who visit this temple use the SGD well water at NaaliKinaru (a small open well) as holy water and drink it. The rock and soil type are sandy clay, silt, beach sand, calcarenite, kankar, gneissic rock and charnockite in base rock. Megascopic identification method was used to identify the porous and permeable rocks such as calcarenite, sandstone and kankar to support to increase SGD flux. Grain size study was used to identify the paleo-coastal estuarine environment with sediment deposits in the terrace. The square array electrical resistivity method was used to study the subsurface geology and aquifer depth. The 2d ERT technique was used to identify the subsurface shallow perched aquifer of freshwater. The magnetotelluric survey method was used to scan the entire subsurface geological and tectonic uplift, coastal ridges, rock folded subsurface structural features of continental and oceanic tectonism. Darcy's law was used to calculate the SGD flux rate in the above study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paranoia is common in the general population. Focusing on values and enhancing value-based acts may attenuate it. This study compared three brief (30-min, self-directed) online conditions: focusing on values and value-based goal setting (n = 30), goal setting only (n = 32) and non-values/goals control (n = 32) in a high paranoia sample. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to condition. State paranoia (primary outcome) and positive and negative self-views following a difficult interpersonal experience (secondary outcome) were assessed at baseline and two-weeks. Results: Intention-to-treat: state paranoia was significantly lower following the values condition as compared to non-values/goals control (ηp2 =.148) and goals only (ηp2 =.072). Only the former comparison was significant. Per-protocol: groups did not significantly differ (p =.077). Within-group effect sizes: values and value-based goal setting (intention-to-treat d =.82, per-protocol d =.78), goals only (intention-to-treat d =.41, per-protocol d =.42) non-values/goals control (intention-to-treat d =.25, per-protocol d =.24). Positive self-views increased in all conditions. The increase was largest for the values condition, but not significantly so. Limitations: Reliance on self-report, brief follow-up, predominantly White female sample. Conclusions: The values condition was most effective at reducing non-clinical paranoia. The values condition appeared to increase positive self-views more so than comparison groups, but the sample was small and the difference was non-significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An able-bodied, due to the exposure of the rocks in the northeast part of the boat path, the construction of Thengapattanam port encountered a major problem of dredging. In Thengapattanam, 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method and geotechnical soil texture investigation was carried out during underwater rock exposure to alleviate the need for continued dredging operations. The 2D ERI Marine Resistivity of special carbon floating electrodes with Wenner configuration technique used in this study. Res2DINV software was used to interpret the collected resistivity data to develop the apparent resistivity and pseudo-profile of exposed rock and soil in underwater. The Magneto Telluric Resistivity technique is used to locate the underground rock features of the port rock formation in deep mapping. The 2D picture shows the resistivity range of the three layers, such as top soil (0.06–0.9 Ω m soil contains clay), 1–1.5 Ω m sandy loam and 1.5–6 Ω m weathered gneiss, indicating subsurface geological conditions in the area. The support for texture analysis includes sampling, screening, weighing and calculation of graphic study for consolidation package of soil and rock formation. Marine 2D ERI and Magneto telluric resistivity studies are used for determine the formation of underwater rocks in river and coastal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A sportsman's groin has no accepted definition or consensus on treatment. The aim of this study was to assess current opinion among a large body of European surgeons using an online survey.Methods: An online questionnaire comprising 16 multiple-choice questions was sent by email to general surgeons in Europe. The survey was live from the 6th to 30th September 2011.Results: In total 143 responses were received. One hundred and six respondents (74 %) expressed experience in managing this condition. The majority (91 %) managed <26 cases per year. Posterior wall weakness (53 %), pubic tendinitis (43 %), nerve entrapment (37 %) and conjoint tendon injury (36 %) were the commonest aetiological factors described. Preferred diagnostic investigations were ultrasound of the groin (44 %) and MRI of the pelvis (29 %). The most common initial treatment (91 % of respondents) was conservative measures (rest and analgesia) for a maximum of 6-month period. When surgery was undertaken, Lichtenstein repair (29 %), TEP (27 %), TAPP (20 %), and posterior wall repair (21 %) were the commonest procedures. The majority (95 %) of respondents would not offer bilateral surgery for those presenting with unilateral groin pain.Conclusions: Most European surgeons see <26 cases of "sportsman's groin" per year, which is in keeping with the low incidence of this condition. There remains wide variation in its investigation and management, which reflects the differences in opinion on its aetiology. The majority of surgeons agree that surgery is not the only treatment option available, but there is little consensus on the optimal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An audit of 151 central venous catheters (CVCs) in 118 children with malignant disease was carried out over 20 months. The types included 31 valved silastic (Groshong), 58 non-valved silastic (Hickman), and 62 non-valved polyurethane (Cuff Cath) CVCs. There was no difference between the three groups with regard to the clinical diagnosis. The mean patient age at catheter insertion was 5.5 years and the mean weight 21.6 kg. None of the catheter types were associated with an increased risk of problems at insertion, migration, mechanical damage, blockage, sampling, or catheter infection. The incidence of catheter infection was 1.4/1,000 catheter days. Exit-site infection was less frequent with Groshong CVCs (P <0.05), which were in situ for the shortest period. The risk of problems with blood sampling was significantly increased in those catheters whose tip was sited outside the right atrium (P <0.005). For the 60 CVCs removed electively, the mean duration in situ was similar for all catheter types; 43 were removed following a problem. Of these, Groshong catheters were in situ for the shortest period (P = 0.05), probably as a result of delayed anchoring of the cuff. The tip position was the single most important determinant in the correct functioning of CVCs, irrespective of the type of catheter. Intraoperative screening of the tip position at catheter insertion is therefore mandatory for optimal catheter functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Retinoblastoma is an eye tumour of childhood that occurs in heritable and non-heritable forms. In the heritable form, there is a predisposition to the development of non-ocular subsequent primary tumours (SPTs).Methods:This study included 1927 retinoblastoma patients diagnosed in Britain from 1951 to 2004. Ascertainment was through the (UK) National Registry of Childhood Tumours; cases were followed-up for the occurrence of SPTs. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated.Results:We identified 169 SPTs in 152 patients. The SIR analysis included 145 SPTs with cancer registrations from the years 1971 to 2009. These tumours occurred in 132 patients: 112 of the 781 heritable and 20 of the 1075 (presumed) non-heritable cases under surveillance at the start of this period developed at least one registered SPT. The SIRs for all tumours combined were 13.7 (95% confidence interval 11.3-16.5) in heritable cases and 1.5 (0.9-2.3) in non-heritable cases. The main types of SPT in the heritable cases were leiomyosarcoma, (31 cases; SIR 1018.7 (692.2-1446.0)), osteosarcoma (26 cases; SIR 444.6 (290.4-651.4)), and skin melanoma (12 cases; SIR 18.6 (9.6-32.4)).Conclusion:The risk of SPTs in heritable retinoblastoma is extremely high. This has important implications for the clinical follow-up and counselling of survivors and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play an important role in the fermentation of vegetables to improve nutritive value, palatability, acceptability, microbial quality and shelf life of the fermented produce. The LAB associated with beetroot and carrot fermentation were identified and characterized using different molecular tools. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) provided similar DNA profile for the 16 LAB strains isolated from beetroot and carrot fermentation while repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) genotyping could differentiate the LAB strains into eight genotypes. Thirteen strains represented by five genotypes could be clustered in five distinct groups while three LAB strains exhibiting distinct genotypes remained ungrouped. These genotypes could be identified to be belonging to L. plantarum group by 16S rDNA sequencing. The recAnested multiplex PCR employing species-specific primers for the L. plantarum group members identified the LAB strains of six genotypes to be L. paraplantarum and the other two genotypes to be L. pentosus. Three genotypes of L. paraplantarum were consistently found on the third and sixth day of beetroot fermentation whereas a distinct genotype of L. paraplantarum and L. pentosus appeared predominant on the tenth day. From carrot Kanji two distinct genotypes of L. paraplantarum and one genotype of L. pentosus were identified. REP-PCR DNA fingerprinting coupled with 16S rDNA sequencing and recA-nested multiplex PCR could clearly identify as well as differentiate the diverse L. plantarum group strains involved in the fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern of the toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains associated with cholera outbreaks vary frequently. Fifty-one V. cholerae strains isolated from cholera outbreaks in Chennai (2002–2005) were screened for the presence of virulence and regulatory genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Genotyping of the isolates was done by VC1 primers derived from enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-related sequence in V. cholerae. All the isolates possessed toxigenic genes, such as ctxA, ctxB, tcpA, ace, ompU, toxR and zot. Two different El Tor genotypes and one O139 genotype could be delineated by VC1-PCR. One of the El Tor genotypes was similar to the El Tor strains isolated from Bhind district and Delhi during 2004. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed greater variability among the isolates tested. All the isolates were found to be susceptible to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Thiry-three per cent of the isolates were found to be resistant to more than 4 antibiotics and could be termed as multiple antibiotic resistant. Coexistence of O139 serogroup along with the El Tor biotype could be identified among the strains recovered during the period 2002–2004. The O139 isolates were found to be more susceptible to the antibiotics tested when compared to the El Tor isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introgressive hybridization occurs when closely related taxa overlap in distribution and is often associated with historically isolated populations coming into contact as a result of anthropogenic disturbance. There is evolutionary and conservation interest in detecting hybridization to determine its implications on future species composition, especially for threatened and recovering taxa such as subantarctic (Arctocephalus tropicalis) and Antarctic (A. gazella) fur seals, which were driven to the brink of extinction by human exploitation. Hybridization between these species has been reported at two locations and they breed sympatrically at a third site, Iles Crozet. While hybrid individuals have previously been identified based on phenotype, individuals can be difficult to classify based on these characteristics alone. Genotypic hybrid identification has been successful in several species, including fur seals. In this study we conducted an assignment test using microsatellite data to identify hybrids and to measure the frequency of hybridization at Iles Crozet. Samples were collected from 372 individuals and screened with 6 polymorphic microsatellite markers. MtDNA genotypes were also determined for individuals identified as hybrids or backcrosses based on microsatellite genotype. Phenotype, microsatellite and mtDNA genotype were then compared in order to identify hybrids. The results indicate that 1% of the population have hybrid genotypes and at a minimum, 2.4% of the population are backcrossed to parental species. We found that the two species are genetically distinct from one another and given the low rate of hybridization it is unlikely that they will fuse. These results suggest that there is a mechanism for species recognition that acts as a barrier to hybridization. It therefore seems unlikely that fur seals are threatened by significant introgression. Further investigation of fur seal mating systems would provide valuable insight into the mechanisms governing hybridization and species recognition in mate choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For polygynous mammals with no paternal care, the number of offspring sired is often the sole measure of male reproductive success. The potential for polygyny is highest when resources or other environmental factors such as restricted breeding sites force females to aggregate. In these circumstances, males compete intensely for females and mating success may vary greatly among males, further intensifying selection for those traits that confer an advantage in reproduction. Hence, determinants of male success in competition for females are likely to be under strong sexual selection. Paternity analysis was used in conjunction with measures of age, site fidelity, and behavior during the breeding season to assess variance in male breeding success in Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii) breeding at Turtle Rock, McMurdo Sound (77.727S, 166.85E) between 1997 and 2000. Paternity could be assigned to 177 pups at relaxed or 80% confidence level or 111 pups at strict or 95% confidence levels. Weddell seals at Turtle Rock show a modest degree of polygyny with the greatest number of pups sired by any individual male in a single season equalling 5 or ∼10% of the pups born. Over four consecutive years, most (89.2%) males sired at least one pup. In a generalized linear model (GLM), age and the age first seen at the study site as an adult were unrelated to mating success, but adult experience, either site-specific or elsewhere in McMurdo Sound, over the reproductive life span of males explained nearly 40% of variance in total mating success with 80% confidence and 24% of variance at 95% confidence. While learning where females are likely to be may enhance male reproductive success, aquatic mating reduces the ability of males to monopolize females, and thereby increases equity in mating success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the initial results of excavations at Kanjera South, located on the Homa Peninsula in Western Kenya. Since 1995, our exploration of this locality has yielded a combination of artefacts and well preserved faunal remains in a sedimentary context that also allows for environmental reconstruction. Here we examine the history of exploration of Kanjera and its significance in the development of palaeoanthropological research in East Africa. We also summarise our findings from the recently discovered Oldowan site. Taphonomic analyses suggest that the archaeological layers were formed at least partially by hominin activity. Artefacts made from a wide variety of raw materials are abundant, as are animal bones. Results of our first analyses confirm that Oldowan hominins had considerable behavioural flexibility and occupied a range of habitats. Cet article présente des résultats préliminaires de nos fouilles au site de Kanjera South, situé sur la péninsule de Homa au Kenya occidental. Depuis 1995 nos explorations à cette localité ont produit une combinaison des outils lithiques et des restes fossils dans un bon état de conservation venant d’un contexte sédimentaire qui permet également les reconstitutions paleoenvironnementaux. Ici nous examinons l’histoire de l’exploration de Kanjera et de son importance dans le développement de la recherche paleoanthropologique en Afrique de l’Est. Nous récapitulons également nos résultats du gisement récemment découvert d’Oldowan. L’étude taphonomique suggère que les couches archéologiques ont été formées au moins partiellement par l’activité des hominins. Les objets fabriqués faits à partir d’une grande variété de matières lithiques sont abondants, de même que les os animaux. Les résultats de nos premières analyses confirment que les hominins d’Oldowan ont eu une flexibilité de comportement considérable et ont occupé une gamme d’habitats différents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Limited information is available on the use of positron emission tomography (PET) in paediattic oncology. The aim of this study was to review the impact of PET on the management of paediatric patients scanned over a 10-year period. Methods: One hundred and sixty-five consecutive oncology patients aged 11 months to 17 years were included. Two hundred and thirty-seven scans were performed, Diagnoses included lymphoma (60 patients), central nervous system (CNS) turnout (59), sarcoma (19), plexiform neurofibroma with suspected malignant change (13) and other turnouts (14). A questionnaire was sent to the referring clinician to determine whether the PET scan had altered management and whether overall the PET scan was thought to be helpful. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine (80%) questionnaires for 126 patients were returned (63 relating to lymphoma, 62 to CNS tumours, 30 to sarcoma, 16 to plexiform neurofibroma and 18 to other tumours). PET changed disease management in 46 (24%) cases and was helpful in 141 (75%) cases. PET findings were verified by histology, clinical follow-up or other investigations in 141 cases (75%). The returned questionnaires indicated that PET had led to a management change in 20 (32%) lymphoma cases, nine (15%) CNS tumours, four (13%) sarcomas, nine (56%) plexiform neurofibromas and four (22%) cases of other tumours. PET was thought to be helpful in 47 (75%) lymphoma cases, 48 (77%) CNS tumours, 24 (80%) sarcomas, 11 (69%) neurofibromas and 11 (61%) cases of other tumours. PET findings were verified in 44 (70%) lymphoma cases, 53 (85%) CNS tumours, 21 (70%) sarcomas, 12 (75%) neurofibromas and 11 (61%) other tumour cases. Conclusion: PET imaging of children with cancer is accurate and practical. PET alters management and is deemed helpful (with or without management change) in a significant number of patients, and the results are comparable with the figures published for the adult oncology population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-five primary retinoblastoma tumours were analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine the genomic copy number of the N-MYC gene (2p24) relative to the copy number for REL, B2M, ALB, AF10 and MLL. Twenty-one of these tumours were shown by Comparative Genomic Hybridization to contain variable copy number increases of chromosomal material mapping to 2p. High level amplification (>30-fold) of N-MYC was found in three tumours, none of which showed adverse histological features and all patients are surviving at between 54 and 108 months post enucleation. Furthermore, the three tumours associated with metastasis and adverse patient outcome showed normal N-MYC copy number. Although high level amplification of N-MYC is an unfavourable prognostic indicator in neuroblastoma, these data show no evidence of a correlation between amplification of N-MYC and adverse outcome in retinoblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients who receive radiotherapy to the neck are at risk of developing thyroid dysfunction. This prospective study of patients whose treatment for Hodgkin's disease in childhood included radiotherapy to the neck aimed to investigate the incidence and natural history of thyroid dysfunction and the morphological changes of the gland demonstrated on ultrasound. Forty-seven patients were investigated by clinical examination, thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasound. Only six patients had a clinically detectable abnormality, but 64% had abnormal thyroid function tests. All patients had an abnormal thyroid ultrasound scan and 42% had at least one focal abnormality. A significant association was found between the presence of a focal lesion on ultrasound and young age at radiotherapy, longer follow-up and the length of time that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level had been elevated. During follow-up, 65% of patients not on thyroxine developed new focal abnormalities. The longest time interval between radiotherapy and an increase in TSH level was 94 months, and from radiotherapy to the appearance of a focal abnormality on thyroid ultrasound was over 18 years. Three patients were found to have a thyroid carcinoma. These findings indicate the importance of long-term follow-up for patients treated by neck irradiation for Hodgkin's disease in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study examined the effect of acute and repeated administration of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on behaviours induced by various dopamine agonists in rats. Components of behavioural arousal induced by the dopamine D-1 agonist SKF 38393, the dopamine D-2 agonist RU 24213 and the mixed D-1/D-2 agonist apomorphine were assessed using a behavioural check-list method. Also, the overall behavioural syndrome produced by these drugs was measured using rating scales. Rats receiving repeated (5 times over 10 days) but not a single ECS showed enhanced grooming and sniffing in response to SKF 38393 (7.5 mg/kg) when compared to controls. Repetitive sniffing induced by apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) was also enhanced by repeated ECS. Neither repeated nor a single ECS significantly changed behaviours induced by RU 24213 (0.75 mg/kg), although a downward trend was evident. The behaviour rating scale measurements also demonstrated that repeated administration to ECS increased behavioural responsiveness to SKF 38393 and apomorphine but not RU 24213. These results suggest that the increase of dopamine-mediated behaviour in rats seen after chronic ECS relates to an increase in central dopamine D-1 receptor function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methoxyalkyl thiazoles are novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors which are neither redox agents nor iron chelators and are exemplified by ICI211965 [1-(3-naphth-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-1-(thiazol-2-yl)propyl methyl ether]. ICI211965 potently inhibits LTC synthesis in murine macrophages (IC=0.0085 μ M) and its selectivity with respect to cyclo-oxygenase (>5800) is greater than any previously reported lipoxygenase inhibitor. ICI211965 also selectively inhibits LTB synthesis by human blood in vitro (IC=0.45 μ M) and rat blood ex vivo (ED=10 mg/Kg, p.o.). Methoxyalkyl thiazoles exhibit a tight structure activity relationship and resolution of a chiral member of the series demonstrates that 5-lipoxygenase inhibition resides largely in one enantiomer. Methoxyalkyl thiazoles represent the first class of agents for which 5-lipoxygenase inhibition is mediated by specific, enantioselective interaction with the enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]