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In the present study, we employed a multi-method approach to study the process by which mothers of preschool-aged children actively socialize complex emotions. Within the context of a dynamic systems framework, we examined the associations between maternal meta-emotion philosophies, via an interview-based assessment (the Meta-Emotion Interview, MEI), and the use of emotion words mapped onto a state-space grid during a narrative storytelling task. Mothers were asked to read an emotionally evocative, wordless picture-story book in a comfortable setting in their homes to their preschool-aged child. All interactions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and categories of negative and positive emotion words, and their behavioural expressions were coded from a rubric by independent raters with a 96% agreement rate. We found that higher levels of maternal awareness of emotion and emotion coaching strategies on the MEI were correlated with a wide array of positive and negative emotion word usage and behavioral expressions of emotion during the storytelling task, as well as with more flexible, fluid, and diverse state-space grid profiles. These results are consistent with meta-emotion theory and suggest that meta-emotion philosophies have an implicit influence on the ways in which caregivers socialize emotions in natural settings. We argue that an SSG methodology adds an innovative dimension to the study of meta-emotion and emotion socialization. Highlights: Examined emotion socialization with the use of a state space grid (SSG) methodology. Emotion awareness and coaching strategies correlated with more diverse SSGs. These results were most pronounced when exploring negative emotions. SSGs add a novel approach for integrating meta-emotion and emotion socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heuristic model of emotion socialization (Eisenberg et al., 1998; Eisenberg, 2020) identifies predictors of emotion-related parenting practices, such as children's temperament, parent personality and emotion-related beliefs, and cultural factors. Though relations between the temperaments of mothers and their children have been studied, little is known about the interaction of child and parent temperaments and how this relates to children's emotional development (Lewis, 2014). We examined how patterns of mother-child temperament were related to mothers' emotion-related socialization (e.g., coaching, rejecting). We hypothesized that the relation between these mother-child temperament patterns and children's emotion regulation would be mediated by maternal emotion-related socialization. Participants included an ethnically diverse sample of mothers (N = 168) living with young children (4-7 years old; 86 boys, 82 girls). Through a cluster analysis, dyadic mother-child temperament patterns were identified. Maternal emotion coaching and emotion rejecting were assessed using a self-report questionnaire of emotion-related socialization. Although maternal emotion coaching was not a significant mediator in models predicting emotion regulation, there was an indirect effect of temperament pattern on children's emotion regulation through mothers' emotion rejecting. Mother-child temperament patterns low in negative affectivity predicted lower emotion rejecting, and lower emotion rejecting predicted greater emotion regulation in children, even after accounting for covariates. In addition, mother-child temperament patterns had a direct effect on children's emotion regulation. This study highlights associations between maternal emotion-related socialization, mother-child temperament patterns, and children's emotion regulation. Highlights: Mother-child temperament patterns were interactional and data-driven, derived from a cluster analysis. When mother-child dyads were higher in negative affectivity, mothers were more likely to report rejecting their children's emotions. Lower emotion rejecting in mothers predicted greater emotion regulation in children. By taking a person-centered approach that examines dyadic temperament patterns, this paper adds to the growing literature on the importance of looking at the whole person in context and in relation to interaction with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seedling recruitment is a critical driver of population dynamics and community assembly, yet we know little about functional traits that define different recruitment strategies. For the first time, we examined whether trait relatedness across germination and seedling stages allows the identification of general recruitment strategies which share core functional attributes and also correspond to recruitment outcomes in applied settings. We measured six seed and eight seedling traits (lab- and field-collected, respectively) for 47 varieties of dryland grasses and used principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis to identify major dimensions of trait variation and to isolate trait-based recruitment groups, respectively. PCA highlighted some links between seed and seedling traits, suggesting that relative growth rate and root elongation rate are simultaneously but independently associated with seed mass and initial root mass (first axis), and with leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area, coleoptile tissue density and germination rate (second axis). Third and fourth axes captured separate tradeoffs between hydrothermal time and base water potential for germination, and between specific root length and root mass ratio, respectively. Cluster analysis separated six recruitment types along dimensions of germination and growth rates, but classifications did not correspond to patterns of germination, emergence or recruitment in the field under either of two watering treatments. Thus, while we have begun to identify major threads of functional variation across seed and seedling stages, our understanding of how this variation influences demographic processes-particularly germination and emergence-remains a key gap in functional ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf War in 1991 resulted in an influx of refugees from Iraq to the United States and to other regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to describe the self-reported medical complaints of Iraqi American refugees who were seeking mental health services in southeastern Michigan. We anticipated that the frequency and pattern of medical symptoms would differ from that reported in the literature on United States Gulf War veterans or other Arab Americans who immigrated to the U.S. in the 1990s. Potential reasons for such differences include indirect effects, such as neglect of general health prior to and during the war, or direct effects, such as the impact of environmental changes from the war itself. As part of a larger study on the health of refugees from Iraq, self-reported medical conditions and symptoms were analyzed in a sample of 116 adult Iraqi immigrants (46 male, 70 female) who were seeking or already receiving outpatient mental health services ( n = 87) or treatment in a partial hospitalization program ( n = 29). Measures were translated into Arabic and administered in an interview format by one of two bilingual mental health workers. The results were consistent with other studies on refugees in which the number of medical complaints reported was relatively high. Discussion centers on the importance of addressing the specific medical needs of refugees in general, and of the Iraqi refugees in particular, and on how they may be better served within our primary health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The objectives of this study were to test the dose and strength proportionalities of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) delivered from two strengths of a pressurized extrafine solution formulation. Methods. Thirty adults with mild, stable asthma, aged between 18 years and 70 years, completed the study; written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Each patient received, according to a randomized four-period crossover design, 100 µg BDP as two inhalations from 50-µg/actuation strength, 100 µg BDP as one inhalation from 100-µg/actuation strength, 400 µg BDP as eight inhalations from the 50-µg/actuation strength, and 400 µg BDP as four inhalations from the 100-µg/actuation strength. Patients self-administered all inhalations at the same time of day during the study. Blood samples were collected for 12 h during each period to assay for the presence of BDP and metabolites. The log-transformed pharmacokinetic data were compared for proportionality equivalence using a confidence-interval approach. Results. Almost all the BDP-derived material in the plasma was the active metabolite beclomethasone 17-monopropionate (17-BMP). Due to low levels, neither elimination half-life (t1/2) nor the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) for 17-BMP could be calculated for the 100-µg BDP doses. Dose proportionality of the 100-µg and 400-µg BDP doses, using 17-BMP maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was demonstrated for each strength. Strength proportionality of the 50-µg and 100-µg/actuation strengths was observed for Cmax at both dose levels and for AUC at the higher dose level. The t1/2 of 17-BMP was found to be approximately 2.8 h. Conclusion. This study demonstrated both the strength and dose proportionalities of the BDP extrafine aerosol. This important information will allow physicians maximum flexibility in prescribing this aerosol product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration of degraded drylands is urgently needed to mitigate climate change, reverse desertification and secure livelihoods for the two billion people who live in these areas. Bold global targets have been set for dryland restoration to restore millions of hectares of degraded land. These targets have been questioned as overly ambitious, but without a global evaluation of successes and failures it is impossible to gauge feasibility. Here we examine restoration seeding outcomes across 174 sites on six continents, encompassing 594,065 observations of 671 plant species. Our findings suggest reasons for optimism. Seeding had a positive impact on species presence: in almost a third of all treatments, 100% of species seeded were growing at first monitoring. However, dryland restoration is risky: 17% of projects failed, with no establishment of any seeded species, and consistent declines were found in seeded species as projects matured. Across projects, higher seeding rates and larger seed sizes resulted in a greater probability of recruitment, with further influences on species success including site aridity, taxonomic identity and species life form. Our findings suggest that investigations examining these predictive factors will yield more effective and informed restoration decision-making., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)