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This article discusses the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway in angiosarcoma (AS), a malignant soft tissue tumor. The study found that CSCs markers, such as CD29, CD133, and Nestin, were highly expressed in AS, suggesting their involvement in the development of the disease. Additionally, the TGF-β1 signaling pathway was found to promote tumor invasion and metastasis, as well as the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which may lead to immune suppression. The inhibition of TGF-β1 was shown to downregulate PD-L1 expression and inhibit cell proliferation. The findings suggest that targeting both TGF-β1 and PD-L1 pathways could be a promising therapeutic approach for AS treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has provided researchers with a simple as well as accurate technique to investigate atomic and molecular systems. In the current investigation, the nonlinear axial buckling characteristics of cylindrical nanoshells made of silicon are studied based on MD simulations with Tersoff interatomic potential. Nanoshells with radius to thickness ratio of 10 are considered. The simulations are performed for different thermal environments and shell lengths to demonstrate the influences of them on the critical axial buckling loads of cylindrical nanoshells. It is found that through increase of length to radius ratio, the critical axial buckling load of silicon nanoshell decreases, but its critical end-shortening increases. Furthermore, it is revealed that by increasing the value of temperature, the both critical buckling load and critical end-shortening of silicon nanoshell under axial compressive load decreases. The given MD results can be useful to develop more computationally efficient and accurate continuum descriptions of silicon micro/nano-structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]