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BAC03 is a novel Bacillus velezensis strain previously studied for biological control of scabby diseases caused by Streptomyces scabies. To optimize its efficacy in disease control, different application strategies of BAC03 were investigated in this study, including timing, frequency, and concentrations of BAC03. BAC03 was either used for seed tuber treatment, foliar application or drenching in potting mix infested with S. scabies. Neither foliar application nor seed treatment affected disease severity. BAC03 applied five days before planting significantly reduced S. scabies population and completely suppressed radish scab, but the later BAC03 was applied the less effective it was. BAC03 at 10 CFU cm potting mix or higher concentrations was effective in reducing radish scab. Increasing the frequency of BAC03 application did not increase the efficacy on disease reduction. BAC03 also increased the biomass of radish roots and leaves whether the pathogen was present or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale for Parents (SCAS-P) in 1943 father-mother dyads and 1785 students. Results of confirmatory factor analyses for SCAS-P were in favour of the original model with six correlated factors. The internal consistency of SCAS-P was acceptable (α = .63-.91), and the test-retest reliability was acceptable (r = .46-.72). The convergent and divergent validity of SCAS-P was supported by significant correlations with an internalizing subscale to a greater extent than with an externalizing subscale. Congruent validity was supported by significant correlations between father and mother reports (r = .60-.71) and child and parent reports (r = .25-.42). Significant differences between community and clinical samples supported the discriminant validity. Adolescents showed higher anxiety levels than children, and girls showed higher anxiety levels than boys. Our findings suggest that the SCAS-P is a suitable parent instrument to measure child anxiety symptoms in Mainland Chinese children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty-eight field isolates of Peronophythora litchii, the causal agent of litchi downy blight, were examined for sensitivity to four novel QoI fungicides (SYP-1620, SYP-2815, ZJ0712 and enestroburin) in vitro with a mycelial growth assay. Ranges and means of EC values (in μg/mL) were 0.047-0.288 and 0.138 for SYP-2815, 0.056-0.992 and 0.148 for ZJ0712, 0.430-7.529 and 2.720 for SYP-1620, and 0.180-1.772 and 0.810 for enestroburin; the distributions were approximately unimodal and skewed. Eight mutants resistant to the three novel QoI fungicides and azoxystrobin (as a known QoI fungicide) were obtained by exposing field isolates to fungicide-amended agar and to ultraviolet irradiation, while mutants resistant to enestroburin were not obtained. In laboratory assays, all eight mutants had a high and stable resistance, and most were as fit or more fit than sensitive isolates. There was cross-resistance among the five QoI fungicides. The resistance risk of P. litchii to the four novel QoI fungicides was inconsistent, and the probability that P. litchii will develop resistance to SYP-2815, ZJ0712, and SYP-1620 may be high if these fungicides are frequently applied in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]