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Abstract Nothing is known about the potential implication of gut microbiota in skeletal muscle disorders. Here, we provide evidence that fecal microbiota composition along with circulating levels of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and related metabolites are altered in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) compared with healthy controls. Supplementation with sodium butyrate (NaB) in mdx mice rescued muscle strength and autophagy, and prevented inflammation associated with excessive endocannabinoid signaling at CB1 receptors to the same extent as deflazacort (DFZ), the standard palliative care for DMD. In LPS‐stimulated C2C12 myoblasts, NaB reduces inflammation, promotes autophagy, and prevents dysregulation of microRNAs targeting the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor gene, in a manner depending on the activation of GPR109A and PPARγ receptors. In sum, we propose a novel disease‐modifying approach in DMD that may have benefits also in other muscular dystrophies.

The emergence of resistant microorganisms has reduced the effectiveness of currently available antimicrobials, necessitating the development of new strategies. Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates for novel drug development. In this study, we aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial activities of AMPs isolated from Capsicum annuum. The antifungal potential was tested against Candida species. Three AMPs from C. annuum leaves were isolated and characterized: a protease inhibitor, a defensin-like protein, and a lipid transporter protein, respectively named CaCPin-II, CaCDef-like, and CaCLTP2. All three peptides had a molecular mass between 3.5 and 6.5 kDa and caused morphological and physiological changes in four different species of the genus Candida, such as pseudohyphae formation, cell swelling and agglutination, growth inhibition, reduced cell viability, oxidative stress, membrane permeabilization, and metacaspase activation. Except for CaCPin-II, the peptides showed low or no hemolytic activity at the concentrations used in the yeast assays. CaCPin-II inhibited α-amylase activity. Together, these results suggest that these peptides have the potential as antimicrobial agents against species of the genus Candida and can serve as scaffolds for the development of synthetic peptides for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender and gender diverse individuals experience a gender identity that differs from the sex assigned at birth. Some transgender men may request testosterone to induce virilization; however, its impact on bone health remains to be fully elucidated. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the modifications in bone metabolism over a short-term period among transgender men initiating testosterone therapy. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The articles of interest had to report longitudinal evaluation conducted among transgender men, before starting testosterone and after 12 and 24 months of therapy. The analyzed parameters were BMD, calcium, phosphate, 25OHD, PTH, P1NP, BAP, osteocalcin and CTx. Mean differences with 95% coefficient intervals were combined using random effects models. Funnel plot, Egger's test, and trim-and-fill analysis were used to assess publication bias. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, including 1484 subjects. In absence of heterogeneity, BMD did not significantly change at lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, and whole-body evaluations. Calcium, phosphate, 25OHD and PTH remained stable over time. Regarding bone turnover markers, only P1NP showed a statistically significant increase after 12 months of T therapy, in absence of heterogeneity (SMD 0.61 mcg/l; 95% CI: 0.40–0.83; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%, Pforheterogeneity = 0.48). Testosterone therapy among transgender men seems not to disrupt bone health after 12 and 24 months. A statistically significant elevation in P1NP levels after 12 months of therapy may indicate a positive anabolic effect of testosterone in the short-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of long-term information on the use of industry forest residues in Pinus taeda L plantations for purposes of enhancing sustainability. The study goal was to evaluate tree growth and nutrition, soil chemical properties, litter accumulation, and weed occurrence in a Pinus taeda L. system amended with alkaline residues from recycled paper. The residues were broadcasted at planting using different rates (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t ha−1) on a sandy soil with low fertility. Tree diameter and height along with soil chemical properties were monitored for 15 years. At 15 years samples of litter, weeds, and soil were collected for evaluation. Over 15 years of monitoring, no changes in tree growth or final yield were observed despite increased Ca and reduced Mn foliar tissue concentrations. Low Mg concentration in needles combined with symptoms resembling Mg deficiency and a high increase in Ca levels, suggest that this nutrient could be a limiting factor in tree response. At the same time, a reduction in weed mass with residue application was verified. Residue amendment increased soil Ca and attenuated acidity down to 60 cm after 15 years with the maximum effect on soil properties at ~ 13 years. Litter decreased from 36.2 (control) to 26.9 Mg ha−1 (highest rate) but increased Ca and diminished Al concentrations. The alkaline residue (rich in Ca) improved soil chemical properties at the surface and subsurface, decreased weed growth, increased Ca and reduced Mn in needles, but probably failed to increase tree yield due to an Mg deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of conservation of cultural heritage, one must always consider the environmental conditions in which the works of art are located and the level of atmospheric pollution to which they are exposed, especially in the case of monuments stored outdoors. The present study is focused on the detection and the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in black crust samples from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan (Italy), and the assessment of their sources through the analysis of the distributions of the different compounds in the samples, together with the use of diagnostic ratios. Six black crust samples taken from funerary monuments were analyzed. Fourteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC–DAD), with a total concentration from 0.72 to 3.81 μg/g (mean of 1.87 μg/g). The known carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene accounted for 5–10% of the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the samples analyzed, with concentrations up to 0.20 μg/g. Moreover, the study of the distribution and diagnostic ratios allowed us to confirm that anthropogenic sources such as traffic and the proximity of the train station are the major causes of the degradation of the monuments contained in this Cemetery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a nonlinear control system, a target set, a nonnegative integral cost, and a continuous function W, we say that the system is globally asymptotically controllable to the target withW-regulated cost, whenever, starting from any point z, among the strategies that achieve classical asymptotic controllability we can select one that also keeps the cost less than W(z). In this paper, assuming mild regularity hypotheses on the data, we prove that a necessary and sufficient condition for global asymptotic controllability with regulated cost is the existence of a special, continuous Control Lyapunov Function, called a Minimum Restraint Function. The main novelty is the necessity implication, obtained here for the first time. Nevertheless, the sufficiency condition extends previous results based on semiconcavity of the Minimum Restraint Function, while we require mere continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In commercial Pinus taeda stands, the appearance of needle chlorosis has intensified in slow growth areas. This study aimed to verify if Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) captures heterogeneity of Pinus taeda development and to determine what specific factors are associated with occurrence of chlorotic symptoms. We evaluated a 14 year-old reforested P. taeda stand that had already undergone two thinnings; the study area encompassed 18.42 ha on soil derived from acidic igneous parent material. A VARI map was used to delineate the area into four classes: Very Low, Low, Medium, and High. In each class, tree growth was evaluated, and samples of tree tissue (needles, trunk cross sections, and fine roots), litter, and soil were collected for evaluation. There were no differences in soil classification and fertility between classes for this acidic low fertility soil. However, compared to the lower VARI classes (Low and Very Low), tree wood volume (without bark) of the High class was 0.20 m3 higher per tree. Higher VARI classes showed greater concentrations of Ca and Mg in needles, bark, and fine roots. The High class also showed higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in litter, but with less litter accumulation. Therefore, VARI efficiently captured tree growth heterogeneity with a direct relationship noted between VARI and tree growth (height, DBH, volume, and trunk mass). In addition, chlorosis symptoms (yellowing) at needle tips and tree crown loss were more likely indicative of Mg deficiency, which probably caused reduced tree development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Systematic Literature Reviews (SLRs). A SLR is a rigorous and organised methodology that assesses and integrates prior research on a given topic. Numerous tools have been developed to assist and partially automate the SLR process. The increasing role of AI in this field shows great potential in providing more effective support for researchers, moving towards the semi-automatic creation of literature reviews. Our study focuses on how AI techniques are applied in the semi-automation of SLRs, specifically in the screening and extraction phases. We examine 21 leading SLR tools using a framework that combines 23 traditional features with 11 AI features. We also analyse 11 recent tools that leverage large language models for searching the literature and assisting academic writing. Finally, the paper discusses current trends in the field, outlines key research challenges, and suggests directions for future research. We highlight three primary research challenges: integrating advanced AI solutions, such as large language models and knowledge graphs, improving usability, and developing a standardised evaluation framework. We also propose best practices to ensure more robust evaluations in terms of performance, usability, and transparency. Overall, this review offers a detailed overview of AI-enhanced SLR tools for researchers and practitioners, providing a foundation for the development of next-generation AI solutions in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate quantities, provide health benefits to the host. In this study, phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to evaluate the probiotic properties of Bacillus altitudinis 1.4. The isolate was sensitive to all antimicrobials tested and presented a positive result in the hemolysis test. B. altitudinis 1.4 spores were more resistant than vegetative cells, when evaluated in simulation of cell viability in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as adhesion to the intestinal mucosa. The isolate was capable of self-aggregation and coaggregation with pathogens such as Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of genes with probiotic characteristics. From this study it was possible to evaluate the gene expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines for different treatments. Viable vegetative cells of B. altitudinis 1.4 increased the transcription of pro-inflammatory factors, in addition to also increasing the transcription of IL-10, indicating a tendency to stimulate a pro-inflammatory profile. Given the results presented, B. altitudinis 1.4 showed potential to be applied in the incorporation of this microorganism into animal feed, since the spores could tolerate the feed handling and pelletization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual dysfunction (SD) has been associated with worse quality of life and higher disease activity in patients with rheumatic diseases, yet it is still not regularly addressed during routine rheumatologic evaluations. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and evaluate their perception of their sexual health. We performed a retrospective study in an outpatient rheumatology clinic to evaluate patients over 18 years old with a diagnosis of RA or SLE through the Spanish version of the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) and the Sexual Health Perception Survey (SHEPS), a questionnaire of 6 items designed in our clinic. Additionally, we applied the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue (FACIT-F version 4) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A total of 567 patients were evaluated with SHEPS, most of whom were women with a median age of 50 years (IQR: 34) and a median disease duration of 5 years (IQR: 9). Through the ASEX, we found that 67% of the patients with RA and 60% of the patients with SLE experienced SD. Patients reported the level of sex drive, arousal, and the ability to achieve orgasms as the areas with the most difficulties. Most patients did not know their disease could affect their sexuality and had never addressed these issues with their rheumatologists, but almost all of them were willing to. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing sexual health issues regularly during rheumatologic evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community health promotion offers a potential solution to persistent healthcare challenges, with community health workers playing a pivotal role. The Community Training Institute for Health Disparities (CTIHD) implemented a problem-solving curriculum in Community Health Promotion, integrating a competency-based learning model through two courses: Introduction to Community Health Promotion and Design of an Action Plan for the Promotion of Community Health. Each course comprised ten three-hour sessions, featuring pre/post-tests, evaluations, and a cognitive debriefing. Knowledge change was assessed using pre/post-test scores among 27 community leaders from southern Puerto Rico. Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 demonstrated an overall retention rate of 62.6% and 96.7%, respectively. Although differences in knowledge gained between cohorts and courses weren't statistically significant, a trend toward increased knowledge was noted. Cohort 1 experienced a 22% knowledge increase in Course 1 and a 24% increase in Course 2. Cohort 2 demonstrated a 41% knowledge increase in Course 1 and a 25% increase in Course 2. The CTIHD's Community Health Promotion Program has made significant strides in elevating awareness and knowledge, marking a positive step toward reducing health disparities and fostering healthier, empowered communities in southern Puerto Rico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative approach to predicting the quality of finished parts in top milling processes by integrating robust parameter design with artificial intelligence techniques. A central composite design was used to combine controllable variables (cutting speed, tooth advance, milled width, and cutting depth) with noise variables (tool flank wear, fluid flow, and cantilevered length). Duplex stainless steel was milled under each experimental setup, and roughness data were collected. These data were used to train three machine learning models: random forest, decision tree, and support vector machine. The models predicted surface roughness, and their predictions were validated through experimental tests. The root means square error values were 0.031 for the random forest, 0.038 for the decision tree, and 0.066 for the support vector machine, indicating that the random forest model performed the best. This innovative study highlights the importance of including noise variables along with controllable factors in machine learning models, significantly improving prediction accuracy and making them more reflective of real-world results. Including these variables is crucial, as neglecting them can lead to inaccurate predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) stood out as an efficient alternative for the treatment of organic contaminants. In this work, there were proposed syntheses of mixed catalysts of pyrite and graphene oxide and pyrite and zinc oxide to treat a mixture of the drugs atenolol and propranolol in aqueous solution through the photo-Fenton process with ultraviolet radiation. The efficiency of the methodologies used in the syntheses was confirmed through different characterization analyses. It was verified that the pyrite and zinc oxide catalyst led to the best contaminant degradation percentages with values equal to 88 and 84% for the groups monitored at the wavelengths (λ) of 217 and 281 nm. The degradation kinetics presented a good fit to the kinetic model proposed by Chan and Chu (2003) with R2 equal to 0.99, indicating a pseudo-first-order degradation profile. Finally, toxicity tests were carried out with two types of seeds, watercress and cabbage, for the solution before and after treatment. The cabbage seeds showed a reduction in germination percentages for the samples after treatments, while no toxicity was observed for watercress ones. This highlights the importance of evaluating the implications caused by products in relation to different organisms representing the biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital epidermodysplasia verruciformis (CEV) is a Genodermatosis linked to different inheritance patterns and mutations of the EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8 genes. There is an acquired form (AEV) associated with immunodeficiency states, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; however, the literature about AEV is limited and imprecise, so a systematic review was performed. A search of the main databases from 1975 to 2021 identified 126 studies, of which 80 met the inclusion criteria. The diagnosis of AEV is complex due to atypical manifestations and locations, it requires a mean follow-up of 7 years, and the lesions do not change with ART therapy, CD4 count, or viral load. Histopathological findings are variable depending on the location of the lesions. HPV 5 remains the serotype most frequently associated with AEV and CEV, although HPV 20 is more frequent than HPV 8 in AEV. Most treatments have low efficacy, the most described are glycolic acid 15%, 5-fluorouracil 5%, imiquimod 5%, and topical retinoids all of them in monotherapy or combined with cryotherapy. Other alternatives include topical cidofovir and systemic retinoids with variable results. The oncologic prognosis is still inconclusive; however, the development of squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma are frankly lower concerning CEV. This review opens new opportunities for future research. Additionally, we provide clear and useful key points for the practice of dermatologists and all professionals treating HIV patients around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the impact of maternal age on the association between maternal basal FSH and aneuploidy. Methods: A retrospective study including data from 1749 blastocysts diagnosed as euploid or aneuploid by PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). Aneuploidy incidence was compared between embryos from mothers with high vs. low basal FSH levels (above and below the group median, respectively) in total, pre-AMA (advanced maternal age; < 35 years, 198 embryos) and AMA (≥ 35 years, 1551 embryos) patient groups, separately. To control for the interference of potentially confounding variables, the association between aneuploidy and high basal FSH levels was assessed by multivariate logistic analysis in overall, pre-AMA and AMA patient groups. Results: Overall, aneuploidy rate was 9% higher (p = 0.02) in embryos from patients with high basal FSH (63.7%) compared to those with low basal FSH (58.4%). In the pre-AMA subgroup, aneuploidy incidence was 35% higher (p = 0.04) in embryos from patients with high basal FSH (53.5%) compared to those with low basal FSH (39.4%). Differently, aneuploidy occurrence did not vary between embryos from AMA patients with low (61.0%) and high (64.8%) basal FSH (p = 0.12). The multivariate analysis revealed that, in pre-AMA embryos, the association between aneuploidy occurrence and high basal FSH is independent of potential confounding variables (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Maternal basal FSH values are associated with embryo aneuploidy in pre-AMA but not in AMA patients. The present findings suggest that basal FSH is a useful parameter to assess aneuploidy risk in pre-AMA patients and reinforce the hypothesis that excessive FSH signalling can predispose to oocyte meiotic errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is the most abundant residue of the sugar and alcohol industry and its use is predominantly in these same industries as a source of energy through burning. This work aims to diversify the proposals for the use of this residue; thus, the use of SCB in the alumina-supported nickel catalysts synthesis was investigated. Two routes were researched using SCB: one, the SCB was used in the alumina (catalytic support) synthesis to obtain the dimensionally predetermined materials and another to get powder materials. The materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption at 77 K, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR). The presence of SCB in the synthesis of powder materials facilitated the incorporation of nickel particles into the crystalline lattice of the support, decreasing active nickel content for catalytic. On the other hand, the pre-dimensioned catalytic materials exhibited higher crystallinity, lower nickel oxide reduction temperature and greater disposal of active nickel, resulting in higher production of ordered carbon (carbon nanotubes) and H2 COx-free under milder conditions in the methane decomposition reaction at 500 °C for 30 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: High-intensity long-interval training (long-HIIT; interval ≥ 1 min; intensity 85–100% of maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max]) is often applied for cardiorespiratory adaptations; however, long-HIIT can also challenge the anaerobic and neuromuscular systems. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 4-week long-HIIT (11 sessions) on anaerobic capacity, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and neuromuscular function. Methods: Twenty active men (V̇O2max: 44.8 ± 5.3 mL.kg−1.min−1) performed an incremental running test (TINC), a supramaximal test consisting in running until the task failure at 115% of maximum velocity achieved in TINC (VINC) for anaerobic capacity determination, and an RSA test (2 × 6 × 35-m all-out sprints) pre- and post-HIIT. Before and after RSA, the neuromuscular function was assessed with counter movement jumps (CMJ) and knee extensors maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVC) with femoral nerve electrical stimulation. Long-HIIT consisted of 10 × 1-min runs at 90% of VINC with 1-min recovery. Results: Long-HIIT induced significant increase in V̇O2max (P = 0.0001). Although anaerobic capacity did not change significantly, 60% of the participants improved above the smallest worthwhile change (0.2 × standard deviation of pre-HIIT). The changes in sprint performance over RSA was significantly less post-HIIT than pre (P = 0.01). RSA induced significant drop of MVC, high frequency doublet, voluntary activation and CMJ performance at pre- and post-HIIT (P < 0.01); however, the percentage of reduction from rest to fatigued conditions were not significantly altered at post-HIIT compared to Pre. Conclusions: 11 sessions of long-HIIT over 4-week improved maximal aerobic power but not anaerobic capacity, and neuromuscular function. Yet, neuromuscular fatigue was similar despite greater speeds reached during RSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the potential role of miR-449a as biomarker for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), especially in the decision strategy of neck dissection (ND). Methods: Each patient underwent total laryngectomy and bilateral ND (levels II–IV); during surgery, tissue samples of around 1 × 0.5 cm were extracted from both healthy tissue adjacent to the tumor and the visibly affected tumor tissue. The extraction of total RNA, encompassing miRNA, was performed using a mirVana PARIS kit. To detect miR449a, cDNA was synthesized from 200 ng of RNA using a TaqMan miRNA reverse transcription kit. Results: The study group was formed of 66 patients (62 males, and 4 females) with LSCC, aged between 39 and 77 years (mean 60 + 14.56 yr). MiR-449a was up-regulated in twenty-eight tumors (42%), while it was down-regulated in 38 samples (58%). In the present study, there was a statistical relevance for miR-449a tissue expression for pN staging (p = 0.017), and PNI (p = 0.005). Eight tumors (12%) cN0 became pN + showing occult cervical lymph node metastases at the final histopathological examination, and all of these patients showed miR-449a downregulation. Conclusion: Super-selective ND (sparing the sub evels IIb and IV) might be the approach to cT3-T4 N0 LSCCs with upregulation of miR-449a; on the other hand, to ensure and effective control of occult neck metastases it would be appropriate to reserve elective ND (including sublevels IIb and IV) for cT3-T4 N0 LSCCs with miR-449a downregulation. Although promising, due to the small size of the cohort, the results of this work can be considered preliminary and need to be confirmed by prospective and larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ketamine has been considered as an adjunct for children who do not reach their predefined target sedation depth. However, there is limited evidence regarding the use of ketamine as a prolonged infusion (i.e., >24 hours) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Objective: We sought to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of continuous ketamine infusion for >24 hours in mechanically ventilated children. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in a tertiary PICU from January 2020 to December 2022. The primary outcome was the incidence of adverse events (AEs) after ketamine initiation. The secondary outcome included assessing the median proportion of time the patient spent on the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) goal after ketamine infusion. Patients were also divided into two groups based on the sedative regimen, ketamine-based or non-ketamine-based, to assess the incidence of delirium. Results: A total of 269 patients were enrolled: 73 in the ketamine group and 196 in the non-ketamine group. The median infusion rate of ketamine was 1.4 mg/kg/h. Delirium occurred in 16 (22%) patients with ketamine and 15 (7.6%) patients without ketamine (p = 0.006). After adjusting for covariates, logistic regression showed that delirium was associated with comorbidities (odds ratio [OR] 4.2), neurodevelopmental delay (OR 0.23), fentanyl use (OR 7.35), and ketamine use (OR 4.17). Thirty-one (42%) of the patients experienced at least one AE following ketamine infusion. Other AEs likely related to ketamine were hypertension (n = 4), hypersecretion (n = 14), tachycardia (n = 6), and nystagmus (n = 2). There were no significant changes in hemodynamic variables 24 h after the initiation of ketamine. Regarding the secondary outcomes, patients were at their goal RASS level for a median of 76% (range 68–80.5%) of the time in the 24 hours before ketamine initiation, compared with 84% (range 74.5–90%) of the time during the 24 h after ketamine initiation (p < 0.001). The infusion rate of ketamine did not significantly affect concomitant analgesic and sedative infusions. The ketamine group experienced a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and a longer length of stay in the PICU and hospital than the non-ketamine group. Conclusion: The use of ketamine infusion in PICU patients may be associated with an increased rate of adverse events, especially delirium. High-quality studies are needed before ketamine can be broadly recommended or adopted earlier in the sedation protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), obtained as residue from the sugar mill, was used as an adsorbent for Acid Red 27 (AR27) removal from aqueous solutions. The ash characterization data showed 23.63% of organic compounds and silica (α-SiO2) as the most expressive inorganic compound (confirmed by X-ray diffractogram), the BET surface area had a value of 62.79 m2.g−1 and the pHpzc was 8.45. Regarding the adsorptive tests, the optimal initial pH to the dye removal was 2.0. The adsorption equilibrium reached in about 4 h contact time and optimum SCBA dosage was found to be 4 g.L−1. The pseudo-second order model best represented the adsorption kinetics. The Freundlich equation presented the best fit to the equilibrium data for the removal of AR27 by ash, with maximum adsorption capacity of 15 mg.g−1 at pH 2.0. Thermodynamic study indicate that AR27 adsorption on SCBA occurs through a physisorption mechanism, with ΔHºads < 15 kJ.mol−1. The ΔHºads evaluated by Vant' Hoff equation was explained as a combination of water desorption enthalpy, ΔHºW and isosteric like enthalpy, ΔHºD for the dye adsorption in liquid environment. The ΔHºD = 9.2 kJ.mol−1 was calculated from Clausius-Clapeyron approach. The effects of coexisting anions on the adsorption and regeneration and reuse of the adsorbent were also investigated. This study suggests that SCBA, which was used without any pretreatment, has the potential to be applied as a low-cost adsorbent to mitigate effluents contamination with AR27 dye at low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-biocomposite hydrogel samples were produced using graphene oxide (GO) and agar and applied as adsorbents of organic components in water. The hydrogels were prepared by varying the wt% of Agar and GO. The samples were characterized, and batch adsorption experiments evaluated the effect of initial pH, equilibrium isotherms, and kinetics for the adsorption of the anionic dye Acid Orange 7 (AO) and the cationic dyes Nile Blue A (NB) and methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous medium. Overall, both hydrogel samples exhibited satisfactory results for removing NB and MB; however, there was no effective removal for the anionic dye AO. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms were obtained, and Freundlich, Langmuir, and Sips models were fitted to the experimental equilibrium data; moreover, kinetic data were adjusted to driving force models and particle mass balance. The maximum experimental adsorption capacities, 141.48 mg·g−1 (MB) and 284.69 mg·g−1 (NB), were obtained, on a dry basis, for the sample produced with 70 wt% of agar and 30 wt% of GO. Both hydrogels exhibited remarkable regenerative potential for NB and MB, with the adsorption capacity remaining constant, even after five adsorption/desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of biomass waste has been gaining attention in adsorption processes to remove pollutants of emerging concern from water and wastewater. In this work, the potential of alginate-extracted macro-algae waste to uptake synthetic dyes and metal cations was evaluated in comparison with raw algae. In affinity assays, both materials were able to remove metal cations and cationic dyes up to maximum rates, and no significant removal was observed for an anionic dye in an acidic medium. Competition was observed in multi-component systems of metal cations and dyes. For binary samples containing organic and inorganic contaminants, kinetic modeling evidenced the distinct nature of both types of adsorbates. Pb(II) biosorption was best described as a first-order process, while second-order and Elovich models better fitted methyl blue (MB) uptake data. For equimolar binary samples, the Sips isothermal model fitted the experimental data more satisfactorily at room temperature. Isotherms for 20, 30, 40, and 60 °C exhibited favorable adsorption profiles with spontaneous ΔG values for both raw macro-algae and waste from alginate extraction. Maximum adsorption capacities were competitive with previous reports in the literature for a wide range of biomaterials, pointing to the slightly higher efficiency with algae waste in batch experiments. In elution tests, HNO3 (0.5 M) showed the best recovery rates of metal cations. Continuous biosorption operation revealed the performance of the brown algae waste was considerably more efficient than raw algae with breakthrough biosorption capacities up to 3.96 and 0.97 mmol.g−1 for the removal of Pb(II) and MB, respectively. A total of 3.0 g of algae and algae waste were able to deliver 1.20 and 1.62 L of contaminant-free water, respectively. XPS analyses corroborate previous assays that pointed to the prevalence of physisorption with evidence of complexation, ionic exchange, and hydrogen displacement mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new method for welding an API 5L X65 steel pipe that is internally clad with Alloy 625 cladding using Alloy 22 and AWS ER100S-G steel was developed. The first and second weld passes were made using Alloy 22 to provide excellent corrosion resistance for the Alloy 625 cladding region. The remaining weld passes were made using 100S-G steel to provide high mechanical strength. The welded joints were evaluated for their microstructure and mechanical properties. No significant solidification defects were found in the welded joints, as confirmed by bending and transverse tensile tests. The yield strength of the welded joint showed that welding was capable of delivering the necessary strength compatible with API 5L X65, X70, and X80 steels for subsequent installation using the reel lay process. The microstructure of the welded joint was complex, with the first two weld passes having a soft Ni-fcc matrix composed mainly of Alloy 22, while the first three 100S-G steel weld passes had a hard martensite matrix. The main region of the welded joint had a soft acicular ferritic matrix. Impact toughness testing showed that the energy absorbed by the notch positioned at the first steel weld pass was better than that for the notch positioned at the steel weld pass without a dilution effect for Alloy 22 (approximately 46 J and 14 J, respectively). The toughness of the weld pass increased due to the high Ni incorporation by dilution with Alloy 22, even at − 15 °C, while the steel weld passes that were not affected by dilution with Alloy 22 exhibited very low energy absorption, which is characteristic of steel materials assessed under conditions below the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The fracture toughness tests confirmed this result, as the major steel weld passes exhibited brittle features that caused abrupt failure during the test at − 15 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological aspects of PrEP use and barriers to accessing this prophylaxis. This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and April 2022, encompassing 140 PrEP users treated at the Testing and Counseling Center (CTA) in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and factors associated with PrEP discontinuation were obtained using a standardized questionnaire. Most PrEP users were cisgender men (92.00%), predominantly white (51.00%), over 30 years of age (56.50%), homosexual-oriented (76.50%), and had a minimum of 12 years of education (77.50%). Approximately 60.00% admitted to inconsistent condom use in recent sexual encounters, primarily involving anal intercourse. Approximately 88.00% perceived themselves as at risk of contracting STIs in the upcoming year. Regarding new presentation forms, 54.00% indicated a willingness to use "on-demand PrEP," and 92.00% expressed interest in using "injectable PrEP." After 6 months of follow-up, 43.60% (95.00% CI: 35.50–52.00) discontinued PrEP use, primarily due to changes in sexual behavior (38.30%) and difficulties accessing healthcare services (21.28%). This study underscores the need to involve diverse key populations and highlights the significance of PrEP as an ongoing monitoring strategy for HIV/STI prevention in addition to the importance of incorporating new formulations such as daily oral PrEP into the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FSW process parameters for dissimilar welding of AISI 410S and 304L stainless steels were meticulously varied to achieve a combination of excellent surface finish, zero voids, and complete tool penetration. These crucial findings have far-reaching practical implications, providing valuable guidance for the welding industry to attain optimal results. In-depth preliminary tests were conducted to determine the precise positioning of the steels between the advancing and retreating sides. During welding, axial forces ranging from 25 to 40 kN were rigorously applied while maintaining a constant rotational speed of 450 rpm and welding speed of 1 mm/s. Considering the welded steels' distinct physical and chemical properties, positioning AISI 410S ferritic stainless steel on the advancing side resulted in a noticeable reduction in flash production and void formation in the stir zone. It was observed that as the axial force increased, there was a proportional rise in flash production, particularly accentuated on the advancing side compared to the retreating side. Nonetheless, this increase in axial force led to a reduction in material insertion size, effectively eliminating flaws at the joints' roots. The research demonstrates the feasibility of producing dissimilar joints between AISI 410S and 304L stainless steels via the FSW process, yielding exceptional surface finish and defect-free stir zones." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global concern over water pollution caused by contaminants of emerging concern has been the subject of several studies due to the complexity of treatment. Here, the synthesis of a graphene oxide-based magnetic material (GO@Fe3O4) produced according to a modified Hummers' method followed by a hydrothermal reaction was proposed; then, its application as a photocatalyst in clonazepam photo-Fenton degradation was investigated. Several characterization analyses were performed to analyze the structure, functionalization and magnetic properties of the composite. A 23 factorial design was used for the optimization procedure to investigate the effect of [H2O2], GO@Fe3O4 dose and pH on clonazepam degradation. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that GO@Fe3O4 could not adsorb clonazepam. Photo-Fenton kinetics showed that total degradation of clonazepam was achieved within 5 min, and the experimental data were better fitted to the PFO model. A comparative study of clonazepam degradation by different processes highlighted that the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process was more efficient than homogeneous processes. The radical scavenging test showed that O 2 · - was the main active free radical in the degradation reaction, followed by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and holes (h+) in the valence layer; accordingly, a mechanism of degradation was proposed to describe the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potentially harmful element (PHE) bioavailability is important to environmental contamination and must be checked under several soil conditions. This study aimed to assess Fe, Mn, and PHE uptake by rice (Oryza sativa) grown on flooded and non-flooded Fe tailings collected from the Doce River basin after its collapse in Brazil. After 65 days of sowing, shoots and roots were harvested to determine PHE concentrations. The mean concentrations of Mn in shoots and Fe in the roots of rice grown on the flooded tailings were 2140 mg kg−1 and 15,219 mg kg−1, respectively. Mn was extensively translocated from roots to shoots (translocation factor (TF) = 2). Conversely, Fe accumulated in roots (TF = 0.015) and caused morphological damage to this rice organ. The application of macro and micronutrients lessened Fe toxicity in the roots of rice cultivated on the flooded tailings. The flooding of tailings influenced more Fe accumulation than Mn accumulation by rice plants. The PHE Ag, As, Cd, Ni, Hg, Pb, and Sb exhibited low total concentrations (maximum of 9 mg kg−1 for Ni and a minimum of 0.2 mg kg−1 for Cd, Hg, and Sb), and it was not observed an increase in their availability under tailings flooding conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this systematic review is to assess the reliability of alternative positions of processed electroencephalogram sensors for depth of anesthesia monitoring and its applicability in clinical practice. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinical trial.gov in accordance with reporting guidelines of PRISMA statement together with the following sources: Google and Google Scholar. We considered eligible prospective studies, written in the English language. The last search was run on the August 2023. Risk of bias and quality assessment were performed. Data extraction was performed by two authors and results were synthesized narratively owing to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Thirteen prospective observational studies (438 patients) were included in the systematic review after the final assessment, with significant diversity in study design. Most studies had a low risk of bias but due to lack of information in one key domain of bias (Bias due to missing data) the overall judgement would be No Information. However, there is no clear indication that the studies are at serious or critical risk of bias. Bearing in mind, the heterogeneity and small sample size of the included studies, current evidence suggests that the alternative infraorbital sensor position is the most comparable for clinical use when the standard sensor position in the forehead is not possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of the physical structural heterogeneity of the environment, oceanographic characteristics, and the benthic assemblage composition structures the habitat, consequently shaping the associated diversity of fish. Understanding the spatial variability of fish assemblages and how it relates to environmental factors is essential to identify potential variables that determine spatial patterns and predict impacts on fish assemblage metrics, thus providing valuable information for management. Here, we investigated reef fish micro-scale spatial distribution around Alcatrazes Island in the subtropical region of the Southwest Atlantic, Brazil. Multivariate Regression Trees were fitted to explore the effects of structural heterogeneity, wave power, depth, water temperature, and benthic cover on the structure of reef fish assemblages, addressing composition, richness, density, biomass, trophic groups, mobility, and conservation status. Our results suggest that depth, turf, and coral cover were the main predictors of fish assemblages in rocky reefs at Alcatrazes Island, revealing five distinct fish assemblages with different habitat preferences. These results provide additional insights into the relationship between reef fishes and their environment, providing empirical evidence for decision-makers to implement spatially based management policies, especially to prioritize zones for conservation along the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) pathogenesis is strongly related to the role of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in which MCL cells proliferate. TIME cells can produce growth signals influencing MCL cells' survival and exert an antitumoral immune response suppression. The activity of TIME cells might be mirrored by some ratios of peripheral blood cell subpopulations, such as the monocyte-to-platelet ratio (MPR). We reviewed the clinical features of 165 consecutive MCL patients newly diagnosed and not eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation (both for age or comorbidities) who accessed two Italian Centers between 2006 and 2020. MPR was calculated using data obtained from the complete blood cell count at diagnosis before any cytotoxic treatment and correlated with PFS. Univariate analysis showed that MPR ≥ 3 was associated with inferior PFS (p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis confirmed that MPR ≥ 3, LDH > 2.5 ULN, and bone marrow involvement were significant independent variables in predicting PFS. For these reasons, MPR ≥ 3 seems the most promising prognostic factor in patients with MCL, and it could be considered a variable in new predictive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a rare genetic disorder leading to neurological defects, telangiectasias, and immunodeficiency. We aimed to study the clinical and immunological features of Latin American patients with AT and analyze factors associated with mortality. Referral centers from 9 Latin American countries participated in this retrospective cohort study, and 218 patients were included. Median (IQR) ages at symptom onset and diagnosis were 1.0 (1.0–2.0) and 5.0 (3.0–8.0) years, respectively. Most patients presented recurrent airway infections, which was significantly associated with IgA deficiency. IgA deficiency was observed in 60.8% of patients and IgG deficiency in 28.6%. T- and B-lymphopenias were also present in most cases. Mean survival was 24.2 years, and Kaplan–Meier 20-year-survival rate was 52.6%, with higher mortality associated with female gender and low IgG levels. These findings suggest that immunologic status should be investigated in all patients with AT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-polio syndrome (PPS) brings new challenges for polio survivors, including muscle decline, pain, depression, and diminished quality of life. This study explored the potential of REAC neuromodulatory treatments to ease pain, improve mood, and enhance quality of life in PPS patients. 17 individuals with PPS (average age 54.8) received three REAC treatments: Neuro Postural Optimization, Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization, and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization-Cervico Brachial. Pain, depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life were assessed before and after using established scales. REAC treatments significantly reduced pain across various dimensions, along with depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Additionally, patients reported improved physical and psychological quality of life. This study suggests REAC neuromodulatory treatments as a promising non-invasive option to improve pain, emotional well-being, and quality of life in individuals with PPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes the inclusion of noise variables in an experimental design to develop a predictive model of surface roughness in the face milling process of duplex stainless steel. A central composite design arrangement was conducted, incorporating controlled variables (cutting speed, feed rate, milling width, and depth of cut) and noise variables (tool flank wear, fluid flow, and protrusion length). Each experimental configuration was employed in duplex stainless steel milling, with the collection of roughness data under each condition. The collected data were used to train eight configurations of artificial neural networks, which were then applied to predict roughness. The results indicate that the 7-20-14-1 network configuration exhibited the lowest root mean square error, which is a measure of the difference between predicted and observed values of (0.063), followed by 7-64-32-1 (0.064) and 7-14-12-1 (0.068), respectively. Additionally, these configurations also demonstrated the lowest mean absolute error values, which calculate the average of the absolute differences between predicted and observed values of (0.046, 0.053, and 0.055, respectively), and the coefficient of determination, which is a statistical measure indicating the proportion of data variability explained by the statistical model of (0.914, 0.908, and 0.901, respectively). Therefore, the inclusion of noise variables alongside controllable process factors resulted in a more accurate and robust predictive model of surface roughness for duplex stainless steel face milling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar (BC) is a by-product rich in carbon, from the pyrolysis of biomass, and therefore, it has great appeal to be used in several applications. In the present work, the use of biochar from poultry litter waste (PLW) as a filler for composites with epoxy resin is evaluated regarding its performance in the thermal, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. The BC was produced from the pyrolysis of the PLW, and the composites were produced from concentrations of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 wt% of BC, in relation to the epoxy resin mass. The composites were characterized in terms of micrography (MEV), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties (tension and impact) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). From the dynamic mechanical point of view, there was a considerable increase in parameters such as storage modulus at both glassy (≈ 23%) and rubbery regions (≈ 43%) and loss modulus (≈ 32%). However, a decrease at the glass transition temperature, in loss modulus, (≈ 19 °C) was reported, comparing the neat epoxy with those composites with 10 wt% of BC. This behavior was mainly related to the poor dispersion of BC into the composites, especially those with 10 wt% of reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands act as filters, retaining phosphorus (P). The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of P lability of hydromorphic (Histosol) and non-hydromorphic (Cambisol) soils under natural condition (no P addition) and with mineral P addition. The mineral P added was equivalent to 100% of the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity, incubated during 0 and 120 days, at depths of 0-10 and 40-60 cm. The sequential P extraction was: labile, moderately labile, low lability, and residual. Under the natural condition, the moderate and low lability fractions were predominant in the Histosol, indicating lower P lability compared to the Cambisol. Total phosphorus (Pt) and organic phosphorus (Po) were higher in the Histosol compared to the Cambisol. After 120 days incubation with mineral P, the labile fraction decreased and the moderately labile fraction increased in the Histosol, demonstrating the effect of time on P stability. The addition of mineral P increased inorganic P (Pi) and also Po in both soils, indicating a strong interaction of mineral P with soil organic matter. The Po extracted with NaOH 0.1 mol L-1 (moderately labile) was predominant in both soils and it was higher in the Histosol when compared to the Cambisol. In general, under both conditions (natural and mineral P addition), the Histosol stored P in more stable forms, reinforcing the need for permanent preservation of wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire is a natural component in tropical open ecosystems. Therefore, species are adapted to and thrive in post-fire conditions. In these fire-prone ecosystems smoke is one of the fire products that can stimulate seed germination. Here, we evaluated if and how smoke influences the germination of 44 Cerrado ground layer species, including grasses, forbs, subshrubs, and shrubs. Specifically, we aimed to answer the following questions: (1) How does smoke affect the germination of the Cerrado ground layer species? (2) Does smoke concentration influence the response? (3) Does this response differ according to growth form? (4) Are there differences in response between savanna and wet grassland communities? Considering all species together, smoke did not affect the germination of the study species. However, we found species having positive or negative responses, depending on the smoke concentration. When considering growth forms, grasses had a reduction in mean germination time. Smoke also reduced the mean germination time of savanna species, whereas, for wet grassland species, there was no effect of smoke. Thus, smoke has an asymmetric effect on cue germination in the Cerrado, depending on the species, growth form, and habitat. This effect can play a role in community post-fire responses, mostly related to faster germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a prevalent pest in soybean plantations, managed using both natural and synthetic chemical products. However, the emergence of resistance in some populations emphasizes the need to explore alternative insecticides. Flupyradifurone, a neurotoxic insecticide, has not been previously used for controlling A. gemmatalis. This study evaluated the potential of flupyradifurone in the management of A. gemmatalis. Initially, the toxicity and anti-feeding effects, as well as histopathological and cytotoxic impacts, of flupyradifurone on A. gemmatalis were evaluated. Subsequently, the indirect effects of flupyradifurone on the midgut and fat body of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were verified. The results indicate the susceptibility of caterpillars to flupyradifurone, with an LC50 of 5.10 g L−1. Furthermore, the insecticide adversely affects survival, induces an anti-feeding response, and inflicts damage on the midgut of the caterpillars. However, flupyradifurone also leads to side effects in the predator P. nigrispinus through indirect intoxication of the caterpillars, including midgut and fat body damage. While flupyradifurone demonstrates toxicity to A. gemmatalis, suggesting its potential for the chemical control of this pest, the indirect negative effects on the predator indicate the need for its controlled use in integrated pest management programs with the insecticide and the predator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a global public health concern. However, weaknesses in its management regarding access to integrated HIV care include treatment gaps and loss to follow-up (LTFU) from antiretroviral treatment (ART). This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological and clinical profiles of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in LTFU from HIV care in Campo Grande, Central Brazil. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and April 2022 using secondary data from PLHA who had LTFU in Campo Grande. A total of 852 patients with PLHA were included in this study. The majority of participants in LTFU were male (63.1%), had a CD4 cell count > 200 cells/mm3 (68.2%), and had been treated for ≥ 3 months (86.4%). Only 287 (33.7%) participants had undetectable HIV viral load. Of the total number of patients who returned to treatment during the study period, 448 (54.3%) were LTFU-positive. The tracking strategy was not applied to 556 (65.26%) patients, and 44.4% of the participants had been in spontaneous demand. These results highlight the relevance of patient-centered interventions and the need to ensure early treatment and promote retention in care systems with consequent viral suppression, impacting the healthcare indicators of the population, with emphasis on health managers and stakeholders in HIV care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent research has demonstrated how epigenetic mechanisms regulate the host–virus interactions in COVID-19. It has also shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the three fundamental mechanisms of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and play an important role in viral infections. A pilot study published by our research group identified, through next-generation sequencing (NGS), that miR-4433b-5p, miR-320b, and miR-16–2-3p are differentially expressed between patients with COVID-19 and controls. Thus, the objectives of this study were to validate the expression of these miRNAs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and to perform in silico analyses. Patients with COVID-19 (n = 90) and healthy volunteers (n = 40) were recruited. MiRNAs were extracted from plasma samples and validated using qRT-PCR. In addition, in silico analyses were performed using mirPath v.3 software. MiR-320b was the only miRNA upregulated in the case group com-pared to the control group. The in silico analyses indicated the role of miR-320b in the regulation of the KITLG gene and consequently in the inflammatory process. This study confirmed that miR-320b can distinguish patients with COVID-19 from control participants; however, further research is needed to determine whether this miRNA can be used as a target or a biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical doping is an important approach to manipulating charge-carrier concentration and transport in organic semiconductors (OSCs)1–3 and ultimately enhances device performance4–7. However, conventional doping strategies often rely on the use of highly reactive (strong) dopants8–10, which are consumed during the doping process. Achieving efficient doping with weak and/or widely accessible dopants under mild conditions remains a considerable challenge. Here, we report a previously undescribed concept for the photocatalytic doping of OSCs that uses air as a weak oxidant (p-dopant) and operates at room temperature. This is a general approach that can be applied to various OSCs and photocatalysts, yielding electrical conductivities that exceed 3,000 S cm–1. We also demonstrate the successful photocatalytic reduction (n-doping) and simultaneous p-doping and n-doping of OSCs in which the organic salt used to maintain charge neutrality is the only chemical consumed. Our photocatalytic doping method offers great potential for advancing OSC doping and developing next-generation organic electronic devices.A previously undescribed photocatalytic approach enables the effective p-type and n-type doping of organic semiconductors at room temperature using only widely available weak dopants such as oxygen and triethylamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) are key pollinators of both cultivated and wild plants in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. While most species are found in lowland to mid-elevations, a few have adapted to high elevations, and their biology remains poorly understood. We assess the foraging pattern of Parapartamona zonata (Smith) in the central Andes of Colombia (2583 m.a.s.l.) and apply computer tomography to visualize and characterize its internal nest architecture. Bees foraged for pollen and nesting materials (resin and/or mud) from sunrise (5:40 h) to sunset (17:45), even at ambient temperatures as low as 11 °C. Foraging varied significantly throughout the day and temperature and sky condition explained 47% of its variance. Differences in the nest architecture, when compared with previous records, suggest that nesting behavior might be variable. These results are discussed in the context of behavioral adaptations in this unique environmental niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]