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The role of genetic susceptibility to the development of lymphoma is confirmed by the accumulating data on common genetic variants of the genes involved in lymphomogenesis. The varieties of disease variants, as well as the small effect of each of the polymorphisms, require the analysis of these markers in individual histological lymphoma subtypes in haplotype groups. This study was carried out to analyze the frequencies of rs1042522, rs1625895, and rs17878362, their triple haplotypes, and linkage disequilibrium in patients with diffuse small B-cell lymphoma and a control group. The absence of pronounced linkage disequilibrium between the rs17878362, rs1042522, and rs1625895 markers of the TP53 gene in the population control sample was revealed. At the same time, data on significant linkage disequilibrium between rs1625895 and rs1042522, as well as rs1625895 and rs17878362, and on moderate linkage disequilibrium between rs17878362 and rs1042522 in the group of patients with lymphoma were obtained. An association of the haplotype wArgG in the homozygous state with a predisposition to the development of diffuse small B-cell lymphoma was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of the low incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in non-HIV individuals and because of the lack of specific clinical manifestations and auxiliary examinations, the disease is easily missed or misdiagnosed.Objective: To analyze the imaging features of PCNSL in non-HIV patients.Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with PCNSL treated between January 2001 and December 2011 at the Naval General Hospital (Beijing, China). All included patients were pathologically diagnosed with PCNSL. Specimens were obtained by stereotactic biopsy and diagnosed by pathological examination. Serological panel had to be negative for HIV.Results: Out of the 118 patients, 73 (61.9%) were male and 45 (38.1%) were female. Median age was 54 (range 11-83) years. All patients had B cell lymphoma. The lesions showed slightly hyperintense shadows on computed tomography (CT) images, and mostly hyperintense T1 and iso- or hyperintense T2 signals on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Most lesions showed patchy enhancement after enhanced scanning, and some had the characteristic "butterfly sign" on enhanced MRI. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy of PCNSL manifested as increased Cho peak, moderately decreased NAA peak, and slightly decreased Cr peak. Positron emission computed tomography indicated high metabolism of 18F-FDG in PCNSL lesions.Conclusion: MRI is important in the diagnosis of PCNSL. Understanding the imaging features of PCNSL will help improve its diagnosis in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many studies suggest a role for cholesterol in cancer development. Serum cholesterol levels have been observed to be low in newly diagnosed lymphoma cases. The objective of these analyses was to examine the time-varying relationship of cholesterol with lymphomagenesis in the 10 years prior to diagnosis by lymphoma subtype.Methods: Participants were selected from the combined membership of six National Cancer Institute-funded Cancer Research Network health plans from 1998 to 2008, excluding members with human immunodeficiency virus, cancer (except lymphoma), or organ transplants. Incident lymphoma cases within this population were ascertained and matched with up to five controls. Total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were collected from plan databases. Multilevel, multivariable longitudinal models were fit after choosing the best polynomial order by deviance statistics for selected lymphoma histotypes to examine pre-diagnosis cholesterol trajectories: Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 519) and all non-Hodgkin lymphomas combined (n = 12,635) as well as six subtypes of the latter.Results: For all categories, lymphoma cases had statistically significantly lower estimated total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels than controls in the years prior to diagnosis/index date. Between-group differences were most pronounced 3-4 years prior to diagnosis, when cases' cholesterol levels declined steeply.Conclusions: This analysis is the first to examine changes in serum cholesterol for a decade prior to lymphoma diagnosis. A drop in cholesterol levels was evident several years before diagnosis. Our results suggest that cholesterol-related pathways have an important relationship with lymphomagenesis and low cholesterol could be a preclinical lymphoma marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer cachexia is defined as a state of involuntary weight loss, attributed to altered body composition with muscle mass loss and/or loss of adiposity. Identifying the association between cancer cachexia and outcomes may pave the way for novel agents that target the cancer cachexia process. Clinical parameters for measurement of cancer cachexia are needed. We conducted a single-institution retrospective analysis that included 86 NHL patients with the aim of identifying an association between cancer cachexia and outcomes in aggressive lymphomas using the cachexia index (CXI) suggested by Jafri et al. (Clin Med Insights Oncol 9:87-93, 15). Impact of cachexia factors on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Patients were dichotomized around the median CXI into "non-cachectic" (CXI ≥49.8, n = 41) and "cachectic" (CXI <49.8, n = 40) groups. Cachectic patients had significantly worse PFS (HR 2.18, p = 0.044) and OS (HR = 4.05, p = 0.004) than non-cachectic patients. Cachexia as defined by the CXI is prognostic in aggressive lymphomas and implies that novel therapeutic strategies directed at reversing cachexia may improve survival in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burkitt lymphoma is an uncommon form of aggressive lymphoma affecting approximately 1200 patients per year in the USA. It is characterized by a translocation involving the MYC oncogene. Three subtypes of Burkitt lymphoma are recognized: the endemic form, occurring primarily in Africa and associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); the sporadic form, representing less than 3 % of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL); and the immunodeficiency-associated form, occurring primarily in HIV-infected patients. Burkitt lymphoma appears histologically with a diffuse pattern of intermediate-sized monomorphic B cells, multiple nucleoli, a very high proliferative rate, and frequent mitotic figures. Recent advances in transcriptional profiling have improved the current molecular understanding of Burkitt lymphoma and have better characterized its mutational landscape. Most Burkitt lymphoma patients are cured with intensive treatment; however, prognosis is poor in elderly patients and those with relapsed disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) of childhood include high-grade mature B cell lymphoma [Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (PMLBCL)], anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). The prognosis for children with NHL is generally excellent, although there are some higher risk groups. In this regard, PMLBCL is generally associated with a poorer outcome than BL or DLBCL of comparable stage. The long-term event-free survival for children with ALCL is approximately 70 %. Novel biological agents, including those that target CD-30 or ALK, may hold promise for improving treatment results. Children with LL are treated with regimens derived from those used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Recent biological study of LL may provide insights into revising treatment stratification. The challenge in pediatric NHL, a group that already has a relatively good prognosis, is to improve treatment outcome without increasing concerning late effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we present the results of pathomorphological study of erythron cells from patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma. The revealed associations suggest that tumor cells can modulate the bone marrow and peripheral compartment of the erythron in lymphoproliferative diseases leading to quantitative and morphological changes in bone marrow erythrokaryocytes and peripheral blood erythrocytes. Clinical and pathomorphological markers of dyshemopoiesis associated with the presence of anemia were identified in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. In multiple myeloma, a correlation between the parameters of bone marrow and peripheral compartments of the erythron and structural modifications of myeloma cells infiltrating the bone marrow was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe 25 patients, 14 with classical Hodgkin lymphoma and 11 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in all of whom an excess of Langerhans cells was evident. Except for the first three cases, in which the excess of Langerhans cells was identified on routine slides, the remaining cases were disclosed by actively investigating lymphomas with excess of CD68+ histiocytes and performing CD1a and S-100 protein immunostains. Although no clonality study was performed on the Langerhans cells, we endorse the view which states that in the above association, the Langerhans cells are polyclonal. Fourteen cases of Hodgkin lymphoma with a large number of Langerhans cells were identified in a cohort of 231 classical Hodgkin lymphomas. We compared the features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with abundant Langerhans cells with those without Langerhans cells. Our analysis reveals that Hodgkin lymphoma with Langerhans cell excess shows greater LMP1/EBV expression (P = .007) and lower p53 expression (P = .042) in the Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells but is not associated with a poorer outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-nine cases of non-Hodgkin lymphomas presenting in the thyroid were classified according to Rappaport and Lukes and Collins. In the Rappaport classification there were 19 histiocytic, three mixed, five nodular PDL and two undifferentiated lymphomas. According to Lukes and Collins, 21 cases were follicular center cell lymphomas, eight were immunoblastic sarcomas. Cases classified as histiocytic according to Rappaport fell into the immunoblastic sarcoma and large cleaved or non-cleaved follicular center cell lymphoma groups. Immunoperoxidase studies confirmed the B cell nature of some of these cases. Survival was dependent on clinical stage, but this appeared to reflect the predominant cell type. Thus, follicular center cell lymphomas of the large non-cleaved type presented predominantly in stage I, while immunoblastic sarcoma was mostly stage IV and tumors of the small cleaved follicular center cell (FCC) type had excellent survival despite a usual presentation in stage IV. It is concluded that probably only lymphomas of the large non-cleaved FCC type and immunoblastic sarcoma (IBS) occur as true primary thyroid tumors, while small cleaved FCC lymphomas most likely represent systemic disease when first presenting in the gland. The median survival for large non-cleaved lymphomas in stages I and II was 31.5 months compared to 5.5 months for stage IV IBS. Although strongly suggestive these correlations were not statistically significant. An association with severe chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was observed in 22 cases, including all cases of immunoblastic sarcoma as well as nine of ten large non-cleaved follicular center cell tumors. The prognostic significance of the Lukes-Collins classification is discussed in relation to these examples of thyroid lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material of malignant Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (132 cases), Hodgkin lymphomas (59 cases), angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (2), lymphoepithelioid cell lymphoma (1) and lymph nodes with nonspecific lymphadenitis (8) were studied by a modified immunofluorescence technique for the presence and distribution of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA, K, λ). Cells of lymphoblastic lymphomas of the convoluted type and of chronic lymphocytic leukemias were always Ig-negative. In immunocytic lymphomas tumor cells with morphologic features of plasma cells and plasma cell precursors always exhibited cytoplasmic Ig-staining showing monoclonality in two thirds of the cases (IgM/K, IgM/ λ, IgG/K, IgM/IgG/K). In extramedullary plasmacytomas all cells displayed a bright cytoplasmic Ig-staining. In centrocytic lymphomas and in centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas a honeycomb-like pattern of Ig-staining could be observed. Some centroblasts in centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas and in centroblastic lymphomas showed a granular (surface) staining in addition. Some lymphoblastic lymphomas of the Burkitt type and some of the morphologically 'unclassifiable' lymphoblastic lymphomas exhibited cytoplasmic fluorescence indicative of B-cell origin. In immunoblastic lymphomas almost 50% of the tumors investigated contained Ig-containing tumor cells again favouring their B-cell derivation. In cases of Hodgkin's disease some Hodgkin- and Reed-Sternberg-cells were positive for IgG/K. In angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy Ig-positive intercellular deposits were observed in addition to Ig-positive basement membranes of vessels, plasma cells and plasma cell precursors. All immunoglobulin classes could be detected in this localization though not in single cells. In lymphoepithelioid cell lymphoma (Lennert's lymphoma) only plasma cells and plasma cell precursors gave a positive staining and all immunoglobulin classes were present. In all lymphomas Ig-positive plasma cells and plasma cell precursors were found irrespective of the immunoglobulin content of the tumor cells and may, therefore, be interpreted as being reactive. On the basis of our studies it can be stated that immunomorphologic investigation of conventional biopsy material aids in characterization of Ig-producing lymphomas, and, hence, supplements the classical staining procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunopathological features of (1) lymphocytic non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), (2) follicular centre cell tumours and (3) 'large-cell' NHL are described with particular emphasis on in situ evaluation of cryostat sections using monoclonal antibodies. The immunological phenotypes of tumour cells and the pattern of 'reactive' cellular infiltrates with characteristic differences for the various subtypes are summarized. Immunological membrane features of the following lymphocytic NHL of B lymphocyte origin are discussed in detail: B-CLL (most common phenotype of the lymphoma cells: VIB-C5, To-15, Ia, Leu-1), lymphoplasmocytoid NHL (To-15, Ia), B-prolymphocytic leukaemia (VIB-C5, To15, Ia, Leu (±), FMC-7(±)) and hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL: To-15, Ia, FMC-7). NHL of T-lymphocytes detailed in respect of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome (OKT-3, OKT-4, OKT-11), to subtypes of T-CLL with particular emphasis on the 'azurophilic' type, to T-zone NHL, and to adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (OKT-3, OKT-4, OKT-11, anti-tac), all of them with the usual immunological phenotype of T-helper (T) lymphocytes. NHL with a predominance of T-suppressor (T) lymphocytes include the immunoblastic lymphadenopathy like T-cell lymphoma (OKT-3, OKT-8, OKT-11) and some lymphoepitheloid (Lennert) lymphomas. Immunological features of follicular centre cell tumours are discussed with emphasis on similarities and differences with the normal germinal centre. Tumour cells usually show the following membrane phenotype: centroblastic/centrocytic (cb/cc: To-15, VIL-A1, Ia; meshwork of non-neoplastic R4/23+, To-5+DRC), centrocytic (VIB-C5, To-15, Leu-1, Ia; R4/23 and To-5 meshwork), centroblastic (cb, To-5, To-15, Ia, VIL-Al±). 'Large-cell' NHL include the last entity (cb), immunoblastic (B-ib, T-ib) and lymphoblastic (lb) NHL and are discussed in respect to B-ib (Ia, To-15±, VIL-Al±), T-lb (WT-1, OKT-6±, OKT-11±), pre-B-lb (VIB-C5, Ia, TdT, VIL-Al±) and Burkitt-type NHL (VIB-C5, VIL-A1, Ia, sIg). 'Reactive' cellular infiltrates may account for a large fraction of the cellular content of NHL (e.g. the mean T and T content amount to about 40% of that seen in normal lymph nodes). In comparison to other NHL B-CLL and cb/cc showed the highest, HCL the lowest number of T. T exhibited less typical alterations. With the HNK 1 antibody as marker of putative natural killer (NK cells) high numbers of positive cells were found in cb/cc (and in some CLL and other NHL), sparse infiltrates in lb NHL. The highest number of cells with the phenotype of macrophages were usually found in ib NHL. We conclude that immunological typing of tumour cells as well as of 'reactive' cellular infiltrates is of major interest not only in the evaluation of tumour cell characteristics but also with respect to the microenvironment of lymphomas and the host response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and their helper/inducer, cytotoxic/suppressor and NK/K subpopulations was measured in peripheral blood and spleen cell suspensions from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in the active stage of the disease and in remission status, as well as in Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) in active stage of the disease. B lymphocytes were determined by direct immunofluorescence and T lymphocytes with the E rosette technique. Helper/inducer, cytotoxic/suppressor, and NK/K T lymphocytes were determined by indirect immunofluorescence with the monoclonal antibodies OKT4, OKT8 and Leu7 (HNK1). In the same way, Lyt3 was used for determination of the total T lymphocytes. Whereas in peripheral blood of the NHL group an increase of B lymphocytes and a slight reduction of T lymphocytes could be observed, with normal distribution of the subpopulations, in patients with active HD as well as in those in remission, a marked absolute and relative decrease of T helper/inducer cells was found with normal cytotoxic/suppressor and NK/K proportion. In contrast to this, a significant increase of helper/inducer T lymphocytes with decreased cytotoxic/suppressor T proportion was found in spleen cell suspensions of patients with HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]