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1. The FLUXNET 20165 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle, Cheah, You - Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jiquan, Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Riveca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Altaf Arain, M., Ardo, Jonas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Dennis, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas Andrew, Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean - Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosuel, Brodeur, Jason, Brummer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Issac, Christensen, Storben, Cleverly, James, Collatti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce, Cook, David, Coversolle, Carole, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curtis, Peter, D'Andrea, Ettore, da Rocha, Humberto, Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth, De Cinti, Bruno, de Grandcourt, agnes, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo, di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dušek, Jiří, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michael L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Hansen, Birger Ulf, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janouš, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew, Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingnian, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank A., Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Matthes, Jaclyn Hatala, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott D., Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy, Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Novick, Kimberly, Oechel, Walter, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Papuga, Shirley A., Parmentier, Frans-Jan, Paul-Limoges, Eugenie, Pavelka, Marian, Peichl, Matthias, Pendall, Elise, Phillips, Richard P., Pilegaard, Kim, Pirk, Norbert, Posse Beaulieu, Gabriela, Powell, Thomas, Prasse, Heiko, Prober, Suzanne M., Rambal, Serge, Rannik, Üllar, Raz-Yaseef, Naama, Reed, David, Resco de Dios, Victor, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Reverter, Borja R., Roland, Marilyn, Sabbatini, Simone, Sachs, Torsten, Saleska, Scott R., Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Sanchez-Mejia, Zulia M., Schmid, Hans Peter, Schmidt, Marius, Schneider, Karl, Schrader, Frederik, Schroder, Ivan, Scott, Russell L., Sedlák, Pavel, Serrano-Ortíz, Penélope, Shao, Changliang, Shi, Peili, Shironya, Ivan, Siebicke, Lukas, Šigut, Ladislav, Silberstein, Richard, Sirca, Costantino, Spano, Donatella, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Stevens, Robert M., Sturtevant, Cove, Suyker, Andy, Tagesson, Torbern, Takanashi, Satoru, Tang, Yanhong, Tapper, Nigel, Thom, Jonathan, Tiedemann, Frank, Tomassucci, Michele, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Urbanski, Shawn, Valentini, Riccardo, van der Molen, Michiel, van Gorsel, Eva, van Huissteden, Ko, Varlagin, Andrej, Verfaillie, Joseph, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Vitale, Domenico, Vygodskaya, Natalia, Walker, Jeffrey P., Walter-Shea, Elizabeth, Wang, Huimin, Weber, Robin, Westermann, Sebastian, Wille, Christian, Wofsy, Steven, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Woodgate, William, Li, Yuelin, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhang, Junhui, Zhou, Guoyi, Zona, Donatella, Agarwal, Deb, Biraud, Sebastien, Torn, Margaret, and Papale, Dario

Subjects
Remote Sensing, Red de Datos, Tratados, Treaties, Teledetección, Covarianza de Remolinos, Garantía de Calidad, Quality Assurance, Eddy Covariance, Data Network
Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible. Fil: Pastorello, Gilberto. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Trotta, Carlo. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia Fil: Canfora, Eleonora. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia Fil: Chu, Housen. Lawrence Berkeley national Laboratory. Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Christianson, Danielle. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Cheah, You - Wei. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Poindexter, Cristina. California State University. Department of Civil Engineering; Estados Unidos Fil: Chen, Jiquan. Michigan State University. Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Elbashandy, Abdelrah man. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Humphrey, Marty. University of Virginia. Department of Computer Science; Estados Unidos Fil: Isaac, Peter. TeRn Ecosystrem Processes; Australia Fil: Polidori, Diego. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia Fil: Riveca, Alessio. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia Fil: van Ingen, Catharine. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Zhang, Leiming. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling; China Fil: Amiro, Brian. University of Manitoba. Department of Soil Science; Canadá Fil: Ammann, Christof. Agroscope Research Institute. Department of Agroecology and Environment; Suiza Fil: Altaf Arain, M. McMaster University. School of Geography and Earth Sciences; Canadá. Fil: Ardo, Jonas. Lund University. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science; Suecia Fil: Arkebauer, Timothy. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture; Estados Unidos Fil: Arndt, Stefan K. The University of Melbourne. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences; Australia Fil: Arriga, Nicola. University of Antwerp. Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO; Bélgica. European Commission. Joint Research Centre; Italia Fil: Aubinet, Marc. University of Liege. TeRRA Teaching and Research Center; Bélgica Fil: Aurela, Mika. Finnish Meteorological Institute; Finlandia Fil: Baldocchi, Dennis. University of California Berkeley. ESPM; Estados Unidos Fil: Barr, Alan. University of Saskatchewan. Global Institute for Water Security; Canadá. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Climate Research Division; Canadá. Fil: Beamesderfer, Eric. McMaster University. School of Geography and Earth Sciences; Canadá. Fil: Belelli Marchesini, Luca. Fondazione Edmund Mach. Research and Innovation Centre. Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources; Italia. RUDN University. Agrarian-Technological Institute. Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems; Rusia Fil: Bergeron, Onil. Ministère du Développement durable de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques. Direction du Marché du Carbone; Canadá. Fil: Beringer, Jason. University of Western Australia. School of Agriculture and Environment; Australia. Fil: Bernhofer, Christia. Technische Universität Dresden. Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology; Alemania Fil: Berveiller, Daniel. Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution; Francia Fil: Billesbach, Dave. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Biological Systems Engineering; Estados Unidos Fil: Black, Tomas Andrew. University of British Columbia. Faculty of Land and Food Systems; Canadá. Fil: Blanken, Peter D. University of Colorado. Department of Geography; Estados Unidos Fil: Bohrer, Gil. Ohio State University. Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering; Estados Unidos Fil: Boike, Julia Alfred. Wegener Institute. Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Alemania. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania Fil: Bolstad, Paul V. University of Minnesota. Forest Resources; Estados Unidos Fil: Bonal, Damien. Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva; Francia Fil: Bonnefond, Jean - Marc. ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE; Francia Fil: Bowling, David R. University of Utah. School of Biological Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Bracho, Rosuel. University of Florida.School of Forest Resources and Conservation; Estados Unidos Fil: Brodeur, Jason. McMaster University. McMaster University Library; Estados Unidos Fil: Brummer, Christian. Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries. Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture; Alemania Fil: Buchmann, Nina. ETH. Department of Environmental Systems Science; Suiza Fil: Burban, Benoit. INRAE UMR ECOFOG; Guyana Francesa Fil: Burns, Sean P. University of Colorado. Department of Geography; Estados Unidos. National Center for Atmospheric Research. Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory; Estados Unidos Fil: Buysse, Pauline. Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS; Francia Fil: Cale, Peter. Australian Landscape Trust; Australia Fil: Cavagna, Mauro. Fondazione Edmund Mach. Research and Innovation Centre. Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources; Italia Fil: Cellier, Pierre. Université Paris-Saclay. INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS; Francia Fil: Che, Shiping. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Botany. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; China Fil: Chini, Issac. Fondazione Edmund Mach. Research and Innovation Centre. Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources; Italia Fil: Christensen, Storben. Aarhus University. Arctic Research Center. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca Fil: Cleverly, James. University of Technology. School of Life Sciences; Australia. University of Technology. Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network; Australia. Fil: Collalti, Alessio. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. National Research Council of Italy. Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean; Italia Fil: Consalvo, Claudia. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. National Research Council of Italy. Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems; Italia Fil: Cook, Bruce. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Biospheric Sciences Laboratory; Estados Unidos Fil: Cook, David. Argonne National Laboratory. Environmental Science Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Coursolle, Carole. Natural Resources Canada. Canadian Forest Service; Canadá. Université Laval. Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique. Centre d’étude de la Forêt; Canadá Fil: Cremonose, Edoardo. Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley. Climate Change Unit; Italia Fil: Curtis, Peter. Ohio State University. Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: D'Andrea, Ettore. National Research Council of Italy. Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean; Italia Fil: da Rocha, Humberto. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas; Brasil Fil: Dai, Xiaoqin. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling; China. Fil: Davis, Kenneth. The Pennsylvania State University. Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science; Estados Unidos Fil: De Cinti, Bruno. National Research Council of Italy. Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems; Italia Fil: de Grandcourt, Agnes. UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD; Francia Fil: De Ligne, Anne. University of Liege. TeRRA Teaching and Research Center; Bélgica Fil: De Oliveira, Raimundo C. Pedology, Embrapa Amazonia Oriental; Brasil. Fil: Delpierre, Nicolas. Université Paris-Saclay. CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution; Francia Fil: Desai, Ankur R. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentina Fil: di Tommasi, Paul. National Research Council of Italy. Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean; Italia Fil: Dolman, Han. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Department of Earth Sciences; Holanda Fil: Domingo, Francisco. CSIC. Experimental Station of Arid Zones. Desertification and Geoecology Department; España Fil: Dong, Gang. Shanxi University. School of Life Science; China. Fil: Dore, Sabina. HydroFocus; Estados Unidos Fil: Duce, Pierpaolo. National Research Council of Italy. Institute of Bioeconomy; Italia Fil: Dufrêne, Eric. Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS., AgroParisTech. Ecologie Systématique et Evolution; Francia Fil: Dunn, Allison. Worcester State University. Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics; Estados Unidos Fil: Dušek, Jiri. Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes; República Checa Fil: Eamus Derek. University of Technology. School of Life Sciences; Australia. Fil: Eichelmann, Uwe.Technische Universität Dresden. Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology; Alemania Fil: ElKhidir, Hatim abdalla M. elObeid. Agricultural Research Corporation. Research Station; Sudán Fil: Eugster, Wener. ETH. Department of Environmental Systems Science; Suiza Fil: Ewenz, Cacilia M. Airborne Research Australia. TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node; Australia Fil: Ewers, Brent. University of Wyoming. Department of Botany. Program in Ecology; Estados Unidos Fil: Famulari, Daniela. National Research Council of Italy. Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean; Italia Fil: Fares, Silvano. National Research Council of Italy. Institute of BioEconomy; Italia Fil: Feigenwinter, Iris. ETH. Department of Environmental Systems Science; Suiza Fil: Feitz, Andrew. Geoscience Australia; Australia Fil: Fensholt, Rasmus. University of Copenhagen. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; Dinamarca Fil: Filippa, Gianluca. Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley. Climate Change Unit; Italia Fil: Fischer, Marc. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Frank, John. USDA Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station; Estados Unidos Fil: Galvagno, Marta. Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley. Climate Change Unit; Italia Fil: Gharun, Mana. ETH. Department of Environmental Systems Science; Suiza Fil: Gianelle, Damiano. Fondazione Edmund Mach. Research and Innovation Centre. Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources; Italia Fil: Gielen, Bert. University of Antwerp. Department of Biology. Research Group PLECO; Bélgica Fil: Gioli, Beniamino. National Research Council of Italy. Institute of BioEconomy; Italia Fil: Gitelson, Anatoly. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. School of natural Resources; Estados Unidos Fil: Goded, Ignacio. Joint Research Centre, European Commission; Italia Fil: Goeckede, Mathias. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Alemania Fil: Goldstein. Allen H. University of California Berkeley. ESPM; Estados Unidos Fil: Gough, Christopher M. Virginia Commonwealth University. Department of Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Goulden, Michael L. University of California Irvine. Department of Earth System Science; Estados Unidos Fil: Graf, Alexander. Agrosphere. (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich; Alemania Fil: Griebel, Anne. The University of Melbourne. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences; Australia Fil: Gruening, Carsten. Joint Research Centre, European Commission; Italia Fil: Grünwald, Thomas. Technische Universität Dresden. Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology; Alemania Fil: Hammerle, Albin. University of Innsbruck. Department of Ecology; Austria. Fil: Han, Shijie. Henan University. School of Life Sciences. International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; China. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Applied Ecology; China. Fil: Han, Xingguo. Chinese Academy of Sciences.Institute of Botany. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; China Fil: Hansen, Birger Ulf. University of Copenhagen. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; Dinamarca Fil: Hanson, Chad. Oregon State University. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Estados Unidos Fil: , Juha Hatakka, Juha. Finnish Meteorological Institute; Finlandia Fil: He, Yongtao. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling; China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. College of Resources and Environment; China Fil: Hehn, Markus. Technische Universität Dresden. Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology; Alemania Fil: Heinesch, Bernard. University of Liege. TeRRA Teaching and Research Center; Bélgica Fil: Hinko-Najera, Nina. The University of Melbourne. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences; Australia. Fil: Hörtnagl, Lukas. ETH. Department of Environmental Systems Science; Suiza. Fil: Hutley, Lindsay. Charles Darwin University. Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Australia Fil: Ibrom, Andreas. Technical University of Denmark. Department of Environmental Engineering; Dinamarca Fil: Ikawa, Hiroki. National Agriculture and Food Research Organization. Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences; Japón Fil: Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin. Lund University. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science; Suecia. Aarhus University. Arctic Research Center. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca Fil: Janouš, Dalibor. Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes; República Checa Fil: Jans, Wilma. Wageningen University and Research. Wageningen Environmental Research; Holanda Fil: Jassal, Rachhpal. University of British Columbia. Faculty of Land and Food Systems; Canadá. Fil: Jiang, Shicheng. Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University. Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology; China Fil: Kato, Tomomichi. Hokkaido University. Research Faculty of Agriculture; Japón. Hokkaido University. GICore; Japón Fil: Khomik, Myroslava. Geography and Environmental Management; Canadá. Fil: Klatt, Janina. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research; Alemania Fil: Knohl, Alexander. University of Goettingen. Bioclimatology; Alelmania. University of Goettingen. Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use; Alemania Fil: Knox, Sara. The University of British Columbia. Department of Geography; Canadá Fil: Kobayashi, Hideki. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Research Institute for Global change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research; Japón Fil: Koerber, Georgia. University of Adelaide. Biological Sciences; Australia. Fil: Kolle, Olaf. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Alemania Fil: Kosugi, Yoshiko. Kyoto University. Graduate School of Agriculture; Japón Fil: Kotani, Ayumi. Nagoya University. Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Japón Fil: Kowalski, Andrew. University of Granada. Department of Applied Physics; España Fil: Kruijt, Bart. Wageningen University, Wageningen. Water systems and Global Change group; Holanda Fil: Kurbatova; Julia A. Russian Academy of Sciences. Severtsov institute of Ecology and Evolution; Rusia Fil: Kutsch, Werner L. Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC). Head Office; Finlandia Fil: Kwon, Hyojung. Oregon State University. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Launiainen, Samuli. Natural Resources Institute Finland; Finlandia Fil: Laurila, Tuomas. Finnish Meteorological Institute; Finlandia Fil: Law, Bev. Oregon State University. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Leuning. Ray. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Li, Yingnian. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Northwest institute of Plateau Biology. Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; China Fil: Liddell, Michael. James Cook University. Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies; Australia. Fil: Limousin, Jean-Marc. CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier: Francia Fil: Lion, Marryanna. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Forestry and Environment Division; Malasia Fil: Lohila, Annalea. University of Helsinki. Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics; Finlandia Fil: López-Ballesteros, Ana. Trinity College Dublin. School of Natural Sciences. Department of Botany; Irlanda Fil: López-Blanco, Efren. Aarhus University. Arctic Research Center. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca Fil: Loubet, Benjamin. Université Paris-Saclay. INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS; Francia Fil: Lucas-Moffat, Antje. Centre for Agrometeorological Research. German Meteorological Service; Alemania Fil: Lüers, Johannes. University of Bayreuth. Micrometeorology; Alemania. Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research; Alemania Fil: Ma, Siyan. University of California Berkeley. ESPM; Estados Unidos Fil: Macfarlane, Craig. CSIRO Land and Water; Australia Fi: Magliulo, Vincenzo. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Mammarella, Ivan. University of Helsinki . Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics; Finlandia Fil: Manca, Giovanni. Joint Research Centre, European Commission; Italia Fil: Marras, Serena. University of Sassari. Department of Agriculture; Italia Fil: Massman, William. USDA Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station; Estados Unidos Fil: Mastepanov, Mikhail. University of Oulu. Oulanka Research Station; Finlandia Fil: Matamala, Roser. Argonne National Laboratory. Environmental Science Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Matthes, Jaclyn Hatala. Wellesley College. Department of Biological Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: , Mazzenga, Francesco. National Research Council of Italy. Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems; Italia Fil: McCaughey, Harry. Queen’s University. Department of Geography and Planning; Canadá. Fil: McHugh, Ian. The University of Melbourne. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences; Australia. Fil: McMillan, Andrew M.S. Environmental Analytics nZ, Ltd.; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Merbold, Lutz. International Livestock Research Institute. Mazingira Centre; Kenia. Fil: Meyer, Wayne. University of Adelaide. Biological Sciences; Australia. Fil: Meyers, Tilden. NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory; Estados Unidos Fil: Miller, Scott D. State University of New York at Albany. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Minerbi, Stefano. Forest Department of South Tyrol; Italia Fil: Monson, Russell K. University of Arizona. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Montagnani, Leonardo. Forest Department of South Tyrol; Italia. Free University of Bolzano. Faculty of Science and Technology; Italia Fil: Moore, Caitlin E. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Department of Plant Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Moors, Eddy. IHE Delft: Holanda. VU Amsterdam. Faculty of Science; Holanda Fil: Moreaux, Virginie. University Grenoble Alpes; Francia Fil: Moureaux, Christine. University of Liege. TeRRA Teaching and Research Center; Bélgica Fil: Munger, J. William. Harvard University. School of engineering and Applied Sciences; Estados Unidos. Harvard University. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Nakai, Taro. National Taiwan University. School of forestry and Resource conservation; Taiwan. University of Alaska Fairbanks. International Arctic Research Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Neirynck, Johan. Research Institute for Nature and Forest. Environment and Climate; Bélgica Fil: Nesic, Zoran. University of British Columbia. Faculty of Land and Food Systems; Canadá Fil: Nicolini, Giacomo. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia Fil: Noormets, Asko. Texas A&M University. College Station. Department of Ecosystem Science and Management; Estados Unidos Fil: Northwood, Matthew. Charles Darwin University. Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Australia Fil: Nosetto, Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis. Grupo de Estudios Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina Fil: Nouvellon, Yann. Université Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro. Eco&Sols; Francia Fil: Novick, Kimberly O’Neill. Indiana University Bloomington. School of Public and Environmental Affairs; Estados Unidos Fil: Oechel, Walter. San Diego State University. Department of Biology. Global Change Research Group; Estados Unidos. University of Exeter. College of Life and Environmental Sciences. Department of Geography; Reino Unido Fil: Olesen, Jørgen Eivind. Aarhus University. Department of Agroecology; Dinamarca. Aarhus University. iCLIMATE; Dinamarca Fil: Ourcival, Jean-Marc. CEFE, CNRS, Université Montpellier; Francia Fil: Papuga, Shirley A. Wayne State University. Department of Geology; Estados Unidos Fil: Parmentier, Frans-Jan. University of Oslo. Department of Geosciences; Noruega Fil: Paul-Limoges, Eugenie. University of Zurich. Department of Geography; Suiza Fil: Pavelka, Marian. Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes; República Checa Fil: Peichl, Matthias. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Suecia Fil: Pendall, Elise. Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Australia Fil: Phillips, Richard P. Indiana University Bloomington. Department of Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Pilegaard, Kim. Technical University of Denmark. Department of Environmental Engineering; Dinamarca Fil: Pirk, Norbert. CSiRO Land and Water; Australia. Fil: Posse Beaulieu, Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentina Fil: Powell, Thomas. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Prasse, Heiko. Technische Universität Dresden. Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology; Alemania Fil: Reed, David. Michigan State University. Center for Global Change & Earth Observations: Estados Unidos. Michigan State University. Center for Global Change & Earth Observations; Estados Unidos Fil: Resco de Dios, Víctor. Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Australia. Southwest University of Science and Technology. School of Life Science and Engineering; China Fil: Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia. University of Arizona. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Reverter, Borja R. Universidade Federal da Paraiba. Departamento de Química e Física; Brasil Fil: Roland, Marilyn. University of Antwerp. Department of Biology. Research Group PLECO; Bélgica Fil: Sabbatini, Simone. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Fil: Sachs, Torsten. GfZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics; Alemania Fil: Saleska, Scott R. University of Arizona. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P. University of Granada. Department of Applied Physics; España. Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA); España Fil: Sanchez-Mejia, Zulia M. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora. Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente; México Fil: Schmid, Hans Peter. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research; Alemania Fil: Schmidt, Marius. Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich; Alemania Fil: Schneider, Karl. University of Cologne. Geographical Institute; Alemania Fil: Schrader, Frederik Thünen. Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries. Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture; Alemania Fil: Schroder, Ivan. Geoscience Australia. Department of industry, Innovation and Science; Australia. Fil: Scott, Russell L. USDA-ARS. Southwest Watershed Research Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Sedlák, Pavel. Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes; República Checa. Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; República Checa Fil: Serrano-Ortíz, Penélope. Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA); España. University of Granada. Department of Ecology; España Fil: Shao, Changliang. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning; China. Fil: Shi, Peili. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling; China. Fil: Shironya, Ivan A.n. Russian Academy of Sciences. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution; Rusia Fil: Siebicke, Lukas. University of Goettingen. Bioclimatology; Alemania Fil: Šigut, Ladislav. Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes; República Checa Fil: Silberstein, Richard. University of Western Australia. School of Agriculture and Environment; Australia. Edith Cowan University. School of Science; Australia. Fil: Sirca, Costantino. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia. University of Sassari. Department of Agriculture; Italia Fil: Spano, Donatella. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia. University of Sassari. Department of Agriculture; Italia Fil: Steinbrecher, Rainer. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research; Alemania Fil: Stevens, Robert M. Sentek Pty Ltd.; Australia Fil: Sturtevant, Cove. National ecological Observatory Network Program; Estados Unidos Fil: Suyker, Andy. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. School of Natural Resources; Estados Unidos Fil: Tagesson, Torbem. Lund University. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science; Suecia. University of Copenhagen. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; Dinamarca Fil: Takanashi, Satoru. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. Kansai Research Center; Japón Fil: Tang, Yanhong. Peking University. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences; China. Fil: Tapper, Nigel. Monash University. School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment; Australia Fil: Thom, Jonathan. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Space Science and Engineering Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Tiedemann, Frank. University of Goettingen. Bioclimatology; Alemania Fil: Tomassucci, Michele. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Terrasystem srl; Italia Fil: Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka. Finnish Meteorological Institute; Finlandia Fil: Urbanski, Shawn. USDA Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station; Estados Unidos Fil: Valentini, Riccardo. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia Fil: van der Molen, Michiel. Wageningen University. Meteorology and Air Quality Group; Holanda Fil: van Gorsel, Eva. Australian National University Canberra. Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australia. Fil: van Huissteden, Ko. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Department of Earth Sciences; Holanda Fil: Varlagin, Andrej. Agroscope Research Institute. Department of Agroecology and Environment; Suiza Fil: Verfaillie, Joseph. University of California Berkeley. ESPM; Estados Unidos Fil: Vesala, Timo. University of Helsinki. Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics; Finlandia Fil: Vincke, Caroline. Chinese Academy of Sciences. South China Botanical Garden; China. Fil: Vitale, Domenico. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia Fil: Vygodskaya, Natalia. University of Bayreuth. Micrometeorology; Alemania Fil: Walker, Jeffrey P. Monash University. Department of Civil Engineering; Australia Fil: Walter-Shea, Elizabeth. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. School of natural Resources; Estados Unidos Fil: Wang, Huimin. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling; China Fil: Weber, Robin. University of California Berkeley. ESPM; Estados Unidos Fil: Westermann, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentina. Fil: Wille, Christian. GfZ German Research centre for Geosciences. Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics; Alemania Fil: Wofsy, Steven. Harvard University. School of engineering and Applied Sciences; Estados Unidos. Harvard University. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Wohlfahrt, Georg. University of Innsbruck. Department of Ecology; Austria. Fil: Woodgate, William. CSIRO Land and Water; Australia. Fil: Li, Yuelin. Chinese Academy of Sciences. South China Botanical Garden; China. Fil: Zampedri, Roberto. Fondazione Edmund Mach. Research and Innovation Centre. Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources; Italia Fil: Zhang, Junhui. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Applied Ecology; China. Fil: Zhou, Guoyi. Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology. College of Applied Meteorology; China. Fil: Zona, Donatella. San Diego State University. Department of Biology. Global Change Research Group; Estados Unidos. University of Sheffield. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; Reino Unido Fil: Agarwal, Deb. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Computational Research Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Biraud, Sebastien. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Torn, Margaret. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division; Estados Unidos Fil: Papale, Dario. University of Tuscia. DiBAf; Italia. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC); Italia

Published
2020

2. Carbon response of tundra ecosystems to advancing greenup and snowmelt in Alaska.

Author

Kim, JiHyun, Kim, Yeonjoo, Zona, Donatella, Oechel, Walter, Park, Sang-Jong, Lee, Bang-Yong, Yi, Yonghong, Erb, Angela, and Schaaf, Crystal L.

Subjects
TUNDRAS, SNOWMELT, CARBON cycle, ECOSYSTEM dynamics, ECOLOGICAL disturbances, PERMAFROST ecosystems, ECOSYSTEMS, CARBON
Abstract

The ongoing disproportionate increases in temperature and precipitation over the Arctic region may greatly alter the latitudinal gradients in greenup and snowmelt timings as well as associated carbon dynamics of tundra ecosystems. Here we use remotely-sensed and ground-based datasets and model results embedding snowmelt timing in phenology at seven tundra flux tower sites in Alaska during 2001–2018, showing that the carbon response to early greenup or delayed snowmelt varies greatly depending upon local climatic limits. Increases in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) due to early greenup were amplified at the higher latitudes where temperature and water strongly colimit vegetation growth, while NEP decreases due to delayed snowmelt were alleviated by a relief of water stress. Given the high likelihood of more frequent delayed snowmelt at higher latitudes, this study highlights the importance of understanding the role of snowmelt timing in vegetation growth and terrestrial carbon cycles across warming Arctic ecosystems. The ongoing disproportionate increases in temperature and precipitation in the Alaska may alter the latitudinal gradients in greenup and snowmelt timings as well as carbon dynamics. With a broad range of datasets and model results, the authors show that the carbon response to early greenup or delayed snowmelt varies greatly depending upon local climatic limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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3. The Cooling Trend of Canopy Temperature During the Maturation, Succession, and Recovery of Ecosystems.

Author

Lin, Hua, Fan, Zexin, Shi, Leilei, Arain, Altaf, McCaughey, Harry, Billesbach, Dave, Siqueira, Mario, Bracho, Rosvel, and Oechel, Walter

Subjects
VEGETATION & climate, BIOCLIMATOLOGY, SURFACE temperature, SURFACE properties, FOREST degradation
Abstract

The maximum exergy dissipation theory provides a theoretical basis for using surface temperature to measure the status and development of ecosystems, which could provide an early warning of rapid evaluation of ecosystem degradation. In the present study, we used the radiation balance of ecosystems to demonstrate this hypothesis theoretically. Further, we used empirical data to verify whether ecosystems gain more radiation, while lowering their surface temperatures, as they develop naturally. We analyzed 12 chronosequences from the FLUXNET database using meteorological data and heat fluxes. We included age, disturbance, and successional chronosequences across six climate zones. Net radiation ( R ) and the ratio of net radiation to global radiation ( R / R ) were used to measure the energy gain of the ecosystems. The maximum daily air temperature above the canopy ( T ) and thermal response number ( TRN) were used to analyze the surface temperature trends with ecosystem natural development. The general trends of T , TRN, R , and R /R demonstrated that ecosystems become cooler and more stable, yet gain more energy, throughout their natural development. Among the four indicators, TRN showed the most consistent trends and highest sensitivity to ecosystem growth, succession, and recovery. Moreover, TRN was not significantly influenced by precipitation or wind. We propose that TRN can be used to rapidly evaluate or warn of ecosystem disturbance, senescence, and degradation without prior knowledge of species composition, nutrient status, and complex ecosystem processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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4. Vegetation Type Dominates the Spatial Variability in CH Emissions Across Multiple Arctic Tundra Landscapes.

Author

Davidson, Scott, Sloan, Victoria, Phoenix, Gareth, Wagner, Robert, Fisher, James, Oechel, Walter, and Zona, Donatella

Subjects
VEGETATION & climate, CLIMATE change, SOIL moisture, TUNDRAS, TUNDRA ecology, METHANE
Abstract

Methane (CH) emissions from Arctic tundra are an important feedback to global climate. Currently, modelling and predicting CH fluxes at broader scales are limited by the challenge of upscaling plot-scale measurements in spatially heterogeneous landscapes, and by uncertainties regarding key controls of CH emissions. In this study, CH and CO fluxes were measured together with a range of environmental variables and detailed vegetation analysis at four sites spanning 300 km latitude from Barrow to Ivotuk (Alaska). We used multiple regression modelling to identify drivers of CH flux, and to examine relationships between gross primary productivity (GPP), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CH fluxes. We found that a highly simplified vegetation classification consisting of just three vegetation types (wet sedge, tussock sedge and other) explained 54% of the variation in CH fluxes across the entire transect, performing almost as well as a more complex model including water table, sedge height and soil moisture (explaining 58% of the variation in CH fluxes). Substantial CH emissions were recorded from tussock sedges in locations even when the water table was lower than 40 cm below the surface, demonstrating the importance of plant-mediated transport. We also found no relationship between instantaneous GPP and CH fluxes, suggesting that models should be cautious in assuming a direct relationship between primary production and CH emissions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of vegetation as an integrator of processes controlling CH emissions in Arctic ecosystems, and provide a simplified framework for upscaling plot scale CH flux measurements from Arctic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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6. Effects on the Function of Arctic Ecosystems the Short- and Long-term Perspectives.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., and Shaver, Gus

Subjects
PLANT nutrients, CARBON, FORCE & energy, GREENHOUSE gases
Abstract

Historically, the function of Arctic ecosystems in terms of cycles of nutrients and carbon has led to low levels of primary production and exchanges of energy, water and greenhouse gases have led to low local and regional cooling. Sequestration of carbon from atmospheric CO2, in extensive, cold organic soils and the high albedo from low, snow-covered vegetation have had impacts on regional climate. However, many aspects of the functioning of Arctic ecosystems are sensitive to changes in climate and its impacts on biodiversity. The current Arctic climate results in slow rates of organic matter decomposition. Arctic ecosystems therefore tend to accumulate organic matter and elements despite low inputs. As a result, soil-available elements like nitrogen and phosphorus are key limitations to increases in carbon fixation and further biomass and organic matter accumulation. Climate warming is expected to increase carbon and element turnover, particularly in soils, which may lead to initial losses of elements but eventual, slow recovery. Individual species and species diversity have clear impacts on element inputs and retention in Arctic ecosystems. Effects of increased CO2 and UV-B on whole ecosystems, on the other hand, are likely to be small although effects on plant tissue chemisty, decomposition and nitrogen fixation may become important in the long-term. Cycling of carbon in trace gas form is mainly as CO2 and CH4. Most carbon loss is in the form of CO2, produced by both plants and soil biota. Carbon emissions as methane from wet and moist tundra ecosystems are about 5% of emissions as CO2 and are responsive to warming in the absence of any other changes. Winter processes and vegetation type also affect CH4 emissions as well as exchanges of energy between biosphere and atmosphere. Arctic ecosystems exhibit the largest seasonal changes in energy exchange of any terrestrial ecosystem... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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7. Uncertainties and Recommendations.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., and Shaver, Gus

Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY, ULTRAVIOLET radiation, BIOTIC communities, BIODIVERSITY
Abstract

An assessment of the impacts of changes in climate and UV-B radiation on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems, made within the Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment (ACIA), highlighted the profound implications of projected warming in particular for future ecosystem services, biodiversity and feedbacks to climate. However, although our current understanding of ecological processes and changes driven by climate and UV-B is strong in some geographical areas and in some disciplines, it is weak in others. Even though recently the strength of our predictions has increased dramatically with increased research effort in the Arctic and the introduction of new technologies, our current understanding is still constrained by various uncertainties. The assessment is based on a range of approaches that each have uncertainties, and on data sets that are often far from complete. Uncertainties arise from methodologies and conceptual frameworks, from unpredictable surprises, from lack of validation of models, and from the use of particular scenarios, rather than predictions, of future greenhouse gas emissions and climates. Recommendations to reduce the uncertainties are wide-ranging and relate to all disciplines within the assessment. However, a repeated theme is the critical importance of achieving an adequate spatial and long-term coverage of experiments, observations and monitoring of environmental changes and their impacts throughout the sparsely populated and remote region that is the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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8. Synthesis of Effects in Four Arctic Subregions.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, Schaphoff, Sibyll, Sitch, Stephen, and Zöckler, Christoph

Subjects
BIOTIC communities, CLIMATE change, BIODIVERSITY, VEGETATION & climate
Abstract

An assessment of impacts on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems has emphasized geographical variability in responses of species and ecosystems to environmental change. This variability is usually associated with north-south gradients in climate, biodiversity, vegetation zones, and ecosystem structure and function. It is clear, however, that significant east-west variability in environment, ecosystem structure and function, environmental history, and recent climate variability is also important. Some areas have cooled while others have become warmer. Also, east-west differences between geographical barriers of oceans, archipelagos and mountains have contributed significantly in the past to the ability of species and vegetation zones to relocate in response to climate changes, and they have created the isolation necessary for genetic differentiation of populations and biodiversity hot-spots to occur. These barriers will also affect the ability of species to relocate during projected future warming. To include this east-west variability and also to strike a balance between overgeneralization and overspecialization, the ACIA identified four major sub regions based on large-scale differences in weather and climate-shaping factors. Drawing on information, mostly model output that can be related to the four ACIA subregions, it is evident that geographical barriers to species re-location, particularly the distribution of landmasses and separation by seas, will affect the northwards shift in vegetation zones. The geographical constraints--or facilitation--of northward movement of vegetation zones will affect the future storage and release of carbon, and the exchange of energy and water between biosphere and atmosphere. In addition, differences in the ability of vegetation zones to re-locate will affect the biodiversity associated with each zone while the number of species threatened by climate change varies greatly between subregions with a significant hot-spot in Beringia... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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9. Effects of Changes in Climate on Landscape and Regional Processes, and Feedbacks to the Climate System.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, Schaphoff, Sibyll, and Sitch, Stephen

Subjects
CLIMATE change, ALBEDO, GREENHOUSE gases, BIOTIC communities
Abstract

Biological and physical processes in the Arctic system operate at various temporal and spatial scales to impact large-scale feedbacks and interactions with the earth system. There are four main potential feedback mechanisms between the impacts of climate change on the Arctic and the global climate system: albedo, greenhouse gas emissions or uptake by ecosystems, greenhouse gas emissions from methane hydrates, and increased freshwater fluxes that could affect the thermohaline circulation. All these feedbacks are controlled to some extent by changes in ecosystem distribution and character and particularly by large-scale movement of vegetation zones. Indications from a few, full annual measurements of CO2 fluxes are that currently the source areas exceed sink areas in geographical distribution. The little available information on CH4 sources indicates that emissions at the landscape level are of great importance for the total greenhouse balance of the circumpolar North. Energy and water balances of Arctic landscapes are also important feedback mechanisms in a changing climate. Increasing density and spatial expansion of vegetation will cause a lowering of the albedo and more energy to be absorbed on the ground. This effect is likely to exceed the negative feedback of increased C sequestration in greater primary productivity resulting from the displacements of areas of polar desert by tundra, and areas of tundra by forest. The degradation of permafrost has complex consequences for trace gas dynamics. In areas of discontinuous permafrost, warming, will lead to a complete loss of the permafrost. Depending on local hydrological conditions this may in turn lead to a wetting or drying of the environment with subsequent implications for greenhouse gas fluxes. Overall, the complex interactions between processes contributing to feedbacks, variability over time and space in these processes, and insufficient data have generated considerable uncertainties... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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10. Effects on the Structure of Arctic Ecosystems in the Short- and Long-term Perspectives.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, Schaphoff, Sibyll, and Henttonen, Heikki

Subjects
SPECIES, GLOBAL warming, CLIMATOLOGY, GLOBAL temperature changes, ULTRAVIOLET radiation, BIOTIC communities
Abstract

Species individualistic responses to warming and increased UV-B radiation are moderated by the responses of neighbors within communities, and trophic interactions within ecosystems. All of these responses lead to changes in ecosystem structure. Experimental manipulation of environmental factors expected to change at high latitudes showed that summer warming of tundra vegetation has generally led to smaller changes than fertilizer addition. Some of the factors manipulated have strong effects on the structure of Arctic ecosystems but the effects vary regionally, with the greatest response of plant and invertebrate communities being observed at the coldest locations. Arctic invertebrate communities are very likely to respond rapidly to warming whereas microbial biomass and nutrient stocks are more stable. Experimentally enhanced UV-B radiation altered the community composition of gram-negative bacteria and fungi, but not that of plants. Increased plant productivity due to warmer summers may dominate food-web dynamics. Trophic interactions of tundra and sub-Arctic forest plant-based food webs are centered on a few dominant animal species which often have cyclic population fluctuations that lead to extremely high peak abundances in some years. Population cycles of small rodents and insect defoliators such as the autumn moth affect the structure and diversity of tundra and forest-tundra vegetation and the viability of a number of specialist predators and parasites. Ice crusting in warmer winters is likely to reduce the accessibility of plant food to lemmings, while deep snow may protect them from snow-surface predators. In Fennoscandia, there is evidence already for a pronounced shift in small rodent community structure and dynamics that have resulted in a decline of predators that specialize in feeding on small rodents. Climate is also likely to alter the role of insect pests in the birch forest system: warmer winters may increase survival of eggs and expand the ran... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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11. Responses to Projected Changes in Climate and UV-B at the Species Level.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, Elster, Josef, Jonsdottir, Ingibjörg S., Laine, Kari, Taulavuori, Kari, Taulavuori, Erja, and Zöckler, Christoph

Subjects
SPECIES, CLIMATE change, GLOBAL environmental change, ECOLOGY, PLANTS
Abstract

Environmental manipulation experiments showed that species respond individualistically to each environmental-change variable. The greatest responses of plants were generally to nutrient, particularly nitrogen, addition. Summer warming experiments showed that woody plant responses were dominant and that mosses and lichens became less abundant. Responses to warming were controlled by moisture availability and snow cover. Many invertebrates increased population growth in response to summer warming, as long as desiccation was not induced. CO2and UV-B enrichment experiments showed that plant and animal responses were small. However, some microorganisms and species of fungi were sensitive to increased UV-B and some intensive mutagenic actions could, perhaps, lead to unexpected epidemic outbreaks. Tundra soil heating, CO2 enrichment and amendment with mineral nutrients generally accelerated microbial activity. Algae are likely to dominate cyanobacteria in milder climates. Expected increases in winter freeze-thaw cycles leading to ice-crust formation are likely to severely reduce winter survival rate and disrupt the population dynamics of many terrestrial animals. A deeper snow cover is likely to restrict access to winter pastures by reindeer/caribou and their ability to flee from predators while any earlier onset of the snow-free period is likely to stimulate increased plant growth. Initial species responses to climate change might occur at the sub-species level: an Arctic plant or animal species with high genetic/racial diversity has proved an ability to adapt to different environmental conditions in the past and is likely to do so also in the future. Indigenous knowledge, air photographs, satellite images and monitoring show that changes in the distributions of some species are already occurring: Arctic vegetation is becoming more shrubby and more productive, there have been recent changes in the ranges of caribou, and "new" species of insects... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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12. Past Changes in Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Climate and UV Radiation.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, and Zöckler, Christoph

Subjects
ICE sheets, BOTANY, ANIMALS, HOLOCENE paleoceanography, CLIMATE change
Abstract

At the last glacial maximum, vast ice sheets covered many continental areas. The beds of some shallow seas were exposed thereby connecting previously separated landmasses. Although some areas were ice-free and supported a flora and fauna, mean annual temperatures were 10-13°C colder than during the Holocene. Within a few millennia of the glacial maximum, deglaciation started, characterized by a series of climatic fluctuations between about 18 000 and 11 400 years ago. Following the general thermal maximum in the Holocene, there has been a modest overall cooling trend, superimposed upon which have been a series of millennial and centennial fluctuations in climate such as the "Little Ice Age spanning approximately the late 13th to early 19th centuries. Throughout the climatic fluctuations of the last 150 000 years, Arctic ecosystems and biota have been close to their minimum extent within the most recent 10 000 years. They suffered loss of diversity as a result of extinctions during the most recent large-magnitude rapid global warming at the end of the last glacial stage. Consequently, Arctic ecosystems and biota such as large vertebrates are already under pressure and are particularly vulnerable to current and projected future global warming. Evidence from the past indicates that the treeline will very probably advance, perhaps rapidly, into tundra areas, as it did during the early Holocene, reducing the extent of tundra and increasing the risk of species extinction. Species will very probably extend their ranges northwards, displacing Arctic species as in the past. However, unlike the early Holocene, when lower relative sea level allowed a belt of tundra to persist around at least some parts of the Arctic basin when treelines advanced to the present coast, sea level is very likely to rise in future, further restricting the area of tundra and other treeless Arctic ecosystems. The negative response of current Arctic ecosystems to global climatic conditions th... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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13. Biodiversity, Distributions and Adaptations of Arctic Species in the Context of Environmental Change.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, Elster, Josef, Hentonnen, Heikki, Taulavuori, Kari, Taulavuori, Erja, Laine, Kari, and Zöckler, Christoph

Subjects
SPECIES, WEATHER, CLIMATOLOGY, ULTRAVIOLET radiation, ANIMALS
Abstract

The individual of a species is the basic unit which responds to climate and UV-B changes, and it responds over a wide range of time scales. The diversity of animal, plant and microbial species appears to be low in the Arctic, and decreases from the boreal forests to the polar deserts of the extreme North but primitive species are particularly abundant. This latitudinal decline is associated with an increase in super-dominant species that occupy a wide range of habitats. Climate warming is expected to reduce the abundance and restrict the ranges of such species and to affect species at their northern range boundaries more than in the South: some Arctic animal and plant specialists could face extinction. Species most likely to expand into tundra are boreal species that currently exist as outlier populations in the Arctic. Many plant species have characteristics that allow them to survive short snow-free growing seasons, low solar angles, permafrost and low soil temperatures, low nutrient availability and physical disturbance. Many of these characteristics are likely to limit species' responses to climate warming, but mainly because of poor competitive ability compared with potential immigrant species. Terrestrial Arctic animals possess many adaptations that enable them to persist under a wide range of temperatures in the Arctic. Many escape unfavorable weather and resource shortage by winter dormancy or by migration. The biotic environment of Arctic animal species is relatively simple with few enemies, competitors, diseases, parasites and available food resources. Terrestrial Arctic animals are likely to be most vulnerable to warmer and drier summers, climatic changes that interfere with migration routes and staging areas, altered snow conditions and freeze-thaw cycles in winter, climate-induced disruption of the seasonal timing of reproduction and development, and influx of new competitors, predators, parasites and diseases. Arctic microorganisms are also well... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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14. Rationale, Concepts and Approach to the Assessment.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, and Zöckler, Christoph

Subjects
BIOTIC communities, CLIMATOLOGY, TUNDRAS, DESERTS
Abstract

Outlines the rationale, concepts and approach to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, which focused on the terrestrial ecosystems of the Arctic. Characteristics of Arctic tundra and polar desert ecosystems; Types of the changes in climate and ultraviolet-B radiation; Implications of the changes in Arctic ecosystems and their biota for the peoples of the Arctic.

Published
2004
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15. Key Findings and Extended Summaries.

Author

Callaghan, Terry V., Björn, Lars Olof, Chernov, Yuri, Chapin, Terry, Christensen, Torben, Huntley, Brian, Ims, Rolf A., Johansson, Margareta, Riedlinger, Dyanna Jolly, Jonasson, Sven, Matveyeva, Nadya, Panikov, Nicolai, Oechel, Walter C., Shaver, Gus, Schaphoff, Sibyll, Sitch, Stephen, and Zöckler, Christoph

Subjects
CLIMATE change, RESEARCH, TUNDRA ecology, TUNDRAS, FROZEN ground, DESERTS
Abstract

Discusses the findings of a study, which assessed climate change impacts on tundra and polar desert ecosystems. Factors that influence changes in populations; Characteristics of Arctic plant species in relation to climate; Implications of current species distributions for future biotic change.

Published
2004
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16. Alteration of Soil Carbon Pools and Communities of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Chaparral Exposed to Elevated Carbon Dioxide.

Author

Treseder, Kathleen K., Egerton-Warburton, Louise M., Allen, Michael F., Yufu Cheng, and Oechel, Walter C.

Subjects
MYCORRHIZAL fungi, CARBON dioxide, SOIL fungi, CHAPARRAL, ADENOSTOMA
Abstract

We examined the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment on belowground carbon (C) pools and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a chaparral community in southern California. Chambers enclosing intact mesocosms dominated by Adenostoma fasciculatum were exposed for 3.5 years to CO2 levels ranging from 250 to 750 ppm. Pools of total C in bulk soil and in water-stable aggregates (WSA) increased 1.5- and threefold, respectively, between the 250- and 650-ppm treatments. In addition, the abundance of live AM hyphae and spores rose markedly over the same range of CO2, and the community composition shifted toward dominance by the AM genera Scutellospora and Acaulospora. Net ecosystem exchange of C with the atmosphere declined with CO2 treatment. It appears that under CO2 enrichment, extra C was added to the soil via AM fungi. Moreover, AM fungi were predominant in WSA and may shunt C into these aggregates versus bulk soil. Alternatively, C may be retained longer within WSA than within bulk soil. We note that differences between the soil fractions may act as a potential feedback on C cycling between the soil and atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003
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17. Acclimation of ecosystem CO... exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming.

Author

Oechel, Walter C., Vourlitis, George L., Hastings, Steven J., Zulueta, Rommel C., Hinzman, Larry, and Kane, Douglas

Subjects
*GLOBAL warming, *CLIMATE change, *BIOTIC communities, *CARBON dioxide & the environment
Abstract

Presents a study of the acclimation of ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in the Alaskan Arctic region in response to decadal climate warming. Thoughts on the effect of continued warming of the ecosystem; Methods; Impact that the warming has on such things as the changes in nutrient cycling, physiological acclimation, and population and community reorganization; Results; Conclusions.

Published
2000
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18. Transient nature of CO2 fertilization in the Arctic tundra.

Author

Oechel, Walter C. and Cowles, Sid

Subjects
*CARBON dioxide & the environment
Abstract

Presents the result of a three-year study of the response of a tussock tundra in Toolik Lake, Alaska to elevated carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Debates on the effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on plants and ecosystems; Need to consider carbon dioxide fertilization effects in context of genetic limitations and resource availability; Need for longer-term experiments or observations.

Published
1994
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19. Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source.

Author

Oechel, Walter C. and Hastings, Steven J.

Subjects
*GREENHOUSE effect
Abstract

Presents data indicating that the tundra on the North Slope of Alaska has become a source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The results suggest that tundra ecosystems may exert a positive feedback on atmospheric carbon dioxide and greenhouse warming. Mean annual summer temperatures from 1921 to 1990 at Barrow Alaska and from 1970 to 1990 at Prudhoe Bay Alaska; Characteristics of research sites and measured CO2 fluxes; Toolik Lake; Arctic Ocean; Details.

Published
1993
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20. Demography of Adenostoma fasciculatum after fires of different intensities in southern California chaparral.

Author

Moreno, José and Oechel, Walter

Abstract

Changes in the population structure of the lignotuberous resprouter Adenostoma fasciculatum were investigated by experimentally burning at various intensities an old stand in southern California chaparral. Survival after fire, time of resprouting, herbivory, and survival after resprouting were monitored for more than 1 year after the fire. Greater fire intensity increased plant mortality and the size of plants that died as a consequence of the fire. Time from the fire until resprouting increased with increasing fire intensity and was related to plant size: the larger the plants the earlier they resprouted. Post-resprouting mortality also increased with fire intensity and was related to time of resprouting. Herbivory increased with fire intensity and the size of plants affected by it changed with the intensity of the fire. Fire intensity had profound direct and indirect effects on the population structure of Adenostoma fasciculatum. Plant size strongly determined the direct and indirect lethal effects of fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1993
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21. Seasonal variation in leaf chemistry of the coast live oak Quercus agrifolia and implications for the California oak moth Phryganidia californica.

Author

Mauffette, Yves and Oechel, Walter

Abstract

The perennial foliage of the California coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia Nee) permits herbivores to feed on this oak species throughout the year. Patterns of herbivory for a two-year period on Q. agrifolia were observed in relation to seasonal and age-related changes in the nutritional and defensive characteristics of leaves. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents were higher in new leaves compared to mature foliage. Structural compounds (e.g., cellulose) in leaves rapidly increased with age. Concentrations of tatal phenolics (Folin-Denis) and astringency were higher in new foliage, and concentrations of condensed tannins gradually increased as the leaves matured. Peaks of herbivore damage were observed in June and in September-October, and were caused by outbreaks of the California oak moth ( Phryganidia californica). P. californica, a bivoltine oak specialist, exhibited feeding preferences in June for old leaves over emerging leaves, and showed no preferences for leaf classes in September. These results suggest that P. californica is adapted to survive on nutritionally poor foliage and to circumvent 'quantitative defenses' such as condensed tannins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1989
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22. Effect of CO enrichment and nitrogen availability on resource acquisition and resource allocation in a grass, Bromus mollis.

Author

Larigauderie, Anne, Hilbert, David, and Oechel, Walter

Abstract

The effects of CO enrichment on the growth, biomass partitioning, photosynthetic rates, and leaf nitrogen concentration of a grass, Bromus mollis (C), were investigated at a favorable and a low level of nitrogen availability. Despite increases in root: shoot ratios, leaf nitrogen concentrations were decreased under CO enrichment at both nitrogen levels. For the low-nitrogen treatment, this resulted in lower photosynthetic rates measured at 650 μl/l for the CO-enriched plants, compared to photosynthetic rates measured at 350 μl/l for the non-enriched plants. At higher nitrogen availability, photosynthetic rates of plants grown and measured at 650 μl/l were greater than photosynthetic rates of the non-enriched plants measured at 350 μl/l. Water use efficiency, however, was increased in enriched plants at both nitrogen levels. CO enrichment stimulated vegetative growth at both high and low nitrogen during most of the vegetative growth phase but, at the end of the experiment, total biomass of the high and low CO treatments did not differ for plants grown at low nitrogen availability. While not statistically significant, CO tended to stimulate seed production at high nitrogen and to decrease it at low nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1988
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23. Energy utilization and carbon metabolism in mediterranean scrub vegetation of Chile and California.

Author

Oechel, Walter and Mustafa, Jamil

Abstract

Two concepts of vegetation function and organization are examined in this paper. The first concerns the possible relationship between energy acquisition and species dominance in a given growth form and vegetation type. The second questions whether homeostatic mechanisms operate at sufficient levels to yield similar and positive photosynthetic performance of evergreen shrubs across a marked environmental and geographical gradient in southern California. This gradient runs from the coast at 135 m to 1,435 m in the mountains and on to 1,150 m at the margin of the desert transition. Total photosynthesis in several species was estimated at each site from late spring through summer. Within a common growth form, species success correlated with photosynthetic capacity. The species with the greatest carbon uptake were best represented in the vegetation. This relationship would not be expected to hold either between widely differing growth forms or where other factors exclude or decrease the abundance or productivity of certain of the species. Across the gradient examined, species displayed a marked degree of photosynthetic homeostasis despite marked environmental changes. For example, photosynthetic uptake in Adenostoma fasciculatum varied by only 32% between the greatest and least productive areas despite large differences in precipitation and temperature. In most cases there was a strong correspondence between cover and photosynthesis across the transect studied. From the available data, the transitions from chaparral to coastal sage, montane forests, or desert transition vegetation do not appear to result from sharp suppression of photosynthetic uptake at these borders. Other factors such as those affecting germination and establishment may be responsible for these transitions. However, further investigations are required at the edges of species distribution to adequately describe the pattern that does exist and to ascertain the relationship between energy capture and species success in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1979
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24. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle, Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jiquan, Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Jonas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Dennis, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas A., Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curtis, Peter S., D’Andrea, Ettore, da Rocha, Humberto, Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., De Cinti, Bruno, de Grandcourt, Agnes, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Marcelo Di Bella, Carlos, di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dušek, Jiří, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michael L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Ulf Hansen, Birger, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janouš, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew, Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingnian, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank A., Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Hatala Matthes, Jaclyn, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott D., Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy, Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Novick, Kimberly, Oechel, Walter, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Papuga, Shirley A., Parmentier, Frans-Jan, Paul-Limoges, Eugenie, Pavelka, Marian, Peichl, Matthias, Pendall, Elise, Phillips, Richard P., Pilegaard, Kim, Pirk, Norbert, Posse, Gabriela, Powell, Thomas, Prasse, Heiko, Prober, Suzanne M., Rambal, Serge, Rannik, Ülla, Raz-Yaseef, Naama, Reed, David, Resco de Dios, Victor, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Reverter, Borja R., Roland, Marilyn, Sabbatini, Simone, Sachs, Torsten, Saleska, Scott R., Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Sanchez-Mejia, Zulia M., Schmid, Hans Peter, Schmidt, Marius, Schneider, Karl, Schrader, Frederik, Schroder, Ivan, Scott, Russell L., Sedlák, Pavel, Serrano-Ortíz, Penélope, Shao, Changliang, Shi, Peili, Shironya, Ivan, Siebicke, Lukas, Šigut, Ladislav, Silberstein, Richard, Sirca, Costantino, Spano, Donatella, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Stevens, Robert M., Sturtevant, Cove, Suyker, Andy, Tagesson, Torbern, Takanashi, Satoru, Tang, Yanhong, Tapper, Nigel, Thom, Jonathan, Tiedemann, Frank, Tomassucci, Michele, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Urbanski, Shawn, Valentini, Riccardo, van der Molen, Michiel, van Gorsel, Eva, van Huissteden, Ko, Varlagin, Andrej, Verfaillie, Joseph, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Vitale, Domenico, Vygodskaya, Natalia, Walker, Jeffrey P., Walter-Shea, Elizabeth, Wang, Huimin, Weber, Robin, Westermann, Sebastian, Wille, Christian, Wofsy, Steven, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Woodgate, William, Li, Yuelin, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhang, Junhui, Zhou, Guoyi, Zona, Donatella, Agarwal, Deb, Biraud, Sebastien, Torn, Margaret, Papale, Dario, Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle, Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jiquan, Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Jonas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Dennis, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas A., Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curtis, Peter S., D’Andrea, Ettore, da Rocha, Humberto, Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., De Cinti, Bruno, de Grandcourt, Agnes, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Marcelo Di Bella, Carlos, di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dušek, Jiří, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michael L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Ulf Hansen, Birger, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janouš, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew, Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingnian, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank A., Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Hatala Matthes, Jaclyn, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott D., Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy, Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Novick, Kimberly, Oechel, Walter, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Papuga, Shirley A., Parmentier, Frans-Jan, Paul-Limoges, Eugenie, Pavelka, Marian, Peichl, Matthias, Pendall, Elise, Phillips, Richard P., Pilegaard, Kim, Pirk, Norbert, Posse, Gabriela, Powell, Thomas, Prasse, Heiko, Prober, Suzanne M., Rambal, Serge, Rannik, Ülla, Raz-Yaseef, Naama, Reed, David, Resco de Dios, Victor, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Reverter, Borja R., Roland, Marilyn, Sabbatini, Simone, Sachs, Torsten, Saleska, Scott R., Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Sanchez-Mejia, Zulia M., Schmid, Hans Peter, Schmidt, Marius, Schneider, Karl, Schrader, Frederik, Schroder, Ivan, Scott, Russell L., Sedlák, Pavel, Serrano-Ortíz, Penélope, Shao, Changliang, Shi, Peili, Shironya, Ivan, Siebicke, Lukas, Šigut, Ladislav, Silberstein, Richard, Sirca, Costantino, Spano, Donatella, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Stevens, Robert M., Sturtevant, Cove, Suyker, Andy, Tagesson, Torbern, Takanashi, Satoru, Tang, Yanhong, Tapper, Nigel, Thom, Jonathan, Tiedemann, Frank, Tomassucci, Michele, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Urbanski, Shawn, Valentini, Riccardo, van der Molen, Michiel, van Gorsel, Eva, van Huissteden, Ko, Varlagin, Andrej, Verfaillie, Joseph, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Vitale, Domenico, Vygodskaya, Natalia, Walker, Jeffrey P., Walter-Shea, Elizabeth, Wang, Huimin, Weber, Robin, Westermann, Sebastian, Wille, Christian, Wofsy, Steven, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Woodgate, William, Li, Yuelin, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhang, Junhui, Zhou, Guoyi, Zona, Donatella, Agarwal, Deb, Biraud, Sebastien, Torn, Margaret, and Papale, Dario

Abstract

Pastorello, G., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson, D., Cheah, Y. W., … Papale, D. (2020). The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Scientific Data, 7, article 225. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3

25. Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Plumes from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Oil Fields

Author

Oechel, Walter C., Crawford, Timothy L., and Brooks, Steven B.

Subjects
*ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, *CARBON dioxide, *METEOROLOGY
Abstract

Large carbon dioxide plumes with concentrations up to 45 ppm above ambient levels were measured about 15 km downwind of the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska major oil production facilities, located at 70deg. N Lat. above the Arctic Circle. The measured emissions were 1.3 x 103 metric tons (C) hour-1(11.4x 106 metric tons (C) year-1), six times greater than the combustion emissions assumed by Jaffe and coworkers in J. Atmos. Chem. 20 (1995), 213-227, based on 1989 reported Prudhoe Bay oil facility fuel consumption data, and four times greater than the total C emissions reported by the oil facilities for the same months as the measurement time periods. Variations in the emissions were estimated by extrapolating the observed emissions at a single altitude for all tundra research transectflights conducted downwind of the oil fields. These 30 flights yielded an average emission rate of 1.02 x 103 metric tons (C) hour-1with a standard deviation of 0.33 x 103. These quantity of emissions are roughly equivalent to the carbon dioxide emissions of 7-10 million hectares of arctic tussock tundra (Oechel and Vourlitis, Trends in Ecol. Evolution 9 (1994), 324-329). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1997

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