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The features of the integral tractor concept are considered. The values of controlled interaxle and interwheel power distribution mechanisms are analyzed. Transmission options and simplified kinematic diagrams of interaxle and interwheel power distribution mechanisms are considered. Gear ratios in characteristic operating modes, types of their control, and the required technological bases for their design and manufacture are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Joan McCord was an experimental criminologist who advocated for evaluating social programs for efficacy, benefits, and potential harms to guide crime prevention policy. This paper argues that criminal justice reform should be guided by evidence for effective social programs that guard against unintended harms. Programs that focus on social control are consistent with basic facts of crime and guard against the tail risk of surges in serious crime and violence. This paper discusses the evidence from evaluations of social programs which are based on principals of social control in families, schools, neighborhoods, and the criminal justice system. Methods: This paper draws upon the evaluations of social programs that have been published based on at least one high-quality experiment or two rigorous quasi-experiments, that can be scaled to entire populations, and are sustainable over time. Results: A review of experimental and quasi-experimental evidence found that social programs focused on increasing social control (formal or informal) in families, schools, communities, and by the criminal justice system are effective at preventing serious crime. Some of the social programs with rigorous evidence of preventing crime could be scaled to entire populations for prolonged durations with adequate planning and implementation models. Conclusion: Many contemporary criminal justice reforms have little evidence of efficacy, and run the risk of generating unintended adverse outcomes related to the spread of serious crime and violence. Existing evidence suggests that social programs that focus on social control can act as buffers against the tail risk of serious crime. The social programs with evidence of preventing crime should be expanded, monitored for fidelity in implementation, and continuously evaluated to improve their efficacy and sustainability as effective safeguards against the rise in serious crime and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused fluctuations in electricity demand, altering people's lifestyles and electricity usage patterns, thereby affecting the accuracy of demand predictions. However, existing studies on electricity forecasting have not adequately considered the incorporation of COVID-19-related features and the analysis of electricity usage characteristics across different regions of the UK. Therefore, this paper, based on data of the UK's national electricity demand, conducts an analysis around the scenario of a large-scale health emergency in society. We explore the changing patterns and regional characteristics of electricity consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing the forecast results before and during the pandemic to illustrate its impact on the UK's electricity demand. By introducing COVID-19-related features into the models, we compare the forecast results before and after their inclusion. The results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a certain impact on the electricity prediction in the UK, leading to a 22.8% decrease in prediction accuracy. However, the models' correlation improved with the inclusion of COVID-19-related features, resulting in a 13.2% enhancement in prediction accuracy compared to the previous models. Additionally, the study summarizes other factors influencing electricity demand, such as power imports/exports and clean energy usage, as considerations for electricity distribution planning. This contributes to improving the accuracy of predicting the UK's electricity demand during COVID-19 pandemic, enabling the government to adjust power dispatching plans reasonably based on relevant factors, achieving rational distribution and efficient scheduling of power resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a dynamic power distribution strategy for the hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in electric vehicles (EVs). First, the power loss of a HESS is analyzed based on its structure and model. Second, the optimal objectives for EV range extension, battery degradation mitigation, and HESS energy loss reduction are set, and the corresponding optimization variables are determined. Then, a multi-objective collaborative optimization (MOCO) function is established. It is further transformed into a linear programming problem with the battery current as the control variable. Finally, the dynamic power distribution scheme is obtained by analyzing the MOCO problem. The dynamic power distribution strategy using the MOCO is studies through simulations and experiments under the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle. The obtained results indicate that the performances of the three optimal objectives are collaboratively improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lot of focus on improving the heating performance and efficiency of high-voltage coolant heaters for electric vehicles. It has been noticed that the geometry design of the coolant flow path in a heat-exchanging unit plays a primary role in enhancing the efficiency of the high-voltage heater. However, no previous study has been carried out on power distribution to heating elements, which are usually layered thin-film structures. This paper presents multiphysics-based computational work to explore the heat-exchanging characteristic of high-voltage heater systems with varying power distribution schemes via split electrodes. For a 7 kW heater with symmetric serpentine flow channels and two-split heating layers with a dual-input terminal, two power distribution cases of 3.75 kW: 3.25 kW and 4.00 kW: 3.00 kW showed better performance than the conventional single-input port configuration equivalent to the 3.50 kW: 3.50 kW case in terms of temperature uniformity in the working fluid and solid structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water has been the source of life since it was found. In recent years, the false assurance of the permanence of water services in Iran has led to the creation of institutional structures related to water in an inappropriate and incompatible manner with environmental changes, and when water crises occur, such as droughts, floods, and, on a larger scale, climate changes, they do not have the flexibility and resilience to these changes. To this end, recognizing the current water governance system in the country is considered an essential need. The present study examines the regime of water governance and its structural characteristics in the Kor River basin, which is one of the areas facing water shortage challenges. In order to analyze these characteristics and determine the regime of the water governance system, the method of social network analysis (SNA) was used in the network of formal and informal institutions of Kherameh county downstream of the Kor River basin. This research has been done in a period of 9 months and includes designing questionnaires, field visits, completing questionnaires and analyzing the results. The results showed that the water governance network in this region has an unstable and weak structure and as a result, the level of cooperation and coordination between the institutions is low and the level of power centralization is high. As a result, the governing regime is centralized, and therefore, the establishment of a polycentric governance system requires the improvement of horizontal relations between formal and informal institutions and protection and development institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to that participation of energy storage in wind power dispatch can improve scheduling reliability of Grid-accessed, the effectiveness depends on energy storage capacity and feasible energy management. Daily economic dispatch model is proposed firstly under the consideration of scheduling reliability and working characteristics of energy storage. Secondly, the Time–Sequence Rolling Optimal Ultra-short-term scheduling algorithm of energy storage is developed based on dynamic deviation estimation update. To deal with the problems caused by unforeseen prediction error of wind power or energy storage SOC (state-of-charge), relaxation factor of the allowable Grid-accessed power deviation range is introduced either in the scheduling algorithm to ensure reliability of established energy storage capacity. Finally, GA (Genetic Algorithm) and EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) are used in reference value setting of hybrid energy storage power distribution. The feasibility of the dispatch model and energy management strategy are verified by the wind/storage simulation platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy networks should strive for reliability. How can it be assessed, measured, and improved? What are the best trade-offs between investments and their worth? The flow-based framework for the reliability assessment of energy networks proposed in this paper addresses these questions with a focus on power distribution networks. The framework introduces the concept of iflows, or interruption flows, which translate the analytical reliability evaluation into solving a series of node balance equations computable in linear time. The iflows permeate the network, providing relevant information to support linear formulations of reliability optimization problems. Numerical examples showcase the evaluation process obtained through iflows in illustrative distribution networks with distributed generation. A new visual representation of the reliability state, called iflow diagram, provides insights into the most vulnerable regions of the network. The methodology was validated by a practical application of the iflows on the optimal allocation of switches in power distribution systems. Computational experiments were conducted using a benchmark of distribution networks, having up to 881 nodes. The results confirm the effectiveness of the approach in terms of providing high-quality information and optimal trade-offs to aid reliability decisions for energy networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallel hydropower systems encounter a high risk of spillage in flood periods. Therefore, controlling spillage should be considered when hydropower systems increase power generation and satisfy power grid demand. To meet multiple operation targets, an effective operation method needs to precisely control the reservoir level and quickly adjust the power schedule based on real-time load changes. In this paper, an optimal operation method for parallel hydropower systems combining reservoir level control and power distribution is proposed. The method generates reservoir level control rules using a multi-objective simulation method for no gird demands operation. It obtains a power distribution schedule considering spill risk and non-storage losses for gird demands. Taking a parallel system in southwest China as an example, the results show that the method can produce an annual power generation of 55.2 billion kWh, which is a 6.1% improvement compared to regular method. Moreover, it can precisely control the daily water level and quickly adjust power distribution. It can be applied to parallel systems and has favorable results in power generation, peak shaving, and especially spillage reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to give full play to the advantages of power battery and super-capacitor in the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), a new control strategy based on the subtractive clustering (SC) and adaptive fuzzy neural network (AFNN) was proposed to solve the problem of power distribution between the two energy sources when the driving schedule changes. Firstly, we used the SC to determine the structure of AFNN. Secondly, in order to improve the learning efficiency of AFNN, the back-propagation hybrid least square algorithm was applied to optimize the antecedent and conclusion parameters of network. Finally, the fuzzy membership function and rule set automatically generated by the neural network were used to the power distribution control of HESS in HEV. We verified the SC and AFNN control strategy by simulation and experiment based on the ADVISOR 2002 simulation software and the experimental platform, and the results show that the proposed control strategy can give full play to the advantages of HESS, and improve the energy storage performance of HEV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The input series output parallel DAB (ISOP-DAB) converter composed of multiple dual active bridge (DAB) converters is often used in high-voltage direct (HVDC) current transmission systems. When the modules of the ISOP-DAB converter have different parameters, the common power averaging control may not achieve high transmission efficiency. To address this, an optimal control strategy based on cooperative game theory is proposed. This strategy optimizes the power transmission of each DAB module under dual phase shift (DPS) control, reducing transmission loss and improving system efficiency. Firstly, the mathematical model of ISOP-DAB converter is built, and then the influence of converter parameters on transmission efficiency is analyzed. And then, considering the operational carrying capacity of each module and introducing power fluctuations, a transmission power optimization control method based on cooperative game theory is proposed to improve the transmission efficiency of the converter. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed optimized control result improves the transmission efficiency by 4% compared to the power averaging control. The experimental results also show that the optimization control proposed in this paper can further improve the transmission efficiency by 3.5% compared to the power averaging control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, in order to improve the performance of wireless fifth generation (5G) communication system and save power consumption, the research objectives of optimal power allocation and maximizing the total user rate in a multi-user cluster in the downlink of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) access system are realized based on the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). A SWIPT-NOMA system assisted by dynamic unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay is constructed. The UAV relay dynamic programming under two-hop communication was firstly studied, and the global optimal power allocation strategy for downlink users of SWIPT-NOMA system is found. Finally, the optimal relay selection algorithm was used to maximize the total user rate, which was verified by Monto Carlo simulation. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional FDMA system scheme, the performance of the proposed system model in terms of outage probability, energy consumption and total user rate of multi-user cluster deployed in dynamic UAV relay system under different distribution scenarios is better than that of the benchmark scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimed at different demands of power of multiple receiver loads in multiple-input multiple-output wireless power transfer (MIMO-WPT) system, in the paper, a method of calculating the excitation source at the transmitter by general circuit model is put forward to realize the power allocation of the receiver loads. First, the magnetic coupling resonance (MCR) MIMO-WPT system is made to be equivalent to a linear circuit model, and the general circuit model of MIMO-WPT system is established, which describes output transfer characteristics, transmission efficiency and output power of the MIMO-WPT system with parametric state matrix. Then, based on the power demand of each receiver load, the vector expression of the excitation source at the transmitter of MIMO-WPT system is derived by the general circuit model. At last, the simulation experiment of WPT system with 3 transmitting and 2 receiving coils is designed to verify the accuracy of the general circuit model estimation and the feasibility of the power distribution of the receiver load. Meanwhile, the application of the general model provides a feasible solution to solve different power demands of multiple receiving loads in the MIMO-MCRWPT system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, most utilities require the immediate disconnection of distributed generators in case of unintentional islanding, due to safety and technical reasons. However, there is a trend for allowing the islanded operation of distributed resources under specific conditions, so that the reliability of the energy supply to the consumers can be improved. In this case, the power quality inside the energized island must be assured by the distributed generators' operators, which means that the transient and steady-state voltage and frequency of the isolated systems must be within acceptable limits. In this context, in this paper we proposed four indices for assessing the technical performance of the islanded operation of distributed generators. The indices are based on power quality issues, and they were proposed by considering the unplanned islanding of a synchronous distributed generator, its transition from the grid-connected mode to the islanded mode and the steady-state operation after a successful islanding. Results have shown the indices application to different operating scenarios, including a load shedding scheme, and they proved to be an interesting tool to technically evaluate the islanded operation of distributed generators, under a power quality perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the advantages of multiple power supply points and multiple power receiving points, the multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) technology has gradually become the main trend in the future development of DC power grids. The coordinated control of a MTDC system is one of the key technologies to realize the stable operation of power systems. Droop control is an effective coordinated control method to maintain the power and voltage balance of a DC transmission system. However, improper selection of the droop coefficient leads to an imbalance of the power and voltage distribution. An improved coordinated control strategy based on an adaptive droop coefficient is proposed to realize a faster dynamic response and a more reasonable power distribution, which is applicable to all of the topologies of MTDC systems. The power and voltage deviation controls are added to prevent the output power and voltage from exceeding the range that a converter can bear. In addition, a lagging link is added in the current loop to compensate for the delay caused by the current loop and to improve the response speed of the system. Taking the MMC topology as an example, the dynamic characteristics of the proposed control strategy are analyzed, and a four-terminal MTDC simulation model based on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform has been established to verify the superiority of the proposed strategy under different disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aspects of power system protection which contributes to mal-operations and blackouts can be improved by supervision of system behavior and response based analysis rather than condition-based or event-based analysis using wide area measurements based on synchrophasor technology. The paper explores the application of micro-Phasor Measurement Unit for time synchronized real-time distribution network monitoring and agile decision support schemes for system prognosis and control. Case description: The scheme is proposed as part of a project on "Power System Voltage Stability Analysis using synchrophasors in Distribution System of Kerala Grid" at Kerala State Electricity Board Ltd. An actual grid occurrence during the severe tropical cyclone Ockhi, is considered as the base case which motivated the work. Discussion and evaluation: A voltage stability index (VSI) based special protection scheme (SPS) for radial distribution network at a proposed smart city is presented in the present study. The proposed special protection scheme on actual implementation can use data from proposed local micro-Phasor Measurement Unit. The PMU is proposed to be placed at one of the key nodes of the distribution system network in the city. Conclusion: The VSI is derived using local phasor values and is used to initiate a Special Protection Scheme for N-1 contingency at the key node, so as to ensure availability of the most essential feeder which provides supply to a hospital campus housing several health institutes of prime importance. The voltage stability index derived is tested and SPS is validated using real-time grid data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence of culture's impact on corruption and its consequences is still inconclusive despite several investigations: (1) Sometimes, theory is lacking and causes and consequences seem exchangeable. Based on psychological research on the distribution and use of power, we predicted that a steeper distribution of power induces more corruption and elaborated its negative consequences in a complex causal model. (2) For measuring power distribution, pervading national culture, we augmented Hofstede's 'Power Distance' with three additional indicators into a reversed, more reliable and valid culture composite called "Power Balanced Freedom" (PBF). (3) Instead of the usual regression and instrument approaches, which cannot estimate multiple causal chains including causal feedback, a non-recursive path analysis was employed with data from 85 nations. PBF predicted less national Corruption (62%), with positive effects on Gross Domestic Product (GDP, 72%) and Inequality Adjusted Human Development (IHDI, 66%, including Life Expectancy, Income, and Education). The often expected reverse effect of GDP on Corruption was not significant. Contrary to influential authors from economics, culture variables are the most important predictors of corruption and its consequences. Nonetheless, our extended model supports the main thrust of their ideas and adds more precision. Our conceptual distinction of the uses of power and our empirical measure PBF reflect Kant's ethical imperative: freedom and autonomy for everyone. Widely shared life chances as measured by IHDI reflect utilitarian, consequentialist ideas. These different ethical approaches are connected in the confirmed causal model, in line with Rawls' first and second principle of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new control logic for hybrid vehicle control technology using predictable real road information. The newly proposed control logic is implemented in real time by applying the shifting map of the engine and transmission applied to the hybrid vehicle and the mode conversion map extracted from various driving modes. The proposed control logic has the advantage of minimizing the loss compared to the theoretical maximum fuel consumption implemented in the backward simulation and achieving more stable shifting and mode conversion. As a result of applying the proposed control algorithm to the omnidirectional simulation, the result showed better fuel efficiency improvement than the existing rule base control method. The newly proposed control algorithm can be used as a hybrid control algorithm that can solve the computation time problems required for the optimization process through the conventional reverse simulation and can perform stable shift and mode conversion in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bipolar hybrid microgrid is a newly emerged structure which has gained increasing attention during the last decades. The heart of this structure is the interlinking converter that plays a crucial role in this system and has three main functionalities: (1) bidirectional connection between AC and DC subsystems, (2) sinusoidal current injection with desired power factor to AC side and (3) providing two buses with equal voltages in DC side. This paper applies a recently proposed ten-switch inverter as an interlinking converter in the bipolar hybrid microgrid that can increase efficiency, reliability and power quality on AC and DC sides in such systems. Ten-switch converter has lower cost, volume and size compared to the conventional interlinking converters. A new modulation and control strategy is proposed for ten-switch converter in the bipolar hybrid microgrid which, unlike conventional systems, does not need any extra hardware as a voltage balancer converter to balance DC-link pole voltages. The effectiveness of the proposed modulation and control strategy of ten-switch converter is evaluated and compared with conventional structures in a simulation study. Adaptive power loss calculations and cost analysis are conducted and then compared with three interlinking converters candidates to show the superiority of the proposed interlinking converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A worldline with a time-independent spectrum is called stationary. Such worldlines are arguably the most simple motions in physics. Barring the trivially static motion, the non-trivial worldlines are uniformly accelerated. As such, a point charge moving along a stationary worldline will emit constant radiative power. The angular distribution, maximum angle scaling and Thomas precession of this power is found for all stationary worldlines including those with torsion and hypertorsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a residential power system that mainly includes photovoltaic (PV) panels, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), a grid, and converters. The multimodal operation caused by the large number of states for each of the units increases the complexity of the system operation. It is difficult to adjust the operation state in the face of emergencies. A multimodal simplification method is proposed to simplify multimodal operation into three dominant modes (PV, HESS, and load) according to an energy management flowchart. A novel control strategy is proposed to realize the internal power distribution of the HESS, as well as the power allocation between the HESS and a single-phase full-bridge converter (SFC), while smoothing the double fluctuation of the bus voltage caused by the SFC. The effectiveness of the proposed multimodal simplification and control strategy is verified through the simulation and experimental results from a PV–HESS–grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a power distribution control scheme for a three-phase interleaved parallel DC/DC converter in a battery energy storage system. To extend battery life and increase the power equalization rate, a control method based on the nth order of the state of charge (SoC) is proposed for the charging and discharging processes. In the discharging process, the battery sets with high SoC deliver more power, whereas those with low SoC deliver less power. Therefore, the SoC between each battery set gradually decreases. However, in the two-stage charging process, the battery sets with high SoC absorb less power, and thus, a power correction algorithm is proposed to prevent the power of each particular battery set from exceeding its rated power. In the simulation performed with MATLAB/Simulink, results show that the proposed scheme can rapidly and effectively control the power distribution of the battery sets in the charging and discharging processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel converter is a promising topology for large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems. The output voltage over-modulation derived by the inter-module active power imbalance is one of the key issues for CHB PV systems. This paper proposed a dynamic power distribution strategy to eliminate the over-modulation in a CHB PV system by suitably redistributing the reactive power among the inverter modules of the CHB PV system. The proposed strategy can effectively extend the operating region of the CHB PV system with a simple control algorithm and easy implementation. Simulation and experimental results carried out on a seven-level CHB grid-connected PV system are shown to validate the proposed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides results and conclusions on a survey on the implementation and reliability aspects of CubeSat bus interfaces, with an emphasis on the data bus and power distribution. It provides recommendations for a future CubeSat bus standard. The survey is based on a literature study and a questionnaire representing 60 launched CubeSats and 44 to be launched CubeSats. It is found that the bus interfaces are not the main driver for mission failures. However, it is concluded that the Inter Integrated Circuit (IC) data bus, as implemented in a great majority of the CubeSats, caused some catastrophic satellite failures and a vast amount of bus lockups. The power distribution may lead to catastrophic failures if the power lines are not protected against overcurrent. A connector and wiring standard widely implemented in CubeSats is based on the PC/104 standard. Most participants find the 104 pin connector of this standard too large. For a future CubeSat bus interface standard, it is recommended to implement a reliable data bus, a power distribution with overcurrent protection and a wiring harness with smaller connectors compared with PC/104. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-time development of self-gravitating gaseous astrophysical systems (in particular, the evolution of the protoplanet accretion disk) is mainly determined by relatively fast processes of the collision relaxation of particles. However, slower dynamical processes related to force (Newton or Coulomb) interactions between particles should be included (as q-collisions) in the nonextensive kinetic theory as well. In the present paper, we propose a procedure to include the Newton self-gravity potential and the centrifugal potential in the near-equilibrium power-like q-distribution in the phase space, obtained (in the framework of nonextensive statistics) by means of the modified Boltzmann equation averaged with respect to an unnormalized distribution. We show that if the power distribution satisfies the stationary q-kinetic equation, then the said equation imposes clear restrictions on the character of the long-term force field and on the possible dependence of hydrodynamic parameters of the coordinates: it determines those parameters uniquely. We provide a thermodynamic stability criterion for the equilibrium of the nonextensive system. The results allow us to simulate the evolution of gaseous astrophysical systems (in particular, the gravitational stability of rotating protoplanet accretion disks) more adequately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OpenGridMap is an open source project that crowdsources realistic power grid data to be used for research purposes. In this paper, we propose an approach for the automatic generation of power gird simulation models from crowdsourced data. The proposed approach orders the crowdsourced data into a power circuit relation which is then used to produce a CIM description file and subsequently a power grid simulation model. We provide experiments which demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on OpenGridMap data. Given the large amount of crowdsourced data available, our approach has the potential to generate power grid simulations of larger size, more variety and more accuracy than the currently available state-of-the-art test power grids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of testing two parallel operating three-phase power transformers with different transformation factors. The practical operation of power engineering systems often makes it necessary to split up the substation transformer capacity, which usually requires installing two parallel transformers instead of one, though with the same total power. The problem arises from this replacement of how to ensure uniform load distribution between the transformers. In the case of similarly designed transformers of equal power uniform load distribution is ensured automatically due to symmetrical parallel circuits. However, if differently designed transformers with different transformation factors are enabled in parallel, the uniformity of load distribution between them will be violated. It has been proven by testing that, with increasing total load, parallel operating transformers with very different transformation factors decrease the consumption of current by windings of the transformer with a higher transformation factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participants in parliamentary voting-usually political parties-are evaluated with a value that assigns them predicted power with respect to their strength by so called power indices. However, in real world, political parties' representatives act not strictly as predicted in theory. One possibility how the representatives differ from theory is the way they form coalitions; the coalitions can be announced (for example official governmental coalition parties in multiparty parliaments) or hidden. To incorporate the coalition forming influence, Bilal et al. (, ) proposed to consider additional weights to possible coalitions into power indices. This article applies the concept of additional weights to calculate an ex post power distribution using Shapley-Shubik power index together with Banzhaf power index on real voting data, namely the data from the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament with the emphasis on the State Budget voting issues during 2006-2010 parliamentary period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let {Xn, n ≥ 1} be a sequence of i.i.d. random variables which has absolutely continuous distribution function F(x) with probability density function f (x) and F(0) = 0. Assume that Xn belongs to the class C*1 or C2. Then Xk has the power distribution if and only if Xk and XL(n+1)XL(n) or XL(n+1) XL(n) and XL(n) XL(n-1) are identically distributed, respectively. Suppose that Xn belongs to the class C3. Also, Xk has the power distribution if and only if XL(n+1) and XL(n) ∙ V are identically distributed, where V is independent of XL(n) and XL(n+1) and is distributed as Xn's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the optimal power distribution of the front and rear motors for minimizing energy consumption of a 4WD EV is investigated. An optimal power distribution control is developed based on the mathematical energy consumption model of an EV. The objective function is defined while ignoring time. And, the time effect is applied by considering the objective function for every single driving point which consists of the vehicle driving force and velocity. From the optimization problem, the optimal torque distribution maps of the front and rear motors can be obtained for all vehicle driving force and velocity ranges. These maps can be expressed using a 3-dimensional map. If the vehicle driving force and velocity are determined, the optimal front and rear motor torques can be determined using these maps. These maps can distribute the front and rear motor torques for the entire velocity range. Thus, these maps can perform the optimal power (torque times speed) distribution of the front and rear motors for minimizing the energy consumption of the 4WD EV. The performance of the optimal power distribution is evaluated by comparing the energy consumption to that of simple power distribution control. For obtaining the energy consumption, a vehicle driving simulation is performed. For the simulation, the driving cycle is required, and the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) is used. From the simulation results, it is found that the energy consumption of simple power distribution is 4.8 % larger than the optimal one. Thus, the optimal power distribution can minimize the 4WD EV energy consumption as the optimization objective function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, a single phase H-bridge converter feeding a single primary track is employed in conventional inductive power transfer systems. However, these systems may not be suitable for some high power applications due to the constraints of the semiconductor switches and the cost. To resolve this problem, a novel dual coupled primary tracks IPT system consisting of two high frequency resonant inverters feeding the tracks is presented in this paper. The primary tracks are wound around an E-shape ferrite core in parallel which enhances the magnetic flux around the tracks. The mutual inductance of the coupled tracks is utilized to achieve adjustable power sharing between the inverters by configuring the additional resonant capacitors. The total transfer power can be continuously regulated by altering the pulse width of the inverters' output voltage with the phase shift control approach. In addition, the system's efficiency and the control strategy are provided to analyze the characteristic of the proposed IPT system. An experimental setup with total power of 1,4kW is employed to verify the proposed system under power ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 with a transfer efficiency up to 88.7%. The results verily the performance of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-hop relaying system for secrecy cooperative communication in the presence of an eavesdropper is investigated, where each relay node is equipped with a unitary matrix and cooperates to transmit the received signals, which can partly mitigate the deep channel fade. Gaussian distributed artificial noise (AN) is added in the null space of the intended receiver to ensure the secrecy of communication and achieve a better secrecy capacity while only the wiretap channel is degraded. The secrecy capacity and the optimal power distribution are studied in two scenarios, AN added by the transmitter and AN added by the cooperative relay nodes. Also, a sub-optimal power distribution strategy independent of the channel state information of eavesdropper is proposed to alleviate the computational overhead. The analytical results are confirmed by simulations that it is better to distribute more power to the available signals if the main channel is better, while more power to AN if the wire-tap channel is better. The sub-optimal power distribution can attain close performance compared with the optimal power distribution strategy but with substantially reduced computational complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unbalanced energy consumption of sensor nodes in wireless sensor network (WSN) leads to the formation of hotspots that can shorten network lifetime. Based on the study of hybrid energy-efficient distributed (HEED) clustering, a cell-clustered algorithm for energy efficiency (CC-HEED) is proposed to save the limited network energy in WSN. According to the power consumption model, the inner cluster regions in this hierarchy network are further divided into several cell-shaped areas, in which cell nodes are brought out to assemble the data in each cell area. In addition, comparisons are performed on network lifetime with other traditional routing algorithms to verify the validity of the routing protocol. Simulation results show that the proposed CC-HEED can significantly reduce energy consumption in WSN, and network lifetime is prolonged notably with high energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a problem of characterization of continuous distributions for which linearity of regression of overlapping order statistics, $$\mathbb {E}(X_{i:m}|X_{j:n})=aX_{j:n}+b$$ , $$m\le n$$ , holds. Due to a new representation of conditional expectation $$\mathbb {E}(X_{i:m}|X_{j:n})$$ in terms of conditional expectations $$\mathbb {E}(X_{l:n}|X_{j:n})$$ , $$l=i,\ldots ,n-m+i$$ , we are able to use the already known approach based on the Rao-Shanbhag version of the Cauchy integrated functional equation. However this is possible only if $$j\le i$$ or $$j\ge n-m+i$$ . In the remaining cases the problem essentially is still open. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems associated with determining the power distribution in the VVER-440 core on the basis of a neutron-physics calculation and data from in-core monitors are considered. A new mathematical scheme is proposed for this on the basis of a metric analysis. In relation to the existing mathematical schemes, the scheme in question improves the accuracy and reliability of the resulting power distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, 5 investigations on the current states of power distribution grids in China have been introduced that cover the surveys of the practical distribution asset utilization, the simultaneity factor of feeder loading, the load compositions and characteristics, the urban reliability and the integration of distributed generations of renewable resources. Based on the survey results in the investigations, 12 Facts are clearly presented. It shows that the challenges to modernize the distribution grids in China are to improve the asset utilization rates, the electricity efficiencies and the reliability of distribution systems, as well as to integrate increasing amount of variable distributed renewable resources. Furthermore based on the challenges, 8 R&D opportunities have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analysis of the distribution of voting power in the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic based on the outcomes of the nine general elections in the period 1919-1933. The paper contains a brief description of the political and electoral system of the Weimar Republic and a characterization of the main political actors and their political views. The power distributions are evaluated by means of the Banzhaf index and two new indices which take into account the parties' preferences to coalesce. A model is constructed to evaluate the parties' preferences with reference to the closeness of the ideological positions in a one-dimensional political space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now the optimization strategies for power distribution are researched widely, and most of them are aiming to the optimal fuel economy and the driving cycle must be preknown. Thus if the actual driving condition deviates from the scheduled driving cycle, the effect of optimal results will be declined greatly. Therefore, the instantaneous optimization strategy carried out on-line is studied in this paper. The power split path and the transmission efficiency are analyzed based on a special power-split scheme and the efficiency models of the power transmitting components are established. The synthetical efficiency optimization model is established for enhancing the transmission efficiency and the fuel economy. The identification of the synthetical efficiency as the optimization objective and the constrain group are discussed emphatically. The optimization is calculated by the adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) algorithm and realized on-line by the radial basis function (RBF)-based similar models. The optimization for power distribution of the hybrid vehicle in an actual driving condition is carried out and the road test results are presented. The test results indicate that the synthetical efficiency optimization method can enhance the transmission efficiency and the fuel economy of the power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) observably. Compared to the rules-based strategy the optimization strategy is optimal and achieves the approximate global optimization solution for the power distribution. The synthetical efficiency optimization solved by ASA algorithm can give attentions to both optimization quality and calculation efficiency, thus it has good application foreground for the power distribution of power-split HEV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When studying events involving locomotive exercise, such as cross-country skiing, one generally assumes that pacing strategies (i.e. power distributions) have a significant impact on performance. In order to better understand the importance of pacing strategies, a program is developed for numerical simulation and optimization of the pacing strategy in cross-country ski racing. This program computes the optimal pacing strategy for an arbitrary athlete skiing on a delineated course. The locomotion of the skier is described by introducing the equations of motion for cross-country skiing. A transformation of the motion equations is carried out in order to improve the simulation. Furthermore, a nonlinear optimization routine is connected to the simulation program. Simulation and optimization are performed on a fictional male skier. Results show that it is possible to attain an optimal pacing strategy by simulating cross-country skiing while connecting nonlinear optimization routines to the simulation. It is also shown that an optimal pacing strategy is characterized by minor variations in speed. In our opinion, this kind of optimization could serve as essential preparations before important competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the modes and coupling efficiency of asymmetric optical-fiber waveguides. We treated the step index-asymmetric optical-fiber waveguide as a boundary-value problem and obtain the expressions for the modes under logical assumptions. Using these expressions, we describe the propagation constants, mode delay, and power distribution of two asymmetric optical-fiber waveguides under consideration. Based on the perturbation theory, we also present the coupling coefficients of these asymmetric optical-fiber waveguides. We show that the waveguide parameters are considerably changed in the presence of distortion, and one can tune these parameters at the desired level by choosing suitable distortions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algorithm for determination and analysis of consumed power, power losses, and engineering and economical indices in ideal and real electromechanical complexes is developed. The choice of energy-efficient operative conditions is grounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the current state of scientific support for the production of manganese alloys and ways to make their production more efficient. A mathematical model is obtained to describe the recovery of manganese and how the yield of manganese is affected by geometric, electrical, and technological parameters. Substantiation is provided for changing the geometric parameters of furnaces so as to increase the ohmic resistance of the furnace bath, and it shown to be expedient to separate unit electric-power consumption into two components: useful power per ton of the alloy product; active power loss per ton of the alloy product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study demonstrates that tremor can be detected during slow alternating movements (SAM) performed by patients with early Parkinson’s disease (PD) and that its relative amplitude is strongly correlated with patients’ rest and postural hand tremor amplitudes (Rho = 0.80 and 0.61, respectively, P<0.05). However, the tremor detected during SAM did not influence the accuracy of patients because of its relatively low amplitude. These results imply that the presence of tremor during movement is not restricted to advanced PD, but can also be detected in patients with early PD having relatively low amplitude tremor. Evidence that the tremor detected at rest, during posture and during voluntary movement share similar or overlapping neural substrates is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new design methodology and new models for power integrity analysis in deep submicron system-on-chip circuit design. The placement plan and interconnect plan are the first design steps, preceding a priori signal and power integrity estimations. The initial power distribution is refined progressively from early mode to final placement and layout. In order to improve accuracy and efficiency in early stage estimates, a multilevel dynamic interconnect model and a fast power distribution model are employed, which consequently result in a drastic reduction of the number of iterations through the design cycle. HSPICE simulations verify the efficiency and the accuracy of the method. Finally, some noise-reduced power distribution techniques such as self-decoupling and area array power/ground pin distribution are discussed, and measurement result for effective power distribution is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power distribution in the frequency spectrum of tremor is known to vary among individuals and its median power frequency declines with ageing. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a reduction of the central component of physiological tremor would correlate with a reduction of motor performance. Then, the power distribution in the frequency spectrum of tremor from limb extremities might serve as an index of neural drive in healthy elderly subjects. Rest tremor, postural tremor from the finger, and pronation-supination at the wrist were recorded in 102 healthy nuns living in a convent (mean of 72±12 years). Results reveal that several elderly subjects possessed a power distribution of tremor very similar to that of much younger subjects (mean 27 years±3 SD), showing a preponderance of power within the 7.6- to 12.5-Hz band. Duration of pronation-supination cycles of these elderly subjects was, however, similar to that of other elderly subjects who had a preponderance of power within the 3.6- to 7.5-Hz band. Consequently, healthy elderly subjects who possessed a predominance of power within higher frequencies were not at an advantage over other healthy elderly subjects when performing a pronation-supination task. The age of subjects was, however, a better predictor or motor performance. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that, under normal physiological conditions, a reduction of the central component of physiological tremor does not induce a reduction of motor performance. Consequently, tremor recorded at limb extremities cannot be used as an index of neural drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X 1, X 2,..., X n be a random sample from a continuous distribution with the corresponding order statistics X 1:n≤ X 2:n≤...≤ X n:n. All the distributions for which E( X k+r: n| X k:n)= a X k:n+ b are identified, which solves the problem stated in Ferguson (1967). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light communication (VLC) uses an intensity-modulation and direct-detection scheme to transmit data. The light source utilized in VLC structures is constantly switched on and off rapidly, resulting in flickering. Furthermore, most of illumination systems exclude dimming support to permit customers to dim the light source to the desired stage. Therefore, the modulation scheme for information transmission in VLC should consist of flicker mitigation and dimming manage abilities. Double inverse pulse position modulation (DIPPM), sub-carrier pulse position modulation (SC-L-PPM), and M-ary variable pulse position modulation (M-VPPM) are recommended for minimizing the flicker issues and supporting an excessive degree of dimming for VLC systems. In this paper, a comparison is introduced between DIPPM, SC-L-PPM, and M-VPPM according to error performance and bit rate. In addition, a simulation is carried out to measure the optical power distribution for a LED lamp in an indoor room topology for each modulation technique. The obtained results indicated that SC-L-PPM is the best choice regarding the bit error rate (BER) and optical power distribution compared to the other two schemes. A 10−6 BER is achieved with a very low power requirement at L = 8, while a remarkable power distribution of 1.5–6.5 dBm is observed from 3 × 5 × 5 m3 room corners to the center, respectively. According to the bit rate, it is noticed that, M-VPPM is the most efficient one compared to the two other schemes. It achieves 2.3 × 107 bps at a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 22 dB and M = 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]