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Constructed wetland (CW) systems have proven to be one of the panaceas to the water crisis that can contribute to environmental protection and human health security. Considering the popularity of CW in wastewater treatment, its broader application, especially for remediation of contaminants of emerging concerns in the real-world scenario, is limited. Therefore, to promote real-world applications as well as further research and development in CW, detailed scope of CWs for remediation of wastewater, including contaminants of emerging concern, was critically reviewed. In addition, construction and components, design, and interaction of different biotic communities of a CW in wastewater treatment were analyzed and compiled in a consolidated form. The consolidated information on know-how of the CW technology along with future scope presented in the review would be instrumental for holistic and sustainable treatment of wastewater at larger scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, amid the pandemic of COVID-2019, the north-east Delhi region experienced two small earthquakes in a short span of 1 month; the first occurred on 12th April 2020 (Mw 3.5) and the other on 10th May 2020 (Mw 3.4). These events were followed by 4 aftershocks of magnitude Mw ≤ 3.0. We carried out morphotectonic (high stream length-gradient index) and static Coulomb stress failure analyses to delineate the hidden causative fault(s) in the region. In the study, ASTER DEM data of 30 m resolution and Survey of India (SoI) toposheets on 1:50,000 scales were used for morphotectonic analysis. The analysis depicted a very high stream length-gradient (SL) and fall in elevation in the epicentral area, suggesting the area to be tectonically active with a NE-SW trending fault line. In addition, the nature of static Coulomb failure stress contours for both the main events, Mw 3.5 and Mw 3.4, suggests an NNE-SSW trending high Coulomb stress regime. Such a high coulomb stress regime is obvious at the location where a high SL index and fall in elevation were marked, which clearly indicates the presence of NNE-SSW trending a causative fault, named 'Khanpur-Japti fault'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider some generalized commutator equations in a finite group and show that the number of solutions of such equations are characters of that group. We also obtain explicit formula for this character, considering the equation […[[[x1,x2],x3],x4],…,xn]=g, for some well-known classes of finite groups in terms of orders of the group, its center and its commutator subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements yielding the first results on angular dependence of Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios of thick Ti (Z = 22) and Cu (Z = 29) targets induced by 10-25 keV electrons are presented. The measurements were done by rotating the target surface around the electron beam direction in the angular detection range 105° ≤ θ ≤ 165° in the reflection mode using an energy dispersive Si PIN photodiode detector. The measured angular dependence of Kβ/Kα intensity ratios is shown to be almost isotropic for Ti and Cu targets for the range of detection angles, 105° ≤ θ ≤ 150°, while there is a very weak increase beyond 150° for both targets. No dependence of Kβ/Kα intensity ratios on impact energy is observed; while on average, the value of the Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratio for Cu is larger by about 8% than that for Ti, which indicates a weak Z-dependence of the target. The experimental results are compared with those obtained from PENELOPE MC calculations and from the Evaluated Atomic Data Library (EADL) ratios. These results on Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios are found to be in reasonable agreement in the detection angle range 105° ≤ θ ≤ 150° to within uncertainties, whereas the simulation and experimental results show a very slight increase in the intensity ratio with θ as the latter attains higher values. The results presented in this work provide a direct check on the accuracy of PENELOPE at oblique incidence angles for which there has been a lack of measurements in the literature until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P. Hall introduced the concept of isoclinism of groups to classify p-groups. It is well-known that two isoclinic nilpotent groups have the same nilpotency class. In this paper using the classification of James of p-groups of order at most p via their isoclinism classes, the degrees of irreducible characters with their frequencies are found. To do this we use the concept of generalized Camina pairs. We also investigate that whether a nonlinear irreducible character can be obtained as a product of two other nonlinear irreducible characters of same degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operation and performance of an apparatus for studying the decay dynamics relevant to core-hole decay processes in atoms and molecules excited by energetic electrons using an energy analysed electron-ion coincidence technique are described in some detail. The setup consists of a time- and position sensitive double-field linear TOF mass spectrometer coupled with a dual MCP detector and a single-pass CMA to select the energy of detected electrons. Details of different components involved in the setup are presented and discussed. To demonstrate the performance and capability of the apparatus, we present some typical results extracted from the TOF argon ion-mass spectra observed in coincidence with 18-energy selected electrons emitted from interaction of a continuous beam of 3.5 keV electrons with a dilute gaseous target of argon atoms. Specifically, the variation of relative correlation probability for the final ion-charge states Ar to Ar produced in the considered collision reactions as a function of energy of emitted electrons is determined and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red mud is the industrial waste by-product produced in alumina refineries. The red mud (RM) was activated using 1 N hydrochloric acid (hereafter referred as RMA). In the present communication, RM and RMA are used to study the kinetics and thermodynamics of effective adsorption for removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. The characterization of red mud is supported by BET, SEM, TG, DTG, XRD, and FTIR analysis. Batch experiments are carried out as a function of initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH. It was observed that maximum adsorption capacity of phosphate (112 mg g of RMA) is obtained using Langmuir adsorption isotherm in case of RMA in comparison to raw RM (56 mg g of RM) at pH 2. Analysis of adsorption data indicates that the Langmuir isotherm provides a better fitting than Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption data were used to study first- and second-order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion models. Second-order kinetics is seen to be the best fitted for removal of phosphate. Thermodynamic parameters such as $$\Delta H^{0}$$ , $$\Delta S^{0}$$ and $$\Delta G^{0}$$ were obtained. Negative value of Gibbs energy suggests the spontaneity of the adsorption phenomena which is in good agreement with the negative value of entropy indicating decrease in randomness of adsorbents at the solid and liquid interface. The characterization results and separation factor ( R ) suggest that RMA and RM can be used as commercial adsorbent for removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find the exact size of a maximal non-commuting set in the unipotent upper triangular linear group $${UU_4(\mathbb {F}_q)}$$ in terms of a non-commuting geometric structure (refer to Definition 8), where $${\mathbb {F}_q}$$ is the finite field with q elements. Then we get bounds on the size of such a set by explicitly finding certain non-commuting sets in the non-commuting strucuture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppose f is a map from a non-empty finite set X to a finite group G. Define the map ςfG : G → ℕ ∪ {0} by g ↦ |f-1(g)|. In this article, we show that for a suitable choice of f, the map ςfG is a character. We use our results to show that the solution function for the word equation w(t1, t2, …, tn) = g (g ∈ G) is a character, where w(t1, t2, …, tn) denotes the product of t1, t2, …, tn, t1-1, t2-1, …, tn-1 in a randomly chosen order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a finite group. We say that G has a Johnson polynomial if there exists a polynomial f( x) ∈ ℤ[ x] and a character χ ∈ Irr( G) so that f( χ) equals the total character for G. In this paper, we show that if G has nilpotence class 2, then G has a Johnson polynomial if and only if G is an extra-special 2-group. Generalizing this, we say that G has a generalized Johnson polynomial if f( x) ∈ ℚ[ x]. We show that if G has nilpotence class 2, then G has a generalized Johnson polynomial if and only if Z( G) is cyclic. Also, if G is nilpotent and |cd( G)| = 2, then G has a generalized Johnson polynomial if and only if G has nilpotence class 2 and Z( G) is cyclic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n exact Chameleon cosmological model describing the evolution of a non-singular bouncing cosmology with the phantom divide line crossing is obtained by constructing two independent functions of the scalar field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

homogeneous plane symmetric cosmological model filled with a peculiar perfect fluid having modified generalized Chaplygin gas equation of state is obtained and the effect of the anisotropy in the early universe on the nature of expansion is pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study an attempt was made to prepare mucoadhesive microcapsules of gliclazide using various mucoadhesive polymers designed for oral controlled release. Gliclazide microcapsules were prepared using sodium alginate and mucoadhesive polymer such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium CMC), carbopol 934P or hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) by orifice-ionic gelation method. The microcapsules were evaluated for surface morphology and particle shape by scanning electron microscope. Microcapsules were also evaluated for their microencapsulation efficiency, in vitro wash-off mucoadhesion test, in vitro drug release and in vivo study. The microcapsules were discrete, spherical and free flowing. The microencapsulation efficiency was in the range of 65–80% and microcapsules exhibited good mucoadhesive property in the in vitro wash off test. The percentage of microcapsules adhering to tissue at pH 7.4 after 6 h varied from 12–32%, whereas the percentage of microcapsules adhering to tissue at pH 1.2 after 6 h varied from 35–68%. The drug release was also found to be slow and extended for more than 16 h. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microcapsules in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of gliclazide. The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microcapsules was for more than 16 h whereas gliclazide produced an antidiabetic effect for only 10 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microcapsules are a valuable system for the long term delivery of gliclazide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Intra-operative traction (IOT) has emerged as new modality for improving correction rates in scoliosis since it has the potential to reduce operative time and blood loss in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS). The aim of this study is to describe the effects of IOT in deformity correction in NMS., Methods: The search was conducted in online electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines. This review included studies on NMS which have described usage of IOT in deformity correction., Results: Eight studies were included in analysis and review. There was low-to-moderate heterogeneity across the studies (I 2 - 42.4 to 93.9%). All the studies used cranio-femoral traction for IOT. The final Cobb's angle in coronal plane was significantly lower in the traction group as compared to the non-traction group (SMD - 0.36 95% CI - 0.71 to 0). There was a trend towards better outcomes in final obliquity (SMD - 0.78 95% CI - 1.64 to 0.09), operative time (SMD - 1.09 95% CI - 2.25 to 0.08) and blood loss (SMD - 0.86 95% CI significantly lower in the traction group as 2.15 to 0.44) but did not reach statistical significance., Conclusion: IOT helped to achieve significant scoliotic curve correction in NMS compared to non-traction group. Despite the overall tendency of improved pelvic obliquity correction, reduced operative time and reduced blood loss as compared to a surgery without the use of IOT, it did not achieve statistical significance. Further studies which are prospective with a larger sample size and focussing on a particular etiology may be conducted which would validate the results., Level of Evidence: IV., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Scoliosis Research Society.)