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Due to rising data needs and technological developments, the wireless communication industry undergoes a revolution every 10 years. The main goal of the 4G–5G transition is to increase gigabit capacity while reducing power consumption. A foundation in communication theory is necessary to achieve the big goals of 5G, which include huge capacity spikes, efficient spectrum usage, and low power use. Faster data transmissions are needed for future wireless technology. Two emerging potential technologies are non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and massive multi-input and multi-output (MIMO). Resource distribution at the base station (BS) must be done efficiently to provide equitable service to customers. Increased capacity is required by wireless networks to handle an increasing user base. Integration of MIMO-NOMA is one important approach. The distribution of electricity in particular is a research hotspot that is influencing 5G success. This novel method simplifies downlink NOMA power distribution by combining the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) and crowd search algorithm (CSA). This improves spectrum utilization, power efficiency, and throughput. The hybrid algorithm delivers outstanding energy efficiency (EE) results at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of SEs of 3.274bit/s/Hz, 7.282bit/s/Hz, and 11.84bit/s/Hz for M = 2,20, and 150. Significant power improvements are highlighted by the max EE values, which reach 1.651,10–4,135 bit/Joule, 1.949,10–4,6497bit/Joule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical Ni(OH)2/Co(OH)2 nanocomposite were produced by the use of hydrothermal technique for sustainable alternative energy production and employed as competent electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, prepared electrocatalyst achieved 3D urchin sphere like morphology at the scale range of 1 μm and 200 nm. Electrochemical studies of Ni(OH)2/Co(OH)2 nanocomposite was analyzed by 3 electrode using aqueous alkaline solution of 1 M KOH. Prepared Ni(OH)2/Co(OH)2 nanocomposite electrode attained 264.5 cm2 electrochemical surface area obtained from high double layer capacitance (Cdl) value of 10.58 mF/cm2 and it required very low 360 mV at 50 mA/cm2 current density with 240 mV/dec Tafel value which is distinctly favorable for the effective electrocatalytic activity. The low solution resistance (Rs) value of 0.54 Ω showed the excellent conductivity and charge transfer competence. The prepared product displays good stability and the consistency up to the long duration of 16 h at 10 mA/cm2. Furthermore, morphological stability of prepared nanocomposite electrode was also confirmed from the post SEM analysis which concluded the significant impact on structural transformation of nanocomposite after the electrochemical analysis. Present work revealed better perceptive of benefits and defects of alternative low cost Ni(OH)2/Co(OH)2 nanocomposite electrocatalyst for water oxidation process. Hence, synthesized Ni(OH)2/Co(OH)2 explored good electrocatalyst for OER and open new way to design alternative low cost electrocatalytic materials for sustainable energy generation. Highlights: Ni(OH)2/Co(OH)2 electrode attained 264.5 cm2 electrochemical surface area. Obtained high double layer capacitance (Cdl) value of 10.58 mF/cm2. Achieved very low 360 mV at 50 mA/cm2 current density with 240 mV/dec Tafel value. Low 0.54 Ω solution resistance (Rs) showed excellent conductivity. Displayed good stability and consistency up to long duration of 16 h at 10 mA/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, we report on Iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles synthesized by simple hydrothermal method with different reaction times as 6 h (H1) and 8 h (H2) for supercapacitor application. The significance of varying the reaction time on structural, morphological, and vibrational properties of α-Fe2O3 was explored. XRD, FTIR, and Raman study affirmed that the products consist of only the rhombohedral phase of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. SEM image infers that with a change in reaction time the surface morphology of α-Fe2O3 changed from spherical to octahedra. The size of nanoparticles reduced with reaction time. XPS spectra again confirmed the growth of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The electrochemical characteristics of the fabricated H2 electrode exhibited excellent performance in a 2 M KOH electrolyte solution. The specific capacitance (Cs) achieved from CV and GCD curves were 299.4 F g−1, and 351.3 F g−1. The Rct acquired via electrochemical impedance (EIS) reduced from 11.2 to 9.18 Ω demonstrating the rise in the conductivity of the prepared electrodes. Remarkable capacitance retention of 92% was accomplished, even after 1000 cycles, thus making α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles a most promising electrode for the fabrication of energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying mechanisms and biochemical actions responsible for inactivation of pathogenic gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Salmonella abony (S. abony) bacteria upon exposure to sub-atmospheric plasma has been investigated. Reduction in colony forming units of the bacteria is established in 60 min and 40 min for S. aureus and S. abony respectively via 6-log reduction curves. The percentage change in reactive oxygen species, such as •OH and H2O2 formed on bacterial membrane during plasma exposure are analysed using spectroflurometer. S. aureus exhibited a significant increase of 324.23% and 1554.84% in •OH and H2O2 radicals respectively. Whereas, 98.14% and 54.49% increase in •OH and H2O2 radicals respectively was observed in S. abony. The oxidation and degradation of DNA is analysed using an ultra violet visible spectrophotometer. The leakage of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid molecules due to plasma exposure is studied by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The alteration of secondary protein structure on the cell membrane is observed using Circular Dichroism. Upon exposure to plasma, S. aureus shows a secondary protein structural transition from α-helix (2.4%), β-sheet (78.3%) mixture to modified β-sheet structure (0% α-helix, 79.1% β-sheet). Whereas, S.abony shows a transition from α-helix (1%), β-sheet (64.9%) mixture to modified β-sheet structure (0% α-helix, 74.5% β-sheet). The bacterial morphological study (swelling/shrinking) done using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) reveals the deformation of cell membrane. Above findings pave the way for a better understanding of the processes of antimicrobial inactivation strategies when the plasma sterilization process is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A giant negative electro-caloric effect is present in PLZST ceramics over a wide range of temperatures at high fields for the new generation of the solid-state refrigeration process. The structural phase purity, ambiguity of phases, and coexistence of dual structural phase modulation over the substitution were identified clearly with the help of different standard models. The dielectric measurement demonstrates that the phase transition from the orthorhombic anti-ferroelectric phase (AFEO) to the tetragonal anti-ferroelectric phase (AFET) happens at 155 °C, while the phase transition from AFET to paraelectric (PE) occurs at 227 °C for PLZST(x = 0.91). The change in entropy (ΔS) and adiabatic temperature change (ΔT) was estimated at different fields from 100 to 225 kV/cm. The maximum ΔT = − 4.1 K was obtained at different electric fields over the region of phase transition anti-ferroelectric and ferroelectric phases. The estimation of the real ΔT values in the negative region compared with existing literature turns out to be good optimization for -life application of refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In CheckMate 227 Part 1 (NCT02477826), first-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab demonstrated long-term durable overall survival (OS) benefit versus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), regardless of tumor programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. We report results in Japanese patients with ≥ 5-year follow-up. Methods: Adults with stage IV/recurrent NSCLC without EGFR/ALK aberrations were randomized 1:1:1 to nivolumab plus ipilimumab, nivolumab alone, or chemotherapy (patients with tumor PD-L1 ≥ 1%), or nivolumab plus ipilimumab, nivolumab plus chemotherapy, or chemotherapy (patients with tumor PD-L1 < 1%). Five-year efficacy and safety were assessed in Japanese patients. Results: At 62.1 months' minimum follow-up, 143 Japanese patients with PD-L1 ≥ 1% or < 1% were randomized to nivolumab plus ipilimumab (n = 66) or chemotherapy (n = 77). Five-year OS rates were 46% with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus 34% with chemotherapy (PD-L1 ≥ 1%) and 36% versus 19% (PD-L1 < 1%). Median duration of response was 59.1 versus 7.1 months (PD-L1 ≥ 1%) and 17.3 versus 3.0 months (PD-L1 < 1%). Among 5-year survivors treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab (PD-L1 ≥ 1% and < 1%; n = 27), 59% (95% CI, 39%–75%) were off treatment for ≥ 3 years without receiving subsequent therapy. No new safety signals were observed. Conclusions: At 5-year follow-up, nivolumab plus ipilimumab continued to show long-term durable clinical benefit versus chemotherapy, regardless of tumor PD-L1 expression. Consistent with findings for the global population, these data support the use of nivolumab plus ipilimumab as first-line treatment in Japanese patients with metastatic NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kimura disease (KD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, which is quite rare and has an unclear and much debated etiology. KD is characterized by painless, nodular, subcutaneous swellings along with lymphadenopathy, encountered in the head and neck region more often. It is also known to affect major salivary glands. It is also associated with elevated Immunoglobulins (IgE) and peripheral blood and tissue eosinophilia. Kimura disease generally affects young Asian males. There is considerable difficulty in arriving at clinical diagnosis and often it is frustrating to both patients and the treating physicians because of the difficulty in its management. We are presenting and reporting a case of Kimura disease in a young adult Indian female patient who presented with a swelling in the left parotid region. We have successfully managed this patient medically with a unique combination of drugs, most of which have already been tried and reported in literature by various authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel thiadiazole-incorporated aminothiazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized by IR and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against MCF-7, A549, and HeLa human cancer cell lines by the MTT assay. 5-(1-{2-[4-(4-Nitrophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]hydrazono}ethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-imine and 5-(1-{2-[4-(4-bromophenyl)-3-ethylthiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]hydrazono}ethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-imine showed a remarkable activity against three cancer cell lines, when compared to the reference drug cisplatin. The products were also tested for antibacterial activity against S.aureuss, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli bacteria and antifungal activity against A. Niger and C. albicans fungi. 5-(1-{2-[4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]hydrazono}ethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-imine was found to be much more potent antibacterial agent than the other synthesized compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive experimental investigation is carried out to construct a generalized model using theory of dynamic similarity for plasma spray torch behaviour in low-pressure environment. The generalized model is designed with a new set of dimensionless numbers to highlight the operational behaviour of the plasma torch at 10 mbar ambient pressure. These dimensionless numbers represent the effect of corresponding input parameters on the output behaviour of the plasma torch. A comparative analysis of these dimensionless numbers with their atmospheric counterparts highlights the effect of low pressure on the plasma torch operation. The current–voltage characteristics (CVC) and thermal efficiency of the plasma torch are experimentally measured at ∼ 10 mbar chamber pressures at different arc current values, in the range of 100–500 A, for three different anode exit diameters, e.g. 8, 13 and 17 mm. Nitrogen is used as plasma-forming gas having flow rate range of 24–64 LPM. In addition to CVC profile and thermal efficiency, the plasma jet length at 10 mbar chamber pressure is also characterized using a very high-speed camera. A generalized model is also constructed to predict the plasma jet length in low pressure. The output of the model is verified by comparing with the experimental data at different input parameters and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. This study presents a generalized relationship between input controllable parameters and output behaviour of a plasma spray torch, which is valid in the pressure range of ∼ 10 to ∼ 30 mbar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major problem in world health care is the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. In light of this, pure and calcium-doped zinc tin oxide (ZTO) nanoparticles, Zn2SnO4 (S1), Zn2Sn0.7Ca0.3O4 (S2), Zn2Sn0.5Ca0.5O4 (S3), and Zn2Sn0.3Ca0.7O4 (S4), were synthesized via simple and cost effective microwave assisted method. The doping effect on antibacterial activity was studied in detail. The XRD spectrum revealed that all the deposited samples exhibited a spinel cubic structure. A decrease in crystallite size, an increase in strain and dislocation density was observed with an increase in Ca concentration. FESEM images exhibited an irregular and non-homogeneous nature with crystalline morphology having a physical dimension of nm size. EDAX confirmed the purity of deposited samples. We used the agar well diffusion technique to study the antibacterial activity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The doping of the ZTO matrix with Ca ions increased its antibacterial performance by 99% against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, and its effectiveness was enhanced with increasing Ca ion concentration inside the Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive Radio (CR) is a novel concept that enables wireless devices to detect and adapt to their surroundings in order to enhance communication quality. The cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) has proved to be a cost-effective solution for the spectrum constraints in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Optimizing the optimum packet size is regarded to be an essential energy constrained issue to address the practical implementation of CRSN out of all the difficulties. Small packets generate data traffic in device-to-device communication, while big packets may cause data bit corruption, requiring retransmission at a greater frequency. This will not allow access from the secondary network to the main network, since it may cause further disturbance. To maximise the WSN's energy efficiency, the optimum packet size for CRSN should be maintained while keeping the same degree of interference as the primary licenced users. The purpose of this article is to examine formulations for small, medium, and large packet sizes in order to determine the optimum packet size for adaptive CRSN. To do so, CR requires a flexible physical layer capable of carrying out the necessary tasks. This article examines the performance of CR systems that use the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing technique, which is a possible transmission technology for CR. Interference and delays are minimised and the channels are ultimately utilised effectively through Scheduling MAC protocol. This article gives the design steps to adjust the network design to get the better performance. For achieving the greatest performance on the Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN). The Jellyfish Search Optimization algorithm and the hybrid Momentum Search Algorithm are hybridized and results are achieved. This makes it possible to calculate precise packet sizes. The suggested approach decision outperforms existing methods like the Group Sparse Optimization algorithm and the Throughput Maximization Algorithm. The MATLAB/SIMULINK Platform were used to get the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ordered NiO/ZnO heterojunction electrochemical electrode was prepared on an FTO substrate by using the spin-coating method. XRD patterns confirmed the ZnO NRs of varying lengths and NiO NPs of varying sizes are grown in the same manner as hexagonal wurtzite and cubic crystal structures, respectively. An important outcome is that both the crystal structures are fused together as a heterostructure film. Almost all Zn, Ni and O atoms primarily involved in forming heterostructure films are strongly observed. Furthermore, the charge carrier transition from the conduction band edge and/or localised defect state to the valance band edge is measured by photoluminescence spectra. Eventually, it is perceived that p-type NiO/ZnO heterostructure film has ferromagnetism, whereas n-type ZnO and p-type NiO films have weak FM and superparamagnetism. The GCD of the NiO/ZnO thin film electrode display a pseudocapacitive behaviour. A maximum Csp of 114 F/cm3 is obtained from both the CV and GCD studies, which are mainly attributed to the morphological characteristics of nanorod and nanoparticle self-assembling architectures, as well as a rational composition of the two constituents. The experimental results reveal that the spin-coated NiO/ZnO thin films are promising materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Highlights: The deposited NiO/ZnO, a p-n combined structure semiconductor, consists of ordered hexagonal rod ZnO matrix coated by a layer of NiO nanograins. Innovatively, ordered rodlike ZnO with larger specific area increases the loading of active NiO and creates more active sites due to the surface area and charge transfer capability was increased. Due to the contribution of p-n heterojunction structure and the synergistic effect, our prepared ordered NiO/ZnO pseudocapacitor shows a wider potential window of 0.5 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-defined NiSe@ZnSe composite electrode was synthesized along with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) surfactant whose redox behavior is an interesting approach toward boosting performance of the supercapacitor. High crystallinity suggested that prepared composite NiSe@ZnSe was well appropriate for the application concerning the supercapacitor electrode material. The Raman spectroscopy identified the functional group, vibrations, stretching of bonds, and presence of defects in the samples. The surface to volume ratio of the loosely packed grass-like structures resulted in availability of more surface area for the electrolyte which leads to the enhanced reaction rates. As-prepared active synthesized product revealed 442 Fg−1 specific capacitance at 1 Ag−1 with 99.3% high-rate capability at 10 Ag−1 after 2000 cycles. Besides, notably, capacity retention of the sandwiched asymmetric NiSe@ZnSe//AC device was maintained to be 99.48% after constant charge−discharge 2000 cycles and displayed outstanding electrochemical stability. Herein, NiSe@ZnSe composite electrode was prepared because Zn could improve the electrical conductivity and capacitive performance. Ni can improve active site density and conductivity. Meanwhile, selenium enhanced charge transfer properties. Therefore, binary composite NiSe@ZnSe acts as a satisfactory electrode material for energy saving application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigated mapping and scientometric techniques adopt on the publications towards analysis the research trend in energy storage and conversion. The research was conducted based on Web of Science data for the 1993–2021 periods. The study found out that India's research effort in the energy storage and conversion field was significantly less than world production for all years in the study period from 1993 to 2021. Although the research performance of the contribution of scientists rose to peak levels with over a thousand publications between 2014 and 2021, were the highest-rated collaborative authors with 10 (45.45%) of the publications of the Alagappa University. The main types of sources were published as articles with 23,394 (88.7%) publications. Research articles engaged the first position, Wang Y tops the list with 322 (1.22%) publications, followed by Zhang Y, Wang J, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang L, Liu Y, and Wang L had the 2nd to 8th position for them, of which more than 200 publications testify. It was found that the largest number of published papers in chemistry was 4,444 with 12,103 (45.89%) of the publications, Chinese Peoples were with 12,145 (46.05%) devoted about half of the research publications shared in energy storage and conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors are a reliable device that has set an innovative path for the research line to face the energy gap. Consequently, remarkable steps were taken to prop up fabricated electrode materials electrochemical performance. ZnSe, MoSe2 and the composite of the mixed formation of ZnSe@MoSe2 has been individually investigated and the electrochemical performances have been studied for supercapacitor applications. The quality of the synthesized material was thoroughly examined using basic characterization studies. The binary composite of ZnSe@MoSe2 electrode delivered high specific capacitance of 450Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 in the charge–discharge profile and stable long cycle life retaining 99.6% over 2000 cycles at 10Ag−1 current density. Moreover, the existence of the flower like ZnSe@MoSe2 composites increases electrochemical performance by offering the additional electrolyte ions and the electrons mobility. Furthermore, full cell configuration via ZnSe@MoSe2//AC was assembled for 1.5 V and endowed with 43WhKg−1 energy density at 740WKg−1 power density signifying its capability over 99.3% of retention capacity. In favor of the potential applicability, full cell incorporated in series displayed 1.56 V and able to power up the three different LED's, further enlightening the dominance in supercapacitor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrays of nanorods decorated with nanosphere blended by hydrothermal route were reported. The high surface area and open geometry sandwiched between nanorods let easier for electrolyte diffusion and hence affords more electroactive sites. The surface and structural properties were consequently defined by standard characterization analysis. To review the properties of binary composite nanorods designed for supercapacitor application, it scanned experimentally through standard electrochemical analysis. While increasing stoichiometric molar ratio of the active electrode, the specific capacitance increased obviously is depicted as 1:1 (200 Fg−1), 2:1 (281 Fg−1) and 3:1 (509 Fg−1) and the composite electrode retains 99.82% of retention over 2000 cycles. Besides, as an asymmetric device with improved energy density was build up effectively by CMS-3 nanorod as positive and activated carbon as negative electrode and achieved 113 WhKg−1 energy density at 1 Ag−1 with 98.1% stability in 2000 cycles. The practical demonstration of asymmetric device has been tested and simply energizes the red light-emitting diode (LED). As per the above discussion, the improved activity of CuSe2@MoSe2 was because of Cu and Mo inclusion with selenium further progress its conductivity, well-retained surface morphology and high reversibility. Consequently, the good contact between them ensured the smooth transportation of electrons without any obstacles. Hence, the synergetic effect affords the way for immense development of the binary composite for hopeful future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active electrodes of transition metal selenides attract extensive consideration in energy storage application because of its improved electrochemical performances. In this study, evolution of flower like MnSe2@MoSe2 was subsequently synthesized through one pot hydrothermal route. Growth of combined composite exposed flowerlike morphology with looser corrugated nanospikes increases surface area for redox reaction which reduces ionic diffusion pathway and improves supercapacitor performance in three-cell configurations. The best performed (MMS-3) electrode exhibited 719 Fg−1 specific capacitance and retained 99.78% capacity retention over 2000 cycles. Furthermore, as an asymmetric MnSe2@MoSe2//AC device delivered significant 75 Whkg−1 energy density at 747 Wkg−1 power density. Besides, asymmetric (MMS-3)//AC device maintained 99.16% capacity retention after constant 2000 charge discharge cycles. In a small-scale practical demonstration, MnSe2@MoSe2//AC device illuminated red LED and displayed improved electrochemical performance. Hence, both Mn (manganese) and Mo (molybdenum) mutual role promotes more affluent redox chemistry, which is beneficial for higher electrochemical activity. Thereby, Se provided greater number of electroactive sites that can aid maximum utilization of electrolyte ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic single crystal of 2-amino-6-methylpyridinium p-chlorobenzoate dihydrate (2A6MP) single crystal was successfully grown by the slow evaporation method. The structural parameters of grown 2A6MP single crystal were confirmed by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. It revealed that 2A6MP crystal belongs to the centrosymmetric crystal structure with the space group of P121/c1. The crystallinity nature was confirmed by the powder XRD analysis. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to find out the presence of functional groups in the 2A6MP crystal. UV–Vis spectrometer analysis showed that 2A6MP crystal has a lower cut-off wavelength at 349 nm in the UV region and the 66% transmittance in the visible region ensured that the grown crystal is well suitable for nonlinear optical applications. From the photoluminescence spectrum, the emission peaks are at 378 nm in the violet region and 428, 478 nm in the blue region revealed the 2A6MP crystal is useful for violet and blue emitting diodes. The 2A6MP crystal was thermally stable upto the temperature rate of 106.8 °C was confirmed by the thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetric analysis. The mechanical properties of 2A6MP crystal were investigated using a Vickers microhardness tester, and the results revealed that the title compound has relates to the soft material category which is useful for optoelectronic applications. From the Z-scan technique, the third-order nonlinear properties such as nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption co-efficient, and third-order susceptibility of the grown 2A6MP crystal was found to be − 4.25 × 10–09 m2/W and 3.16 × 10–04 m/W and 4.95 × 10–06 esu. All of these investigations were carried out for the first time, with the goal of determining the useful and safe range of thermal, optical, and mechanical properties in order to improve their usefulness for device production. Density functional theory (DFT) was carried out using Gaussian 09 program with the basis set of B3LYP/6-311 + + G (d, P), to find out the molecular geometry, frontier molecular orbital energies, molecular electrostatic potential, Mulliken, and natural bond orbital analysis of the grown 2A6MP crystal theoretically and it ensures the intermolecular charge transfer mechanism of 2A6MP crystal that induced the nonlinearity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel co-crystal of Benzamide 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (BA5C), an organic third-order nonlinearity crystal, has been successfully grown by slow evaporation method using ethanol as a solvent. The grown crystal belongs to the monoclinic crystal system with centrosymmetric space group P21/c that was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies. The observed unit cell parameters are a = 10.436(5) Å, b = 1.186(6) Å, c = 2.524(4) Å, α = γ = 90°, and β = 06.87(2)°.The crystallinity and planes of the grown material were observed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). FTIR and proton NMR spectral studies were carried out to confirm the proton transfer. The lower cut-off was observed at 345 nm analyzed by UV–Vis spectral analysis which the title material is transparent in the whole visible region. The photoluminescence analysis shows that the grown co-crystal has blue emission at 464 nm. From TG–DTA analysis, BA5C was thermally stable up to 144 °C. Microhardness study was analyzed to identify the mechanical strength of the grown material. The nonlinear absorption coefficient (β = 2.780 × 10–4 Cm/W), the 3rd-order refractive index (n2 = 4.104 × 10–9 Cm2/W), and the third-order susceptibility (χ3 = 4.138 × 10–6 esu) for BA5C crystal were analyzed by Z-scan analysis. The theoretical calculations were made by the density functional theory (DFT) method using Gaussian 09 W as a basis set of B3LYP/6–311 + + G(d,p). The optimized parameters of the BA5C crystal were determined and the calculated outputs were compared with the experimental outputs. The charge transfer properties of the title material were observed by frontier molecular orbital (FMO) study. The charge distribution and its related characteristics were observed by electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis. The sign and magnitude of the charge of every atom were analyzed through the Mulliken charge analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel iron oxides with different molar ratios were successfully prepared by facile hydrothermal method. Prepared NiFeO, with ratios of Ni:Fe as [3:1], [1:1] and [1:3], samples are further analyzed by basic characterizations like X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis absorption photoluminescence and FT-IR spectra investigations. The bandgap of the NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] and NiFeO [1:3] samples were calculated to be 2.96 eV, 2.74 eV and 2.22 eV correspondingly. The morphology exhibited by the NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] samples is the combined nanoparticles and nanosheets with thick and thin layers. The reduced in size explored Fe ions incorporation and NiFeO [1:3] sample revealed small nanoparticles. The electrochemical activity was studied. CV, LSV, EIS and CA spectra were analyzed. The specific capacitance of NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] and NiFeO [1:3] is 232, 264 and 290 F/g. The overpotential calculated is 240 mV, 200 mV and 174 mV @ 10 mA/ cm2 for NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] and NiFeO [1:3] with 232 mA/g, 320 mA/g and 352 mA/g current densities. Lower overpotential of NiFeO [1:3] helped to attain higher current density which gives the smaller resistance. This unique behavior is enhanced by addition of Fe ions in higher concentration. The NiFeO [1:3] electrocatalysts were subjected to run for 12 h and there is no decrease in its performance. The better morphology and higher active sites enabled by indulging of Fe ions in NiFeO [1:3] electrode will be the best candidate for upcoming future use with no deduction in its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this study, functional precoalescence (internally crosslinked) and postcoalescence (crosslinkable) conventional latexes were made using seeded semi-continuous emulsion polymerization. Nanosize polymer latexes with or without crosslinkable functional groups were made using a modified microemulsion copolymerization process. Films cast from conventional and nanosize latex were characterized using specific end use tests and fundamental properties using dynamic mechanical analysis, modulated differential scanning calorimetry, and atomic force microscopy. This study compares conventional and nanosize latex with respect to the effect of the type and level of crosslinking, particle size and distribution on latex film formation and morphology, and end use and fundamental properties. Nanosize latex films in general have superior gloss, solvent resistance, and adhesion but inferior water resistance. Stress–strain Young's modulus showed an increase as a function of increasing crosslinker level in the nanosize latex films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have synthesized Mn-doped SnO2@ZnO nanocomposite for photo degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes upon visible light irradiation. The crystal structure, functional group, optical absorption, defect related emission, morphology, purity and binding energy state of synthesized samples were identified by using various analytical tools. The crystal structure revealed the rutile tetragonal, hexagonal wurtzite for SnO2 and ZnO samples and the average crystal sizes were found in the range of 23.3 nm to 16.7 nm for the synthesized samples. The optical absorption peaks were shifted to higher wavelength side and optical band gap values were found between 3.52 eV and 2.77 eV which confirm the formation of hetero-junction of SnO2@ZnO composites. The field emission scanning electron spectroscopy (FESEM) revealed the spherical grain morphology for pure and composite samples. The energy dispersive spectra (EDS) and element mapping confirms the purity of the synthesized samples. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the composition and energy state of Mn4+, Sn4+ and Zn2+ for composite samples. The photocatalytic degradation results clearly indicate that the Mn-doped SnO2@ZnO nanocomposite has higher degradation efficiency of 98% and 92% for the Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes, respectively and is higher than the other synthesized samples. The present study reveals a low cost and highly efficient photo-catalyst which works up on visible light irradiation for the purification of waste water from industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The QoS (quality of service) of Manet is depending various factors but it is highly rely on quality of links between the routes. The ratio of link failure reduces the throughput performance which is directly affecting the QoS. The most industrial units provide various services which can be accessed through mobile adhoc network. This supports the industrial entities and users to access the services through various mobile devices. As the nodes of Manet moves in different speed at various directions, the frequency of link failure will be always higher. However, to support data transmission, number of routing protocols has been discussed earlier (REF-26), but suffer to achieve higher QoS performance. To improve the quality of route selection towards maximization of QoS, a novel probabilistic link availability based traffic free route selection algorithm is presented in this paper. The method uses the location information, mobility speed, direction of various nodes in the measurement of probability in link availability. Also, the value of traffic at each node, neighbors of each node, and the frequency of transmission in each hop to measure the QoS Support Measure. The method first identifies the list of routes according to the broadcast mechanism and learns the topological information and traffic details. Using the details learned, the method identifies the list of routes and probable feature routes. For each route identified, the method estimates QoS support measure to choose a traffic free route at any time. Finally a single route has been selected to achieve high performance transmission in Manet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of our research on crosslinked latexes and polymer nanoparticles will be reported. Goals of this long-term program have been: comparing precoalescence and post-coalescence crosslinking; synthesizing polymer nanoparticle latexes (~ 20 to 25 nm) from a variety of acrylic monomers, including crosslinking and crosslinkable monomers; and blending nanoparticle latexes with compatible conventional (~ 120 to 130 nm) latexes and understanding their effects on film formation and on fundamental and empirical film properties. As we previously reported, blending conventional and nanolatexes in an 85/15 ratio (w/w of polymer solids) effects substantial changes of fundamental film properties. Best results included reducing minimum filming temperatures (MFT) while increasing Young's moduli by factors of two to 17. Substantial improvements in empirical film properties such as gloss (up to 97 at 60°), hardness (increased by 2–5 pencils), block resistance, and adhesion to aluminum were also found. The previous report covered only a single blend ratio. Here we report studies of blends with ratios of conventional to nanoparticle latexes ranging from 92.5/7.5 to 30/70 (w/w). As before, the latexes and nanolatexes are BMA/BA copolymers with 0–4 wt.% of 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate (precoalescence crosslinker) and 0–5 wt.% of diacetone acrylamide (for post-coalescence crosslinking with adipic dihydrazide). Films cast from these blends are subjected to everyday empirical coatings tests and are characterized using instrumental tests including dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). Film formation and film morphology are studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results confirm that blending nanoparticles at ratios up to 50/50 (w/w of polymer solids) can substantially improve certain properties of conventional latex films. For many properties, the optimum ratio is around 85/15 conventional/nano; a 92.5/7.5 ratio also affords substantial improvements. As coatings, the blends have near-zero VOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal selenide has been considered as an effective electroactive products. A Cu2Se–CoSe product structural and morphological feature was described. The role of temperature induced the sharp crystalline nature which enhanced the electrochemical performance of the prepared active electrode. The prepared product functional, vibrations, stretching and defects were identified. Compactly packed nanograin showed a highly porous nature and resulted enhancement in pseudocapacitive behavior achieved via reversible redox property and intrinsic conductivity. Hence, the active electrode exhibited the improved 1012 Fg−1 capacitance at 1 Ag−1 and long cycle life stability (97.1% capacity retention, 5000 cycles). The fabricated asymmetric device exhibited a prominent reversible discharge performance of 89.4% after consecutive 5000 cycles. Additionally, the practical application demonstration was also verified by energizing LED. Satisfactorily, the progress of the active material led to excellent stability and enhanced energy storage mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a one-step hydrothermal method was used to synthesize cadmium molybdenum oxide and revealed cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant effects on material preparation and energy storage characteristics. X-ray diffraction confirmed tetragonal-phase CdMoO4. Symmetric stretching modes of molybdenum oxide were confirmed from a Raman spectrum. A Fourier-transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed a bunch of hierarchical microspheres of about 100–200 nm diameter. The specific capacitance achieved for CdMoO4, 0.1 M CTAB + CdMoO4, and 0.2 M CTAB + CdMoO4 were 200 F/g, 310 F/g, and 382 F/g, respectively, at 0.5 A/g. In addition, long-term cyclic stability for the best performing electrode (0.2 M CTAB + CdMoO4) material was investigated to explore cyclic performances of the supercapacitor. During the experiment, 86.01% capacity was retained after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g. The product activity is promising for high-efficiency supercapacitors due to the ease of production, environmentally friendly nature, and low cost of the synthesized material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient renewable storage and replacement devices occupy an important place in the modern world in such a way the environment is unaffected. In today's research, especially various metal oxides and nitrates are being employed in supercapacitor applications. In general, NiO, Ru2O, CoO, VO2, MnO, WO3 and its composites are used as electrode material. Transition metal oxide electrode materials having high conductivity and storage capacity are being used in supercapacitors. The co-precipitation method is used to synthesize manganese oxide nanoparticles. Tetragonal and cubic Mn3O4 and α-Mn2O3 were confirmed with crystallite size of 34.26 nm. Specific capacitance values calculated at 0.5 A/g are 184, 226 and 272 F/g. The overall capacity retention after the 2000 cycles was 71.38%. The cationic and anionic mixed surfactant-assisted manganese oxide electrode showed good 331 F/g capacitance at 10 mV/s with high conductivity and elevated charge transportation during redox reaction. The combination of surfactant-mediated nanostructures revealed that manganese oxide is an efficient electrode for energy storage compared to other surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-based compounds such as Co3O4, CoS, and CoSe2 were produced via uncomplicated hydrothermal technique. The cubic, hexagonal, and orthorhombic phases of various products were revealed employing X-ray diffraction spectra. The scanning electron microscope images revealed different nanostructures, such as triangular Co3O4 nanoplates, flower-like CoS nanopetals, and CoSe2 nanocubes, of the synthesized materials. The electrochemical performance of Co3O4, CoS, and CoSe2 was determined using electrochemical application studies. Among these three electrodes, notably CoS, showed 577 F/g capacitance at 10 mV/s and an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of 260 mA/cm2 at 10 mV/s scan rate with very low 194 mV overpotential. From the comparative analysis of different Co-based derivatives, it was found that controlled synthesis of CoS, which results in a unique morphology and good OER performance, could be considered as a potential candidate for device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micromagnetic simulations were performed on seven isolated CrO2 discs, each having different orientations of easy axis of magnetization (EAM), but, same 100 nm diameter and 50 nm thickness. The simulation results showed that for an external magnetic field applied along the x-axis, there was no emergence of vortex states corresponding to the relative orientations of the easy axis along [1 0 0], [1 1 0], [1 0 1] and [1 1 1]. Whereas, magnetic vortex states emerged for the relative orientations of the easy axis along [0 1 0], [0 0 1] and [0 1 1]. In another words, for the external field applied along the x-axis, if the relative orientation of the EAM is at θ = 0° or any proximity of 45° (i.e., 0° ≥ θ ≤ 55°), the vortex states did not emerge; but, for any orthogonal orientations (θ = 90°), magnetic vortex states emerged. For the easy axis orientation along [0 1 0] and [0 1 1], out-of-plane vortex states with its core magnetization pointing along the normal to the plane of the disc emerged. However, for the easy axis orientation along [0 0 1], in-plane magnetic vortex states emerged, with its core pointing along the applied magnetic field direction. Further, depending on the relative orientation of the applied magnetic field and its strength, various other magnetization configurations, such as C, S and O states, were obtained in the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal molybdate families such as AMoO4 [A = Ni, Co, Cu, Mn] in transition metal series have received considerable great attention in energy storage and conversion applications. Among these metal molybdates, CoMoO4 is widely used in various industrial applications. CoMoO4 was prepared using solvothermal method. Monoclinic CoMoO4 was confirmed. Metal–oxygen (M–O) bonding, crystal defects, chemical bonding, surface morphology, particle size, and elemental composition were analyzed. The specific capacitance of prepared electrodes was estimated and obtained the high specific capacitance of 561 F/g, 768 F/g, and 1039 F/g, respectively. Long-term stability of CoMoO4 under ethanol solvent revealed the capacitance retention of about 96% even after 16 h. Hence, CoMoO4 nanostructures will be a probable electrode material for water-splitting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanoparticles are considered to be an important material due to their good mechanical stability, unique structure and catalytic properties. The hydrothermal method was followed along with rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) fruit peel extract mixed with metal ions to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods. Though there are numerous similar works published in past decades, in comparison with those works, the novelty of this work is using rambutan fruit peel as a precipitation agent. The advantages of using such natural agents are that they are eco-friendly and economically feasible. The prepared TiO2 nanorods were co-cultured with human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and their cytotoxicity was evaluated. The morphology of the nanorods was analyzed through transmission electron microscopy. The average diameter of the TiO2 nanorods was found to be 70–90 nm. The anatase phase of the tetragonal structure was confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis. The studies of the vibrational Raman active modes and optical properties confirmed the presence of TiO2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energy of Ti2p3/2 determined as 460 eV and that of O1s determined as 532 eV confirmed the presence of TiO2. Cytotoxicity was analyzed using MDA-MB-231 and cell death was observed at 73.65 µg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper based derivatives such as CuO, CuS and CuSe2 nanostructures were synthesized employing hydrothermal growth for clean energy production. Three different unique morphologies of CuO, CuS and CuSe2 was observed respectively as hexagonal nanoplates, sharp edge rock like nanostructures and nanoflowers consists of well defined nanorods. Half cell electrochemical compartment was designed with the fabricated electrodes to explore oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. The highest electrochemical performance was interestingly achieved from cyclic voltametry (CV) profile for CuSe2 electrode as 1144 F/g at 10 mV/s which is quite high specific capacitance for metal selenide candidate and also the higher OER activity of CuSe2 electrode of 735 mA/g current density at 10 mV/s with low overpotential of 252 mV has been attained. The higher electron transportation mechanism and excellent stability was also achieved for copper selenide candidate that could be recommended as efficient OER active catalysts for future clean energy production applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn3O4/MnSnO3 nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized via solvothermal method by using the mixed solution consisting of manganese chloride and tin chloride salt dissolved in the mixture of ethanol and deionized water in 50:50 ratio at the processing temperature of 180 °C by adapting different capping agents such as PVP, PVA and ethylene glycol. The synthesized Mn3O4/MnSnO3 nanocomposites were characterized by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The obtained XRD spectra confirmed the formations of Mn3O4/MnSnO3 nanocomposite illustrated by the sharp predominant diffraction peak observed at 34.2° corresponding to the (021) lattice planes of Mn3O4. The SEM images supply the information about the morphology of synthesized Mn3O4/MnSnO3 nanocomposites. The sharp peaks observed at 483 cm−1 further characterize the presence of Mn–O stretching vibration bond in Mn3O4/MnSnO3 nanocomposite by employing Raman spectra. The PL result revealed the emissive nature of the sample. FTIR spectra observed at 625 cm−1 attributed to the characteristic peaks of Mn3O4/MnSnO3 nanocomposite. The Mn3O4/MnSnO3 nanocomposite synthesized by the assistance of PVP surfactant exhibits the high specific capacitance of 178.2 F g−1 at 0.5 Ag−1 current density which can be considered as potential candidate and excellent electrode for pseudocapacitors applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuCo2O4 nanorods and their nanocomposites were prepared via facile hydrothermal synthesis with the help of urea. X-ray diffraction results revealed the face-centered cubic (Fd3m) structure and the obtained product average crystallite size was about 17.45 nm. The vibrational state of 1Eg and 1A1g Raman active modes of CuCo2O4 materials was observed at 480 and 609 cm−1. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the length of each CuCo2O4 nanorods is in the range of 30–40 µm with smooth surface. The role and the synergic effect of the prepared nanocomposite component were well-determined in electrochemical studies. The prepared CuCo2O4/AC/PANI nanocomposite specific capacitance was found to be 576.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 current density. When compared with CuCo2O4 nanorods (PM1) at 0.5 A g−1 current density, CuCo2O4/AC/PANI showed double increment in the specific capacitance. It is noteworthy that CuCo2O4/AC/PANI nanocomposite shows good specific capacitance of 198.1 F g−1 with high current density of 0.5 A g−1. Highlights: CuCo2O4/AC/PANI nanocomposite specific capacitance was found to be 576.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 current density. CuCo2O4/AC/PANI showed double increment in the specific capacitance. CuCo2O4/AC/PANI nanocomposite shows good specific capacitance of 198.1 F g−1 with a high current density of 0.5 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and alkaline earth metal (Ba2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+)-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by simple co-precipitation, and their structural, optical, functional, morphological and compositional properties were analyzed in detail using powder X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX). XRD revealed the formation of rutile tetragonal structure, and the crystallite size has decreased from 28 to 24 nm by the addition of alkaline metal dopants. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of fundamental vibration modes of SnO2. The optical band gap energy was decreased to 3.05, 3.19 and 2.98 eV by introducing Ba2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, respectively. Photoluminescence spectra showed defect-related emission peaks, and their intensities were found to increase in doped SnO2 samples. EDAX spectra confirmed the presence of Sn, O, Ba, Ca and Mg elements. The photocatalytic activity of pure and alkaline metal-doped SnO2 catalyst has been investigated under visible light irradiation by using methylene blue dye. The results showed that the Mg-doped SnO2 catalyst has a higher photodegradation efficiency (~ 95.7%) compared with other investigated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production rate is an increasingly important factor in the deployment of metal additive manufacturing (AM) throughout industry. To address the perceived low production rate of metal AM systems based on single-laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), several companies now offer systems in which melting has been parallelised by the introduction of multiple, independently controlled laser beams. Nevertheless, a full set of studies is yet to be conducted to benchmark the efficiency of multi-laser systems and, at the same time, to verify if the mechanical properties of components are compromised due to the increase in build rate. This study addresses the described technology gaps and presents a 4-beam L-PBF system operating in "single multi" (SM) mode (SM-L-PBF) where each of the four lasers is controlled so that it melts all of a particular components' layers and produces specimens for comparison with standard L-PBF specimens from the same machine. That is all four lasers making all of some of the parts were compared to a single-laser manufacturing all of the parts. Build parameters were kept constant throughout the manufacturing process and the material used was Inconel 625 (IN625). Stress-relieving heat treatment was conducted on As-built (AB) specimens. Both AB and heat-treated (HT) specimen sets were tested for density, microstructure, tensile strength and hardness. Results indicate that the stress-relieving heat treatment increases specimen ductility without compromising other mechanical properties. SM-L-PBF has achieved a build rate of 14 cm3/h when four 200 W lasers were used to process IN625 at a layer thickness of 30 μm. An increase in the build rate of 2.74 times (build time reduction: 63%) has been demonstrated when compared to that of L-PBF, with little to no compromises in specimen mechanical properties. The observed tensile properties exceed the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) requirements for IN625 (by a margin of 22 to 26% in the 0.2% offset yield strength). Average specimen hardness and grain size are in the same order as that reported in literatures. The study has demonstrated that a multi-laser AM system opens up opportunities to tackle the impasse of low build rate in L-PBF in an industrial setting and that at least when operating in single mode there is no detectable degradation in the mechanical and crystallographic characteristics of the components produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal method was optimized to produce highly efficient, novel MnNiO3/Mn3O4 nanocomposites for water electrolysis. The predominant peak observed at 36.6° corresponds to the X-ray crystal plane orientation of (1−10) and confirmed rhombohedral phase MnNiO3. The other well-resolved peaks were attributed to MnNiO3/Mn3O4 nanocomposites. Vibrational properties and metal oxygen vibrations were revealed in Fourier transform infrared profile around ~570–620 cm−1. The oxygen vacancies and electron trapping mechanism were exposed from photoluminescence spectra. The combined morphology of nanorods and distinguished nanopetals was determined for highly active MnNiO3 nanocatalyst. The band structure and modification was thoroughly studied by employing UV-visible diffuse reflection spectra and the observed band gap was 2.8 eV for MnNiO3/Mn3O4 nanocomposites. Cyclic voltammogram and linear sweep voltammogram study were used to investigate the redox behavior and water oxidation nature of the novel MnNiO3/Mn3O4 nanocomposites. A higher OER activity of 274 mA/g at 10 mV/s was achieved for the electrode loaded with optimized electrocatalysts. The excellent conductivity and ionic mobility were confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectra. The 72-h stability test was carried out and long-time durability was reported for the optimized electrocatalysts. Thus, the present study completely dealt with the preparation of novel combinations of MnNiO3/Mn3O4 nanocomposites by using controlled synthesis techniques and the exploration of optimized candidates for efficient water electrolysis process. Highlights: New combination of MnNiO3/Mn3O4 nanocomposites for water electrolysis. Higher current density of 274 mA/g was achieved at 10 mV/s. Sixty-seven percent of retention was achieved after 72 h of continuous water electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite BiFeO3 nanocatalyst electrodes for electrochemical water oxidation were fabricated using mineralizing agents, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce two different kinds of morphologies, such as BiFeO3 nanocubes and nanorods by hydrothermal method. Pure-phase, good-quality rhombohedral BiFeO3 produced by NaOH was revealed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Five intrinsic phonon vibration modes [Eg(1)+Ag(1)+Ag(2)+Ag(3)+Ag(4)] of rhombohedral BiFeO3 nanostructures were confirmed by Raman spectra. The optical properties of both nanocubes and nanorods were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (UV-vis DRS). The optical bandgap of nanocubes and nanorods estimated by Tauc plot was 2.88 and 2.94 eV. The role of a mineralizing agent that strongly influenced the morphology of BiFeO3 was revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of nanocubes synthesized by KOH and nanorods by NaOH. Electrochemical water oxidation by the cyclic voltammogram (CV) study for nanorods exhibited a higher specific capacitance of 156 F/g at 10 mV/s scan rate and possessed higher water oxidation catalytic activity observed by the current density of 1.77 mA/g at 10 mV/s from the linear sweep voltammogram (LSV) study and higher ionic mobility and conductivity with a smaller Tafel slope value of 229 mV/dec. The stability was reported for 4 h for both the electrodes with 99% activity. Highlights: BiFeO3 nanorods exhibited a higher specific capacitance of 156 F/g at 10 mV/s. Higher water oxidation by current density of 1.77 mA/g at 10 mV/s. Higher ionic mobility and conductivity with a smaller Tafel slope value of 229 mV/dec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and rare earth elements of samarium (Sm), lanthanum (La) and neodymium (Nd) doped cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The influence of rare earth dopants on the microstructural, morphological and optoelectronic properties of the CdO thin films were studied elaborately. The X-ray diffraction studies revealed the polycrystalline with face centered cubic structure of CdO thin films. The structural defects were increased with increase of dopant's ionic radii. The presence of the dopants in host CdO thin films was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. The roughness of the films was decreased for the doped samples and Nd doped CdO thin film has the minimum roughness value of 1.29 nm. All the films exhibited high transmittance in visible range and well pronounced Moss-Burstein shift was observed in the band gap value. Emission bands of photoluminescence spectra depicted the presence of oxygen vacancies. Hall Effect measurement showed an increase in carrier concentration and electrical conductivity of the films with the addition of dopants. The suitable combination of high conductivity (2872 Ω−1·cm−1) with optical transparency (88%) and lower surface roughness of Nd doped CdO thin film, makes it a potential candidate for the transparent conducting oxide in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and cobalt (Co)-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were prepared by using a simple co-precipitation method, and the effect of doping on structural, morphological and optical properties was studied. X-ray diffraction revealed a cassiterite tetragonal SnO2 structure with the space group of P42/mnm and without crystalline phases for the samples-doped with higher concentrations. The average crystalline size was found to be between 26.4 nm and 23.1 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectra depicted the presence of O-H, C-H and Sn-OH absorption bands. It was observed from ultraviolet-visible spectra that the optical band gap values were decreased from 3.69 eV for pure SnO2 to 3.47 eV for 7% Co-doped SnO2. The photolumenescene emission spectra showed that the defect- and emissions-related peaks and the intensity of the peaks decreased with increasing Co concentrations. The presence of tin, oxygen and Co species were found from energy dispersive x-ray spectra. The photocatalytic activities of pure and Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were investigated by studying the photodecomposition of brilliant green dye, an organic pollutant. The 7% Co-doped SnO2 had higher photocatalytic activity compared to the pure SnO2, and a maximum degradation efficiency of 91% has been obtained under visible light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Solvothermal synthesis of pristine and Zn-doped NiO nanocluster electrocatalysts have been synthesized for efficient electrochemical water splitting applications. Cubic structure with lattice constant of 4.16 A° was revealed through XRD analysis. Presence of oxygen vacancy was confirmed by employing PL study. Nanosheets combined feather like nanocluster morphology was obtained for optimized electrocatalysts. Variation in optical absorption and energy band gap was observed for undoped and Zn-doped NiO electrocatalysts. Highest specific capacitance of 455.74 F/g at 5 mV/s scan rate was obtained for 10% Zn-doped NiO nanoclusters. Improved oxygen evolution was achieved for the same electrocatalysts by addressing the current density of 0.77 mA/g at 10 mV/s with lowest Tafel slope of 75 mV/decade. Higher conductivity with lower internal resistance (Rs) of 10.36 Ω was obtained for the above optimized electrocatalyst. Practically applicable stability over 12 h of 10% Zn-doped NiO nanocluster electrocatalyst was proposed for efficient electrochemical water splitting applications.Graphical abstract clearly revealed the water oxidation and electrochemical pseudo capacitive behavior of the best performed 10% Zn-doped NiO nanoclusters electrocatalysts. Highest specific capacitance of 455.74 F/g at 5 mV/s was obtained.Improved oxygen evolution was achieved by 0.77 mA/g at 10 mV/s.Obtained higher conductivity with lower internal resistance (Rs) of 10.36 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of uric acid (UA) is a foremost area of research as abnormal increases in its level can be used to diagnose diseases such as gout, renal disorders, and arthritis. Development of efficient test diagnostics to detect UA in human urine is therefore required. In this study, magnesium oxide was prepared via a hydrothermal route. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed formation of amorphous cubic MgO. The transverse optical phonon mode of cubic MgO was confirmed at the zone center at ~ 479 cm−1. Emission peaks observed at 362 nm, 383 nm, 495 nm, and 521 nm showed the high-quality luminescent behavior of the undoped MgO. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed formation of MgO microflowers. Cyclic voltammetry results confirmed the excellent electrocatalytic ability of Ni/Co-codoped MgO nanostructures. Chronoamperometry (CA) results confirmed that the synthesized Ni/Co-codoped MgO nanostructure possessed good stability under UA. Such transition-metal element-codoped MgO microflowers with improved performance could be suitable as an excellent tool for clinical diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and gradient amounts of cerium (Ce)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesized by a co-precipitation method and then their photocatalytic activities were inspected. X-ray diffractometer patterns of the pure and Cedoped ZnO nanostructures exhibit hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopic images show that the ZnO nanospindel morphology is changed into two-dimensional (2D) polar surface-oriented nanosheets by a cerium doping level up to 0.06 mol.%. The red-shift in the near band edge emission and strong defect states emissions (blue and green) are observed in ZnO with respect to the Ce doping level. From the detailed photocatalytic experiments, the maximum methylene blue dye degradation, 86.9%, is observed on the 0.06 mol.% Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst. The eventual conclusion is that the edges of the (001) crystallographic facet attach to each other to form a ZnO nanosheet morphology at a specific ratio of Ce doping that serves as a good photocatalyst for methylene blue dye degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc cobalt oxide (ZnCo2O4) microspheres are prepared at three different hydrothermal process temperatures (100 °C, 130 °C, and 160 °C) assisted with urea. XRD studies reveal the spinel face-centered cubic (Fd3m) structure of ZnCo2O4 microspheres. The optical and vibrational properties of the product are characterized by photoluminescence and FTIR studies. The strong near-band edge emission peak observed at 392 nm corresponds to the direct recombination of the exciton-exciton collision process for all three synthesized products; SEM analysis reveals the complete growth stage of spherical ZnCo2O4 microspheres at three different temperatures. The electrochemical properties of synthesized ZnCo2O4 microspheres are analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, electroimpedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charging and discharging studies. ZnCo2O4 microspheres (SH3-160 °C) exhibit the superior specific capacitance of 500 F/g at 0.75 A/g current density and retain their specific capacitance of 80% at current density 2 A/g. ZnCo2O4 microspheres (SH3-160 °C) may be considered as a good candidate as electrode in supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pristine ZnO and Ag-implanted ZnO hierarchical nanoflowers have been successfully synthesized via facile hydrothermal route for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting applications. The wurtzite hexagonal structural properties have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectra analyses. As Ag content increases, the intensity of cation-sensitive plane (002) also increases, which has been pronounced by XRD result. The optical properties before and after Ag implantation have been thoroughly studied by photoluminescence and Ultraviolet-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectra. The optimum concentration of 10% Ag-implanted ZnO possessed the minimum optical band gap of 3 eV. The visible particle size reduction with the increase of Ag concentration and also urchin like typical microflower morphology of synthesized nanostructures has been revealed by scanning electron microscopic images. The typical PEC behavior with 75.14 µA/cm2 versus RHE has been observed in 10% Ag-implanted ZnO nanoflowers. Increase of Ag concentration enhances the electrocatalytic behavior of the photoanodes, which had been revealed in our study. Photostability over 3 h with 40% of retention has been reported in 10% Ag-implanted ZnO hierarchical nanoflower photoanodes. Hence, the optimum concentration of Ag implantation with ZnO could be adapted as an excellent photoanode for PEC water-splitting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-doped tin oxide is gathering interest in the field of energy storage and power supply devices, particularly in supercapacitors applications. In the present study, we adopt a hydrothermal method to synthesis SnO2, Zn-SnO2, Ag-SnO2 nanoparticles at suitable conditions of temperature, pH, reaction time, and capping agents (CTAB). SnO2, Zn-SnO2, Ag-SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized at 160 °C for 12 h and characterized by employing X-ray Diffraction to confirm the regular crystalline formation with tetragonal structure. Initial analyses by employing CV and GCD results exhibited specific capacitance of 308.2 Ag−1 for Ag-SnO2 nanoparticles at current density 0.5 A/g and can be considered as suitable candidate as positive electrode for supercapacitor device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was aimed to develop an amphiphilic drug-lipid nano-complex of rutin:egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) to enhance its poor absorption and bioavailability, and investigated the impact of the complex on hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. Rutin nano-complexes were prepared by solvent evaporation, salting out and lyophilisation methods and compared for the complex formation. For the selected lyophilisation method, principal solvent DMSO, co-solvent (t-butyl alcohol) and rutin:EPC ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) were selected after optimisation. The properties of the nano-complexes such as complexation, thermal behaviour, surface morphology, molecular crystallinity, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, solubility, in vitro stability study, in vitro drug release, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant study, in vivo hepatoprotective activity and oral bioavailability/pharmacokinetic studies were investigated. Rutin nano-complexes were developed successfully via the lyophilisation method and found to be in nanometric range. Rutin nano-complexes significantly improved the solubility and in vitro drug release, and kinetic studies confirmed the diffusion-controlled release of the drug from the formulation. The nano-complex showed better antioxidant activity in vitro and exhibited well in vitro stability in different pH media. The in vivo study showed better hepatoprotective activity of the formulation compared to pure rutin at the same dose levels with improved oral bioavailability. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated animals (group II) failed to restore the normal levels of serum hepatic marker enzymes and liver antioxidant enzyme compared to the nano-complex-treated animals. The results obtained from solubility, hepatoprotective activity and oral bioavailability studies proved the better efficacy of the nano-complex compared to the pure drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiO/NiSnO3 nanocomposite synthesis was accomplished by a hydrothermal method. The role of polyvinylpyrrolidone and experimental parameters in the configuration of NiO/NiSnO3 nanocomposite was studied by employing standard characterization techniques. Electrochemical properties were demonstrated by adopting cyclic voltammetry, electro-impedance spectra and galvanostatic charging and discharging studies. All the obtained products have contact resistance Rct of 0.72 Ω at low frequency arising from the resistance between the working electrode and the electrolyte. The NiO/NiSnO3 nanocomposite superior properties may arise from nanosized rod morphology due to their inherent properties having a significant impact on their electrochemical properties. The specific capacitance for RSA3 can be estimated as 524 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correction to: Applied Nanoscience (2021) 11:1881-1888 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-018... In the online publication article, the author "Dhayalan Velauthapillai" affiliation was published incorrectly. The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-01890-9. Correction to: Hydrothermal synthesis of Cu2Se-CoSe nanograin for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. [Extracted from the article]